It just so happened that there is very little information about engineering technology on the network. Such materials can be found only on highly specialized sites and in the technical literature, and, usually, only if we are talking about some analogues of "national economic" technology. It is understandable - such machines are not particularly interesting to the average amateur military equipment and history.
It is this unfortunate circumstance that prompted me to write this article. I decided to write about something more or less understandable for the community, something that we see almost every day - earthmoving machines.
"The lack of mechanization of such labor-intensive work would cause a break a large number soldiers from performing other important combat missions to earthworks, and the very process of earthworks could lead to fatigue of the soldiers and a decrease in the combat effectiveness of the troops "- Chistyakov G.P. 1939
PLOW TRENCHER
The beginning of the mechanized passage of trenches was laid by the adoption of plow trenchers. Their development, first of all, was determined by the traction power of tractors and tanks.
Plow trencher No. 1 was put into service in 1932. When towing it with one tractor, the depth of the trenches turned out to be clearly insufficient - 0.5 m.
In 1934 he was adopted plow trencher No. 2, which differed little from its predecessor, mainly - increased size. The depth of the trenches was supposed to be up to 1 m, but a pulling force of more than 100 kN was required. two tractors ChTZ-60, pulling this device, they could not provide a passage of a meter-long trench in one pass.
In 1936, digger No. 2 (and 1) were modernized, as a result of which KV-3.
The greatest depth of the trench did not exceed 0.6 m. At the same time, special tractors were required to work with the KV-3, which had a hydraulic drive, for example, "Stalinist".
During the Great Patriotic War digger was developed PTK specially designed to work with a heavy tank, however, this design was also unsuccessful.
In 1949 it was created PLT-60. Worked with a tractor S-80. With a trench depth of 0.6 m, it had a capacity of 2.5 km / h.
TRENCH MACHINES
The equipment of troops with trench excavators was carried out at first on the basis of the selection and testing of national economic samples, and then (much later) - by creating special military models.
A similar situation was observed with all military classes without exception. earthmoving equipment, as, indeed, with many other types of engineering machines. Let's try to figure out what it is...
Earth-moving equipment is available in most engineering and sapper units and in all engineering and sapper subdivisions of combined arms units. The tasks performed by the calculations of earth-moving machines are, first of all, positional tasks. Positional tasks are closely related to the tricky concept of "fortification". If in Russian, the essence of positional tasks is to help combined arms units and subunits "burrow into the ground."
In fact, purely "military" earthworks do not differ much from others. So what's the difference? The fact is that in addition to productivity and efficiency, other qualities are also valued in such a technique. For this reason, army and "national economic" vehicles, with external similarities and the same names, have different performance characteristics. But it should be noted - we are talking more about the performance characteristics of the base machines, the working bodies, differing in their characteristics, do not fundamentally differ from the "civilian" ones. For many decades, there was simply no need for special army bases. However, after the Great Patriotic War, the command engineering troops concluded that it was necessary to install special machines and equipment to the most maneuverable and relatively high-speed bases. During this period (40-60s), in order to unify and reduce the cost, basic vehicles already used in the troops (in other branches of the military) were adopted. Later, after the well-known events in Czechoslovakia, following the results of an excellently planned and brilliantly conducted Soviet Army operations, it turned out that engineering vehicles lagging behind on the march from combined arms units and subunits. After that, the development of basic vehicles specifically for the engineering troops began.
It all started in the mid-30s with tests of individual foreign samples. So, in 1934, the trench excavator Barber-Green (USA) was tested at the military engineering range, in 1935 it was mastered by industry and under the brand name MK-1 adopted.
Our firstborn was designed for digging trenches up to 2.25 m deep and up to 0.775 m wide. The excavator had 10 buckets with a capacity of 35 liters, a transverse conveyor with a reach of 2.8 m, car engine ZIS-5 with a power of 73 hp, adjusted to 55 hp.
The prototypes were manufactured at the Dmitrov Mechanical Plant. The company's report to the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the People's Commissariat of Industry stated that the MK-1 excavator was manufactured during the socialist competition in honor of the XII Party Congress.
The productivity was about 90 m3/h, which gives 50 m/h of a full profile trench. This is at a transport speed of 3 km/h. Such very modest TTX military did not suit, however, the car was forced, for lack of a better one, adopted.
In 1939, the head of the engineering department approved the design requirements in principle new car- rotary trench excavator KG-65. But, unfortunately, the war intervened ...
