In the nature of "transport" there is a general definition of suspension, which is used in different areas of the use of transport, depending on the vehicle.
The suspension system, or, as they say colloquially, suspension, spring suspension, is a set of mechanisms, parts and assemblies that connect the body of the machines directly with the interrogation elements (skating rinks, wheels, skis). In general, the suspension is designed to reduce various types of emerging dynamic loads, while this device ensures a uniform distribution of these loads when moving on all supporting elements. In addition, the suspension serves to increase the quality of the vehicle's traction ability.
In tracked vehicles, which is important, the suspension system consists of suspension units. The suspension unit is a set of mechanisms, parts and assemblies that connect the axle of one roller (wheel) directly to the machine body. Sometimes, several rollers can be connected. In this case, they will be connected to the body through one elastic element. Each of the suspension units in all cases includes the mandatory presence of an elastic element - a spring, a shock absorber and a balancer.
A different suspension for rail vehicles, which are called spring suspension. This type includes elastic elements as springs, springs and vibration dampers. Vibration dampers are of two types - hydraulic and friction dampers.
The above two paragraphs talk about suspension systems on tracked vehicles and electric locomotives. For us, these moments are important for complete comparison the entire suspension structure and a complete definition of its functioning.
The suspension system of a car, or suspension, is also a set of components, parts and mechanisms that are connectors between the road and the car body. This device included in the chassis.
The suspension system performs the following functions:
1. Connects physically uncut bridges or wheels to the body or frame - the vehicle's supporting system.
2. Transfers moments and forces to the carrier system, which occur when the wheels interact with the road.
3. Provides necessary way movement of the wheels relative to the frame or body. In addition, they regulate the smoothness of the entire car.
It is now necessary to understand the device itself and the design of the suspension. Thus, suspension includes the following elements:
1. Guide elements. These elements determine the nature and method of movement of the wheels, as well as their direct connection with each other. In addition, these elements transmit longitudinal and lateral forces and their moments.
2. elastic elements. This type of element transmits and absorbs the normal reaction forces of the road (those that are directed vertically). These road reaction forces, in turn, arise at the moment the vehicle's wheel hits a certain bump.
3. shock absorbers serve to offset various kinds of vibrations of the entire carrier system, which arise due to the negative impact of the road.
In reality, it turns out that one of the above elements is a multifunctional device. So, for example, in a natural spring suspension rear axle the multi-leaf spring absorbs all lateral and longitudinal forces, in addition to the main function of absorbing the normal reaction of the road. In addition, due to intersheet friction given element acts as an imperfect friction damper. Nevertheless, in the suspensions of modern cars, individual structural elements perform individual functions.
They quite rigidly set the character in the movement of the wheels relative to the road in this carrier system. This, in fact, is the basis that provides certain parameters of controllability and stability.
IN modern cars suspension systems themselves are quite complex structures, as they combine hydraulic, mechanical, electrical and pneumatic elements. Quite common with electronic systems management. This allows you to achieve a good and harmonious combination of all high parameters of handling, comfort and safety.
1. The effect of the suspension on the movement of the car
The choice of a car is entirely consistent with the traits of a human character. This has long been proven by psychologists. Body shape, car paint color, all technical qualities engine, and of course driving performance car - this gradually or specifically corresponds to the internal state of a person when choosing a car.
In addition, the suspension of the car depends entirely on the nature of the car owner. All driving performance suspensions are selected simultaneously with the purchase of a car. It may be that then they will be finalized in the process of tuning the car of the vehicle to suit your feelings and desires. In addition, the driving style of a motorist determines the suspension itself: soft or hard.
Reliable is rigid suspension, which is a big plus to safe driving. Most importantly, this suspension controls to the smallest detail all the nuances of maneuvering the car. However, a rigid suspension negatively affects the health of the driver, because due to long service life a car with a rigid suspension may have a problem with the spine. This is due to the fact that every bump or pit is fully felt by the driver at its rightful location.
Soft Suspension is a manufacturer of soft ride vehicle. The car will move smoothly and comfortably for passengers, but only until the first turn, if it is carried out on high speed. This is due to the fact that at such a moment a certain complexity of management arises. If the ride takes a decidedly long period, the passengers may get sick.
All conveyor vehicles that were born have already built-in and preset suspension parameters: hard, soft or medium suspension. The values of such characteristics are constant. Only pneumatic suspension elements can change all quality while driving on the road: it becomes harder or softer. The cost of such a suspension is not small, since it is considered the best of all potentially possible types.
2. How to make the suspension softer yourself
If the driver is not interested high speed, and priority is given comfortable ride, regularity and solidity during the period of movement on the road, then tuning, which will directly relate to the chassis, can be done independently. If such a need arises, then these recommendations may be useful in the implementation of the plans.