The BTM high-speed trenching machine is designed for trenching and communication in soils up to category III, inclusive, with a dump of excavated soil on both sides of the trench to be torn off. A rotor with 8 buckets with a capacity of 160 liters each was used as working equipment. The maximum productivity of the machine with a trench width at the top of 1.1 m, along the bottom - 0.6 m and at a depth of 1.5 m - 800 m/h.
The machine was developed on the basis of Product 409U, or, in other words, severe artillery tractor AT-T, designed and developed at the Kharkov machine-building plant. Malyshev under the guidance of the famous Soviet tank builder A.A. Morozov. These cars were produced from 1950 to 1979.
The tractor is equipped with an A-401 diesel engine with a capacity of 415 hp, which allows it to develop a transport speed of up to 35 km/h. The fuel supply is enough for 500 km of travel or 10-12 hours of work in the ground. The cabin is sealed, equipped with a filter-ventilation unit, the crew is 2 people. Machine weight - 26.5 tons.
The production of BTM trench machines began in 1957 at the Dmitrovsky excavator plant. Raising and lowering the rotor was carried out by a cable-block system using a U-shaped frame. Buckets were closed type, which affected the performance of the machine: when working on clay and wet soils, the buckets were clogged with earth and were not cleaned in a vertical position, so they had to be cleaned manually.
Presumably, this shortcoming was eliminated by modifying the machine. BTM-2, on which buckets with chain bottoms are used.
On further modification BTM-3 the mechanism for raising and lowering the rotor was changed and such machines were produced until the end of the 70s
On a trench machine BTM-4, produced since 1978, the MT-T multi-purpose tracked tractor was used as a base.
In 1978, a new trench machine appeared - TMK
trench machine TMK is a MAZ-538 wheeled tractor, on which a working body for trenching and bulldozer equipment are mounted. The machine allows you to excavate trenches in soils up to category IV inclusive. Trenching in thawed soils at a depth of 1.5 m is carried out at a speed of 700 m/h, in frozen soils 210 m/h.
The working body is rotary, bucketless type. The working equipment includes a mechanical drive transmission and a hydraulic mechanism for raising and lowering the working body. On the frame of the working body, passive-type slopes are installed, which ensure the formation of inclined trench walls. The soil raised from the trench is spread on both sides of the trench with the help of throwers.
The installed auxiliary bulldozer equipment with a blade width of 3.3 m allows for terrain planning, backfilling of pits, ditches, digging pits, etc.
The basic all-wheel drive wheeled tractor MAZ-538 is equipped with a D-12A-375A engine with a power of 375 hp.
The TMK excavator has been manufactured since 1975 at the Dmitrovsky excavator plant. Later, a modernized trench machine was produced. TMK-2.
Yu.Veremeev's opinion about the machines of the TMK series:
“The trench for the motorized rifle squad is about 100 meters long and requires 200-300 labor costs for excavation with small infantry shovels (what everyone calls sapper shovels is actually called a “small infantry shovel”, in contrast to a “large sapper shovel”). hours, with large shovels, which the infantry usually does not have - 100-150 man hours. Simply put, the squad will tear off its trench for at least 2-3 days. Somehow I'm not sure that the enemy will give the infantry so much time to set up defenses. but it will do it in literally 15-20 minutes.The infantry will only have to equip the rifle cells, the blocked gap.And with this, they will be on the right in half a day
The stronghold of a motorized rifle platoon has a length of the main trenches and communication passages of 900 meters. This is 2.5-4 hours of TMK work, or about a week of the most intense work of the entire platoon personnel.
But the trench, according to the operational-tactical standards, ensures the stability of the defense 1:3, or even 1:4. Simply put, a motorized rifle squad, buried in the ground, beats off the attack of a motorized infantry platoon without much effort and losses. And if we take into account the experience of both Chechen wars, then trained and persistent infantry with competent commanders can keep the enemy in front of their trenches for weeks.
Not without reason, in all wars, after a successful breakthrough of the defense, the military leader demanded persistently and around the clock to pursue the retreating enemy and to the limit of possibility. The main thing is not to let him stop. Allowing the enemy infantry to halt and dig in at least a little meant, for the most part, that the offensive was over.
Such is the significance of this clumsy and seemingly non-combat vehicle."
“In the dashing nineties, these machines were first taken by entrepreneurs involved in various road construction works and laying communications. But it immediately turned out that the resource is extremely small and does not even ensure the self-sufficiency of the machine, and weight restrictions imposed by the military customer forced the designers to reduce the margin of safety of the parts. With intensive commercial exploitation machines break down very often, and repairs are very difficult due to the lack of unique spare parts."
Trench torn off by TMK:
Pit machines
Pit machines appeared relatively recently. Their development is connected with the requirements for the protection of troops from nuclear weapons. In fact, it is quite possible to use single bucket excavators and bulldozers, but their performance does not provide the necessary speed of work.
In 1962, the machine was adopted MDK-2
The MDK-2 excavation machine is an earth-moving machine based on the AT-T heavy artillery tractor (produced from 1950 to 1979 by the Malyshev Kharkov Machine-Building Plant) and is designed to excavate pits measuring 3.5 X 3.5 m of any length in various soils up to category IV inclusive. The bulldozer equipment available on the machine makes it possible to plan the site before excavating the excavation, cleaning and leveling the bottom of the excavation, backfilling pits, ditches, trenches and pits, etc.
When excavating pits, the developed soil is laid in one direction to the right of the pit in the form of a parapet at a distance of 10 m. In one pass, the recess is 30-40 cm. The type of working body is a cutter with a thrower; technical productivity - 300 m3/h; transport speed of the car - 35.5 km / h.
Yu.Veremeev writes:
"The machine is durable, reliable, trouble-free. Before the advent of the MDK-3 machine (however, they managed to supply very few of them to the troops, Gorbachev's "perestroika" began) in the army, there was no more productive earth-moving machine. For comparison, an excavator has a capacity of 40 cubic meters per hour. A trench for a tank is torn off by the machine in just 10 minutes, and manual modifications are not required. The cabin is spacious, warm (the engine is under the cabin floor)."
excavation machine MDK-3 is further development machine MDK-2m and is intended for extracting trenches and shelters for equipment, pits for fortifications. The base vehicle is the MT-T multi-purpose heavy tracked transporter-tractor, developed by the Kharkiv Design Bureau. A.A. Morozov and produced from 1976 to 1991. Kharkov machine building plant named after Malyshev.
When excavating pits, the developed soil is laid in one direction to the left of the pit in the form of a parapet. Unlike MDK-2m, the MDK-3 excavation machine moves when excavating the pit in reverse, tearing off a pit up to 1.75 m deep in one pass. Auxiliary equipment is a powerful bulldozer equipment and frozen soil ripper, which greatly increased the capabilities of the machine compared to the previous one. Technical Performance machines - 500 - 600 m3/h; transport speed - 65 km/h.
Veremeev's opinion:
"The new machine could not replace the old MDK-2m machine. It turned out to be overweight and bulky. The machine can only use its fantastic performance to the fullest extent when excavating large-scale pits, which are not required in the regiment-division link. Perhaps it would be good in missile strategic troops when breaking up shelters for rocket launchers, but for them both the depth and width of the pits are needed more than the MDK-3 can give.
For a regiment, it is better (for all its shortcomings) to be much lighter, more compact, passable car PZM-2, but for the division still MDK-2m.
Universal machines PZM
First universal machine, adapted for extracting trenches, pits, crevices and sprinkling of fort structures appeared in 1968 ...
Regimental digger PZM is a universal earth-moving machine designed for breaking both trenches and pits, backfilling pits, and arranging gentle slopes. The same working chain body is used for both trenches and pits. In addition, the machine has auxiliary bulldozer equipment and a winch.
The depth of the trench to be torn off is up to 1.2m. trench cutting speed from 35m. per hour in frozen and rocky soils up to 200 m per hour in light soils. Productivity on the volume of the taken-out soil is 180 cubic meters. at one o'clock.
The excavated soil is laid to the left or right (the direction of laying is set by the driver), from the foundation pit or trench, forming a parapet. Entry and exit to the pit can be arranged in the form of a flat ramp of a given slope or a steep ramp.
The base machine is the national economic tractor T-150. Engine power 240 hp Transport speed 45 km. at one o'clock. The cabin is pressurized and the machine can be used in contaminated areas. The machine is equipped with a winch with a pulling force of up to 20t. The machine can be parachuted from aircraft. The version of the machine for the airborne troops does not have a cabin. However, the working body is landed separately from the base machine. Machine weight 12.8t. The crew of the car according to the technical characteristics is 2 people, according to the state 1 person.
In 1974, after the replacement of the working body, the machine received the name PZM-2
Earth-moving machine PZM-2 refers to trench-excavation machines designed for excavation of trenches and pits for fortification equipment of positions, areas of troops and command posts. In thawed soils, the machine provides a passage of trenches and pits, in frozen soils - only trenches.