1. Shock absorbers can be replaced. Install gas oil shock absorbers double action.
2. In addition, you can replace the springs. Old springs are replaced with new ones with variable coil pitch. The acquisition of this kind of springs will not be any particular problem.
3. Tire replacement work. It is possible to solve the above problem by buying new tires that are equipped with a soft sidewall. This type of tire is good enough to absorb all the bumps. Nevertheless, it is also dangerous, since at high speed getting into a hole with jagged edges can be seriously injured.
4. In this option it is necessary to replace the factory wheels with alloy wheels with a long overhang. These discs will increase the comfort and handling of the car. The downside is the excessive load on the bearings, which is why their sudden failure.
5. Installing an air suspension is a rather favorable option, since this is the most soft suspension. The problem may be the high cost of such a suspension. In addition, the problem lies in the heavy installation of the suspension of this type. This suspension is reliable and the most convenient in operation, as it provides high comfort when moving on various sections of the road.
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The manufacturer begins the production of the car, installing components and assemblies that have passed all the prescribed tests. Each design subject to adjustment is set to certain values. The work of the suspension, its informativeness and softness are also made according to fixed settings. But not every driver will like the parameters of the factory, in addition, the modularity of the suspension allows you to replace some elements to change performance.
About half of car owners dream of making the suspension of their car softer. The remaining half are supporters of an aggressive driving style. Soft suspension is the object of desire for sedate drivers who love to travel slowly and comfortably through the streets of their native city. For independent work There are several areas that differ from each other in efficiency and financial costs.
Installation of soft rubber
The first way to make the suspension softer without changing its design is to change the tires. Many advise to reduce the pressure in the active wheels, but this method hardly justifies itself. Tire wear increases, fuel consumption increases, handling deteriorates. In order to choose soft tires from a variety, it is necessary to arm yourself with certain knowledge and experience of other car owners, since there is no special marking for rubber softness.
Soft rubber can be visually identified by the massive side tread and soft sidewall. Among all the parameters on board modern tires, you can find such as TREADWEAR. It stands for durability. The lower its value, the softer the rubber. An example would be winter tires. It is the softest, but when used in the summer it wears off very quickly. Usually by production soft tires famous brands Michelin Energy, Michelin Primacy, Nokian and Continental. You can increase the level of comfort with another parameter - the height of the profile. High-profile tires with an index of more than 65% have an increased damping layer, compared to low-profile ones.
Selection of shock absorbers
Shock absorbers contribute to the work of the suspension after the passage of bumps. But the way they dampen vibrations greatly affects general impression about the softness of the car. All shock absorbers can be conditionally divided into oil and gas. In terms of comfort, oil shock absorbers take the lead. gas racks work in two directions, which makes the behavior of the car on the road hard. The car, as it were, repeats the relief of the coating. To soften the work of the suspension, it is necessary to choose Monroe shock absorbers in different options execution or Boge Automatic. famous brands Kayaba or Tokiko specialize in shock absorbers for a sporty driving style.
Beautiful pendants self made is a challenge that everyone can handle. We will talk about unique jewelry that you can make yourself from practically improvised materials. They are easy to find at home or in the nearest store.
Pendant made of beads and beads
For beginners, it is better to practice on plastic or wooden beads. The latter, if desired, are painted in any suitable color, if they have not yet been varnished. In the future - artificial or ornamental stones (for example, pearls, agate), solid wood.
It depends on the manufacturer how even each bead in the package will be. In cheap Chinese, beads often come across curved, beveled or too narrow for a needle.
It is suitable for training and monochromatic "filling", creating the effect of "negligence" in the boho style, etc., but the multi-colored ornament can go astray. Therefore, patterns of two or more shades are best made from high-quality Czech, Japanese or similar beads.
Wire pendant
The most common in three variations: steel, golden and aged bronze. More expensive and difficult to process - copper and semi- and precious metals. It occurs in different thicknesses, ranging from about 0.02-0.04 mm.
For a multi-layer decoration with a large number of elements, it is better to have several wires of the same color of different thickness at once.
To work with the material, you will need tools that can be borrowed from men: pliers and round nose pliers, wire cutters. As well as a ruler along with a sketch of the pendant.
Pendant made of polymer clay
It will appeal to everyone who once loved to sculpt and did not lose their skills. Those who have already forgotten or want to improve their skills will be saved and delighted by a huge number of instructions on how to make a pendant with your own hands on the Internet - on video or from a photo. You can achieve very beautiful layered or gradient transitions by correctly folding or crushing pieces of clay.
The uniqueness of the material lies in the fact that it can be molded into incredibly realistic fruits, berries, desserts, flowers, any figures and even landmark buildings that will look great in the form of beads for earrings, pendants, bracelets and brooches. To do this, the mount is carefully stuck into the finished products, later everything is baked in the oven according to the instructions.
You should carefully monitor the expiration date and observe the storage conditions, if the polymer clay is stale, it will become poorly wrinkled and will crumble after heating.
Cold porcelain pendant
Easy to prepare at home, so it is one of the cheapest materials for creativity. Unlike polymer clay, it is more plastic and homogeneous, hardens at room temperature for several days.
Cold porcelain is easy to paint when cooking with food coloring or after hardening - with acrylic paints. Very delicate and realistic flowers are obtained from it, especially if you use forms taken from real plants.
Epoxy resin pendant
Often sold as two components: resin and hardener. They are mixed in strict proportions and poured into silicone and plastic molds or bases for pendants. After about 1-2 days, the coating finally hardens and becomes transparent.
Pin pendant
Ideal for brutal military-style accessories, but can look bright and unusual if decorated (beads, bright yarn, etc.).
Pendant made of chains, braids, lace
Useful for hanging the pendant around the neck, adjusting the desired length, and for the design of the pendant itself.
In addition to the materials listed, options and ideas on how to make a pendant can be very different, even old forks, shells, keys or glass turned by waves will do if you make an effort and imagination.
Note! 
Master class how to make a beautiful pendant
- Put glass balls on a baking sheet and put in an oven preheated to 260 degrees for 20 minutes.
- Pour the balls into cold water with ice, inside they will crack beautifully. The beads are ready.
- Insert the pin into the hugger, cut off the excess end with wire cutters, leaving 3-5 mm from the edge.
- Bend the tip with inside hugger with thin-nosed pliers. Thickly anoint with transparent super glue.
- Firmly press the ball to the glue. Wait until the materials set and leave to dry.
- Insert a ring into the loop of the pin and pass a cord or chain through it.
The photo shows how to make a pendant steps simple process manufacturing, which will be interesting to do with younger students. When everything works out, take on more complex and interesting products. Good luck!
DIY pendant photo
Note! 
Note! 
Long gone are the days when jewelry was worn only by women of the lower social class due to the lack of the opportunity to buy expensive jewelry. Famous designers of the world are working on the creation of modern collections of such jewelry and they cost an order of magnitude higher than the usual products made of precious alloys.
Today, jewelry is made from a variety of different materials– wood, metal, glass, beads, plastics, ceramics, leather, etc. As already mentioned, many of them are beyond the reach of modern fashionistas, but what to do if you always want to look good?
Arm special tool, material and start creating the masterpiece of your dreams yourself.
Bead pendants
The first thing you can do with your own hands is bead pendants. It is enough to buy an ordinary chain in any stall and hang beads on it in a variety of quantities and color scheme. If you are with knitting needles and yarn on “you”, you can tie these beads with cotton threads of different colors.
Depending on the ensemble with which you plan to combine them, they can be made in a specific theme - for example, in the form of fruits or animals.
If you have a lot of things at home that your mother or grandmother inherited, you can breathe into them new life and alter for yourself, diluting your wardrobe with a vintage dress or set. And from the remaining pieces of fabric.
To do this, you just need to sew a long case from each individual piece and insert wooden beads into them one at a time the same size. In order for the beads to sit firmly each in their case, their edges must be tied with a knot or pulled with a cord. The ends are simply sewn together.
And if we are talking about a pendant, then it is made long by sewing ties to the ends, for example, from a satin ribbon. Bracelets with handmade fabric charms will perfectly complement a summer bag made of the same material.
You can make a pendant from an ordinary neckerchief by stringing large irregularly shaped beads with a wide hole on it, as well as wrapping round analogs around it. In this case, the main pattern should be concentrated exactly in the center.
Today on sale you can find glass beads obtained by melting glass in the fire of a gas burner. From this unique material, unique in its color and shape, you can create wonderful pendants with your own with my own hands as well as bracelets and jewelry for watches.
To make a pendant, the role of which will be played by a wooden spool of thread, you will need the spool itself, decorative material, a chain, a pin with an eyelet, a lock, two connecting rings, a chain and a flat separator.
In addition, you need to purchase any pendant or make a beaded pendant with your own hands, as well as prepare pliers, nail polish and glue.
Manufacturing steps:
- wrap the coil with decorative material - paper, cloth or something else and fix it with glue;
- thread the pin into the hole of the coil, directing it with the loop down;
- thread a flat spacer through the top of the pin so that it is located on the top of the coil. Then its remainder must be twisted with pliers and inserted into the loop formed by the connecting ring;
- cover the decorative material with nail polish;
- attach a hand-made pendant to the lower loop of the pin, you can make it from felt, leather, beads and anything that comes to your mind;
- it remains to put the finished jewelry on a chain with a lock. Such a suspension is impossible better fit to vintage style.
Pendants from other materials
You can weave baubles from beads and beads, which are very common among young people. Not everyone knows that it is not difficult to get voluminous jewelry from beads - cords and harnesses for the arm or neck.