The working equipment of the machine is a bucketless chain with a rotary thrower. Technical productivity when extracting pits - 140 m3 / h, trenches - 180 m3 / h. Dimensions of the trench to be torn off: width 0.65 - 0.9 m, depth - 1.2 m; pit dimensions: from 2.5 to 3.0 m with a depth of up to 3 m.
Bulldozer equipment can be used to backfill trenches, ditches and pits, as well as to clear roads in winter time. A winch with a pulling force of 5 t is used for self-pulling and to provide the necessary tractive effort when extracting pits and trenches in frozen soils with a waterlogged surface.
Note:
When writing the article, materials from the sites saper.etel.ru and techstory.ru were used
The machine for digging pits MDK-2M is designed for arranging trenches and storage facilities for equipment, pits for fortifications (dugouts, shelters, firing structures). Pit dimensions: bottom width 3.5 m, depth up to 3.5 m, length as required. Soil classes being developed - I-IV. Productivity in terms of the amount of excavated soil up to 350 m3 per hour.
The machine consists of an AT-T caterpillar tractor (product 409U), the main working body (for digging pits) - a cutter with a thrower and auxiliary bulldozer equipment. The layout diagram of the pit of the machine is determined by the design of the working body and the position of the engines during the digging of the pit. The hollow machine MDK-2 is a multi-pass machine with a collapse along the bottom of the excavation, it comes off. Engine power 305 l. S., Weight 27.3 tons, transport speed up to 36 km / h. The cabin is sealed, equipped with a filter-ventilation unit, due to which the machine is able to work on terrain contaminated with poisonous or radioactive substances. Moreover, the crew (2 people) can find in the cockpit without protective equipment. The cabin accommodates up to five people, including the driver. The fuel supply is enough for 500 km or 10-12 hours of work in the soil. The time to prepare the machine for work is 5-7 minutes. The cabin provides a place to install the R-123 radio station, but the car is not equipped with it. Equipped with a radiometer-retngenometer, a set of PNV-57T (night vision device).
The working body is a cutter of transverse digging and a thrower; mounted coaxially on one gearbox. The required excavation profile is achieved by using plows and slopes, which are mounted on the frame of the working body. Digging of soil raised by a thrower is carried out to one side of the machine. To create a parapet on both sides of the pit, it is necessary to change the direction of the working strokes of the machine.
Rice. 183. Machine for pits MDK-2
Digging of pits takes place in layers, by shuttle method when the machine moves forward, with the speed reducer turned on, the reverse gear is idling. The soil is thrown into right side from the pit at a distance of up to 10 m and consists in the form of a parapet. In one pass of the machine, the recess is 30-40 cm. A pit measuring 3.5 × 3.4 m is created in six working moves. For the first three passes, the working stroke is carried out in one direction of movement of the machine with the formation of two entrance ramps at an angle of 15 °. With the next three passes, the working stroke is carried out in the opposite direction compared to the previous passes. This changes the direction of the ejection of soil. At the beginning of the pit, due to the work of the main working body, a gentle ramp is created with a slope of about 15 °. The second ramp is gradually cut off by an auxiliary working body (bulldozer) at an angle of 40-45 °.
After the last pass, it is necessary to plan the bottom of the pit with a bulldozer.
Bulldozer equipment MDK-2 allows you to carry out work on leveling the bottom of the pit, backfilling the pits, and blocking gentle slopes. Permissible lateral deviation during the operation of the machine is up to 15 degrees, the angle of ascent / descent during the operation of the machine must be up to 28 degrees.
Machine MDK-3 is a further development of the MDK-2M machine and is intended for oblashtovannya trenches and storage facilities for equipment, pits for fortifications (dugouts, shelters, firing structures). The dimensions of the pits that come off: the width along the bottom is 3.7 m, the depth is up to 3.5 m, the length is as needed. Soil classes developed -1-IV.
When digging pits, the soil is dug, lies on one side to the left of the pit in the form of a parapet. If necessary, the installation of a parapet on both sides, after two or three passes, it is necessary to change the direction of digging. Unlike the MDK-2M, the MDK-3 machine moves in reverse while digging a pit, digging a pit up to 1.75 m deep in one pass (instead of 30-40 cm in old car). At the beginning and at the end of the pit there are gentle ramps with a slope of 15 degrees.
Auxiliary equipment is a powerful bulldozer equipment and a frozen ground furrower, which significantly increased the capabilities of the machine compared to the old one. The raspushnik allows you to dig frozen and hard soils to a depth of up to 0.3 m. Bulldozer equipment allows you to use the machine for planning sites before digging pits, leveling and cleaning pits, backfilling fortifications installed in the pit, backfilling funnels, blocking gentle slopes, removing frozen soil dug with a furrower. In addition, the bulldozer can be used for uprooting stumps with a diameter of 20-40 cm.