The country and western style is answered by jewelry made of suede and leather. How to make the simplest decoration out of this material? Take scissors and cut out pieces of leather of various shapes. Passing a cord mixed with beads through them, we get a simple and unpretentious necklace or bracelet.
Lovers of leather bags probably have unnecessary long straps lying around somewhere that come with the accessory. Of these, you can weave a pigtail and wear it on your hand as a bracelet.
And here is how you can make a leather pendant with your own hands:
- to make a pendant you will need two pieces of leather different shades. From the darker one, you need to cut out the upper part of the "cameo" with a female profile. Sprinkling it with gold paint, stick it on the lower part of light skin;
- I must say that the lower part of such a medallion can have any shape - round, oval, rectangular, etc. When the glue dries, a hole must be punched in the upper part of the medallion for hanging;
- if desired, the medallion can be pasted around the perimeter with a roll of the same light leather. To make the pendant look neat, it can be lined with cardboard or leftover leather. By threading the cord through the hole, the medallion can be worn around the neck.
There are a lot of options for making decorative pendants with your own hands! With a certain amount of ingenuity, you can make jewelry from improvised means that have long been lying in the drawers of a chest of drawers or walls and were preparing to go to the trash can. There would be a desire, and the possibilities are countless!
The deeper we go into ... progress, the more difficult it is ... for us to imagine our existence without a car. However, if quite recently about 20 years ago, we had enough: Zhiguli, Muscovites and Volga with UAZs, today the sharply increased number of automakers has spoiled us and our fantasies to the limit. For your money, they will do everything you wish, they will realize your most “unrealistic” fantasy, it would be something to pay ...
Psychologists have long been saying that the choice of a car corresponds to the character of a person. The shape of the body, the color in which it is painted, as well as specifications its motor and driving characteristics of the car correspond in one way or another to our inner state.
The softness of the car, or it would be more correct to express it, also corresponds to our character to some extent. For some, those who like unhurried movement with a slight swaying prefer a soft suspension, while others, those who crave speed and in all their affairs love efficiency and restraint, on the contrary, strive to move without excessive swaying and rolls when cornering. In general, how many people - so many opinions.
Running suspension parameters are selected either immediately when buying a car, or are finalized after purchase, this is called car tuning. Riding style is in many ways a fundamental factor when choosing a suspension.
Influence of car suspension on movement
Rigid suspension - a pledge safe driving, as well as the ability to control all the nuances of maneuvering, are claimed by fans and experts of this suspension option. However, no matter how hard the suspension is, it also has disadvantages, for example, most experts believe that this option is harmful to human health, especially to those who have problems with the spine. Especially if we take into account the quality of our roads, we can imagine what the “fifth point” will experience when moving in such a car.
Soft suspension, it is primarily comfort and a soft smooth ride. A car with a soft supple suspension will comfortably and comfortably overcome all the bumps, occasionally swaying from side to side, but this lull will last only until the first turn. If it needs to be passed at high speed, the driver will have control problems due to the large body roll. In addition, one cannot ignore the fact that excessive softness creates a wave effect that causes motion sickness.
Serial cars leave the assembly line already with ready-made suspension parameters, soft, hard or medium suspension. However, the magnitude of their characteristics is constant. Air suspension is able to change its parameters during movement: becoming harder or softer. The cost of such a suspension is appropriate, it is rather difficult to call it cheap.
How to make the suspension softer yourself?
If you have come to the conclusion that your car is not comfortable enough or that it has a rather stiff suspension, then you should ask yourself the question: are you ready to sacrifice sharpness of reaction and excellent handling in the name of regularity and solidity while driving? If the answer is yes, then this type of tuning is quite easy to make even at home. Below I have provided a few good advice with which you can achieve the desired result.
There are such ways to make the suspension of the car softer:
1. Replacing the springs. Old springs are being replaced with springs with a variable pitch of turns; buying these on the car market is not a problem.
2. . Regular shock absorbers are changed to double-acting gas-oil, this allows you to significantly increase the softness and smoothness of the suspension.
3. . Need to buy new good ones, maybe expensive tires having soft sidewall. This type of rubber perfectly absorbs all the bumps in the road, but if such on high speed get into a hole - big troubles can arise. Tires can simply break. The second option with tires is the installation of a high-profile soft rubber smaller radius.
4. . Replacing conventional disks with alloy wheels with a long flight. They are able to increase controllability, while they will contribute to the comfort of movement. The disadvantage of these disks is the increased load on the bearings, and their premature failure.
5. Pneumatic suspension. Replacement conventional suspension on pneumatic - quite effective way. After such tuning, the suspension will become very soft, but there is one “but” - its cost and installation. Although, if we take into account the comfort that it will provide, then the costs will be fully justified, because as you know. you have to pay for pleasure...