The formation of wide pits is carried out by 2-3 parallel passes of the machine with a change in the direction of the ejection of the soil.
Permissible side slope during operation of the machine is up to 15 degrees, the angle of ascent / descent during operation is up to 28 °. Productivity in terms of the amount of excavated soil is 500-600 m3 per hour. The caterpillar tractor MT-T (product 453) was used as the base chassis. The machine has a total weight of 39 tons (instead of 27.3 tons in MDK-2M), the transport speed of the machine is up to 65 km/h. moreover, the crew (2 people) can be in the cockpit without protective equipment. The cabin accommodates up to five people, including the driver. The fuel supply is enough for 500 km or 10-12 hours of work in the soil. Time to prepare the machine for work 5-7 minutes.
In the cab of the vehicle there is a place to install the R-123 (tank) radio station, but the MDK-3 is not equipped with it. Equipped with a set of NVD (night vision device).
Rice. 184. Machine for pits MDK-3
Tactical and technical characteristics Hollow machines
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Technical productivity, m3 / h: |
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in soils of the first, second categories |
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in soils of the second, third categories |
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Average transport speed dirt roads, km / h |
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Overall dimensions in working position, mm: |
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Calculation, persons |
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Periodicity Maintenance, engine hours: |
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Labor intensity of maintenance, pers. / Hour: |
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Fuel consumption, l / h: |
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when digging a pit |
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in transport mode |
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Fuel reserve, km |
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Engine power, kW |
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Dimensions of the developed excavation, m per pass: |
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in two passes: |
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in three passes: |
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Movement speed while digging a pit, m/h |
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Travel speed during operation |
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bulldozer equipment, km/h, no more |
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in normal soil |
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in frozen loosened soil |
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Movement speed during operation of pushing equipment, km/h |
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Travel speed in operating mode with hydrostatic transmission, km / h: in reverse gear |
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in first gear |
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in second gear |
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in third gear |
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Fuel tank capacity, l |
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Cabin capacity, OS |
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Transfer time of working equipment to working condition, min |
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When preparing the machine for transportation by railway, h |
Regimental earthmoving machine PZM-2
General device, principle of operation and main performance characteristics of EOV-4421
Excavator EOV-4421 is a cyclic earth-moving machine. It is intended for mechanization earthworks and loading and unloading. The excavator is used for digging trenches and pits in soils of 1-4 categories without loosening, in frozen soils after their preliminary loosening. The presence of a hook suspension allows for lifting, lowering and moving various loads.
Rice. 185. Excavator EOV-4421
Tactical and technical characteristics
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Productivity in soils of the first, second categories when digging: |
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pits, m3 / h |
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trenches, m3 / h |
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Maximum transport speed, km / h |
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Calculation, persons |
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Deployment time, min |
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Fuel consumption per 100 km, l |
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Fuel range, km |
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The maximum depth of the pit that digs with a width along the bottom, m |
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Bucket capacity, m3 |
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Average cycle time, s |
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Maximum cutting force, kN |
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Maximum digging radius, m |
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Maximum emptying height of the bucket, m |
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Overall dimensions in transport position, mm: |
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Hook suspension capacity, t |
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Maximum lifting height, m |
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Hook reach, m: |
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greatest |
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least |
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Hook lifting height, m: |
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in case of a large flight |
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in case of the slightest flight |
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Technical characteristics of the excavator
General data of the excavator
Excavator power plant
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Four-stroke four-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine with swirl combustion chamber |
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Rated power at frequency |
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crankshaft rotation 1700 min, l. With |
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Max RPM crankshaft, min |
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Minimum speed crankshaft, min |
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Fuel used |
Diesel DL, DZ |
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Lubricant applied |
Motor M-6 / 10V |
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Weight of the engine in unfilled state in complete set, kg |
(GP-11, GP-8) 780 |
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Two-stroke single-cylinder carburetor with crank chamber purge |
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Motor power at frequency crankshaft rotation 3500 min, l. With |
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launch method |
electric starter |
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Fuel used |
mixture of gasoline and oil in a volume ratio of 15:1 |
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lubricants used |
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motor M10V M10G, M12Y (GP-11) |
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motor M8V or M8B (GP 8) |
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electrical equipment |
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constant |
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Rated voltage, V |
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Accumulator battery: |
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capacitance, ampergodyne |
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Hydraulic drive of working equipment |
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hydraulic pump: |
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axial piston double, variable displacement |
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Maximum productivity, dm3 / min |
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Discharge pressure, MPa (kgf / cm2): |
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maximum |
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nominal |
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minimum |
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Swing Motor |
Radial piston high torque |
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Hydraulic cylinders, mm: |
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handles |
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outriggers |
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Operating fluid at ambient temperature: |
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from -40 to + 5 ° С |
Oil VMGZ TU 38-101479-74 |
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-1-5 to +40°C |
Oil MG-30 |
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Substitutes at ambient temperature: |
TU 38-1-01-50-70 |
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from -25 to + 5 ° С |
Spindle oil AU GOST 1642-75 |
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from +5 to + 40 ° С |
Grease ISOA, I20A GOST 20799-75 |
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Sawing structure, principle of operation, main components and mechanisms of the excavator
The main parts of the excavator include the base machine, the load frame with outriggers, the turntable, the turntable, the power plant of the working equipment, working equipment, hydraulic drive, control drives and electrical equipment.
The base machine is the KrAZ-255B vehicle, which has some modifications that have been made for the installation of an excavator unit. Chassis improvements base car due to the need to reduce its weight and simplify the installation of the cargo frame. In the places where the cargo frame is attached to the vehicle frame, stiffeners are welded into the frame spars. In front of the frame, there is a rack for attaching working equipment in the transport position. In connection with the installation of the cargo frame, the location of the receivers has been changed, the pneumatic system and power equipment of the vehicle have been improved. Left (on the go) fuel tank moved to cargo frame. The spare wheel container is installed in front of the cargo frame. A headlight is attached to the rear of the base vehicle to illuminate the area while reversing.
The cargo frame is designed for installation, slewing device and unloading (together with outriggers) of the vehicle chassis. The frame is a die-welded construction. The main elements of the frame are two longitudinal beams connected by a row of lumbar inserts. The longitudinal beams end on both sides with brackets for attaching outriggers and their hydraulic cylinders. On the upper part of the frame there is a shell made of a mating surface for installing a turntable. To increase the rigidity of the structure, the brackets of the front outriggers are connected with a coupler.
The outriggers are designed to unload (together with the load frame) the chassis of the vehicle and create the necessary support for the machine during excavation and loading and unloading operations. In the working position, the outriggers are in contact with the soil, while the middle and rear axles unloaded, and the excavator is suspended on four supports and two front wheels, increases its support and allows you to create a significant (up to 91 kN) force on the cutting edge of the bucket. In the transport position, the hydraulic cylinder rods are retracted and the supports are raised.
The slewing device is designed to rotate the turntable relative to the base machine, as well as to transfer work forces along the turntable to the cargo frame. The slewing ring consists of rings held by bolts, rollers and a ring gear.
The turntable is designed to accommodate the power plant, the main elements of the hydraulic system, controls, the excavator cab and working equipment. It is a support, withstands all the loads that occur during the operation of the excavator, and through the turntable rests on the cargo frame. In front of the platform are a four-stroke four-cylinder diesel engine with liquid cooled with a vortex combustion chamber and systems, it is provided by: fuel and air supply, lubrication, cooling and start-up. The rated power of the engine (SMD-14) is 55 kW. The power plant is the source of energy for the working equipment. For start diesel engine is a single-cylinder two-stroke starting engine PD-10U with a gearbox SMD8-19S4V. The PD-10U engine is started by the ST-350 electric starter.
To facilitate starting the diesel engine at a low ambient temperature, an electric torch preheater is provided.
The working equipment is a returned shovel and consists of a unified boom, a handle, a bucket, a hook suspension, a bucket hydraulic cylinder and a handle, two boom hydraulic cylinders, pipelines and hoses high pressure. Raising and lowering the boom is carried out by hydraulic cylinders.
The boom is designed to install a handle with a bucket and hydraulic cylinders on it. It is a one-piece welded L-shaped box type structure.
The stick is an elongated, welded, box-shaped structure made from sheet metal and made from the same material as the boom.
Rice. 186. The layout of the excavator EOV-4421
1 - base machine: 2 - working equipment; 3 - power plant of working equipment; 4 - turntable: 5 - outrigger; 6 - support-reverse device; 7 - strapping frame
BAT-2 crosswalk is designed for mechanization engineering works when laying column roads, preparing military roads around the city.
Shlyakhoproladach consists of a base - MT-T caterpillar chassis, a universal bulldozer, a crane, a baking powder, a winch.
The caterpillar chassis of the track laying was developed on the basis of the components of the heavy transporter-tractor MT-T.
Rice. 187. Shlyakhoproladach BAT-2
The main parts of the crawler chassis are the frame, cab, power plant, transmission, chassis, pneumatic equipment and electrical equipment.
The composition of the working equipment of the BAT-M skid laying includes bulldozer and crane equipment, bulldozer equipment control mechanisms, power take-off mechanism, electro-pneumatic and hydraulic drive.
Bulldozer equipment is designed for layer-by-layer cutting and moving soil. It is hung in front of the machine and can be installed in working or transport position. In the working position, the blade of the bulldozer equipment is lowered to the ground. In case of machine transport mileage at a distance of up to 5 km, bulldozer equipment is suspended on a chain. Pied march over a distance of more than 10 km, it is made by tipping through the cab onto the platform and fixed.
The main parts of the bulldozer equipment are the frame, the frame bumps, the blade and the ski.
Crane equipment is designed for mechanization of loading and unloading operations when laying column tracks and dismantling bulldozer equipment. The carrying capacity of the equipment is 2 tons of any boom outreach. Max Height hook lifting - 5.3 m for the boom reach - 1.1 m and 2 m - for the boom reach 5.4 m. The speed of lifting and lowering the load with a winch is 0.18 m / s, with the boom - 0.37 and 0, respectively, 22 m/s. Turntable speed 1.9 min.
Rice. 188. Shlyakholaydacha BAT-M
The main parts are the base machine (ITT engineering wheel tractor) and working equipment.
Working equipment is designed for loosening and moving soil over short distances. The components of the working equipment are bulldozer equipment, control mechanisms and hydraulic drive.
Bulldozer equipment with a universal blade is designed for layer-by-layer cutting and formation of a soil prism. The bulldozer equipment includes a blade, a frame and a ski.
When preparing bulldozer equipment for operation, the wings of the blade are set to the position necessary for work. When the blade is installed in the grader position, an extension is installed on the extended wing, which is fixed to the tractor body in the non-working position.
The rearrangement of the wings in the bulldozer, track-laying state and their warping occurs without leaving the crew from the cab.
The cutting width of the blade in the skidding position is 3300 mm, in the bulldozer position - 3820 mm, in the grader position - 3240 mm. The angle of installation of the wings in the track-laying position is 110 °. Blade height - 1060 mm. The maximum lifting height of the blade is 1580 mm, and the recess is 400 mm. The mass of the working equipment is 2.9 tons. The time to transfer the bulldozer equipment to the working position is 2 minutes.
Pit machine MDK-2M designed for digging pits for fortifications, for engineering equipment positions of the troops and for the mechanization of earthworks during the conduct and their consequences.
The MDK-2M excavation machine consists of a base machine (product 409MU) and working equipment.
The structure of the working equipment includes: working body, transmission of the working body, bulldozer equipment and hydraulic drive (working equipment control system).
Rice. 1. Pit machine MDK-2M:a – side view, b – rear view;
1 - blade, 2 - hydraulic cylinder, 3 - rack, 4 - base machine, 5 - hydraulic tank, 6 - protective shield, 7 - thrower, 8 - upper frame, 9-beam, 10 - lifting frame, 11 - plow, 12 - thrower housing, 13 - milling cutter, 14 - pushing frame, 15 - protective shield (folding part) 16 - protective shield (fixed part), 17 - deflector, 18 - beam, 19 - plow, 20 - adjustable struts, 21 - lifting frame .
The working body is designed to develop the soil in the process of excavating the pit and transporting it to the dump. It is installed in the aft part of the machine and is hinged to it with the ability to move in a vertical plane. The main parts of the working body are the lifting and upper frames, a cutter, a thrower, two plows, a guide casing and a lifting and lowering mechanism.
The lifting and upper frames are designed for fastening all the main parts of the working body.
lifting frame It is a welded U-shaped box-section structure. In the middle transverse part of the frame, the cutter and thrower drive gearbox is mounted. The ends of the longitudinal beams of the frame are pivotally connected to the machine body. Two hydraulic cylinders of the mechanism for controlling the position of the working body and two brackets for fixing the working body in the transport position are attached to the eyes on the longitudinal beams.
Upper frame mounted on top of the lifting frame. It is welded from two longitudinal, two vertical and transverse beams. Two slops and a protective shield are attached to the upper frame.
Otkosniki designed to cut the soil in the upper part of the pit to form a slope of the walls and represent a knife with wear-resistant surfacing, which is returned to its working position and fixed manually with the help of two fingers and their drive levers. In the transport position, the slopes return to the axis of the machine.
Protective shield designed to prevent the machine platform from being filled with soil when digging a pit. It is installed on the upper frame of the working body and consists of an upper folding and a lower fixed part. In the working position, both parts of the shield are contained in the same plane. When lifting the working body, the folding flap is in the transport position with the help of traction and springs.
cutter transverse digging is designed to destroy the soil and feed it into the thrower. It consists of a hub and six triangular-section blades welded to it. Three variable cutting blades are bolted to each blade, the cutting edges of which have wear-resistant surfacing. For the purpose of uniform wear, the knives are rearranged: the worn out ones themselves are installed closer to the hub. The cutter is bolted to the hub of the planetary gear of the reducer of the working body.
Thrower designed to transport the developed soil to the dump. It is a fixed guide casing and a paddle drum of a welded design, which consists of a hub, five box-section spokes, a rim with fifteen blades, of which thirteen are welded to its rings, and two are removable in order to replace worn sheets of the guide casing without removing the thrower. The hub of the thrower is mounted on the reducer of the working body.
plows(right and left) cut the soil under the platforms for the tracks to ensure the development of the soil with a cutter during subsequent passes of the machine. The left and right plows are similar in design and consist of a body with knives fixed at the bottom, a blade, an axle and a height adjustment mechanism. A thrust plate is installed on the plow axis, connected to the body with four bolts. In the case of normal force on the knife, the plow returns to the stop with the plate in the upper frame. When the plow meets an obstacle, the bolts are cut off, protecting the plow from breakage.
guide cover ensures the movement of the soil from the cutter to the thrower and then to the dump. It wraps around the blades of the cutter and the thrower from below and is a frame consisting of two interconnected arcuate beams, between which removable sheets are attached. To increase the rigidity of the casing fastening, two removable beams are installed, each of which is attached to the casing guide at one end, and to the lifting frame at the other.
Lifting and lowering mechanism working body is designed to change the position of the working body in height. It consists of two hydraulic cylinders hinged to the body of the machine and the lifting frame and ensures the rotation of the working body when transferred from the transport position to the working position or vice versa, its deepening, recessing and fixation. The rotation angle is limited upwards by the stroke of the hydraulic cylinders, downwards - by the stop of the lifting frame in the machine body.
Transmission of the working body MDK-2M
designed to change and transmit torque from the speed reducer to the cutter and thrower. It consists of an intermediate shaft, two cardan shafts, rotary reducer and working body reducer.
Intermediate shaft is the link between the speed reducer of the base machine and cardan shaft slewing gear drive. It is a pipe, to the flange of which a gear rim with an internal tooth is attached to connect with the gear half-coupling of the power take-off shaft of the speed reducer. On the splines of the other end, a flange is installed for mounting with a cardan shaft yoke. The shaft is supported by a spherical bearing.
cardan shafts one is installed between the intermediate shaft and the rotary gearbox, and the second - between the rotary gearbox and the reducer of the working body. They are the same in structure, but have different lengths.
rotary gearbox designed to change and transfer torque from the speed reducer to the working body reducer. It is installed in the aft compartment of the machine body and provides switching on and off, changing the rotational speed of the cutter and thrower, maintaining the alignment of the driven shaft with the drive shaft of the working body gearbox when changing the relative position of the gearboxes. gear ratios gear equal to 1.08 and 0.856.
The main parts of the slewing gearbox are: housing (stationary part, sleeve, rotary part), drive shaft assembly, first and second intermediate shaft assemblies, pinion shaft, control drive and safety clutch.
Reducer of the working body designed to change the torque that is transmitted to the cutter and thrower. It is mounted on a lifting frame and provides simultaneous rotation of the cutter and the thrower with different angular speeds.
The reducer of the working body consists of a single-stage cylindrical gearbox and two planetary gear sets made in one unit.
Frame single-stage spur gearbox is attached to the housing of the first planetary gear set. The manhole cover has a hole for filling oil and installing a dipstick. The driven shaft is integral with the sun gear of the first planetary gear set.
First planetary row designed to change the torque and transfer it from the spur gear to the second planetary gear set and at the same time to rotate the thrower. It consists of a housing connected to the housing of the second planetary gear set, an epicyclic gear, four satellites and a carrier, which is also the sun gear of the second planetary gear.
Second planetary gear is designed to change and transmit torque to the cutter mounted on bearings on the outer surface of its body. The carrier has an axial hole through which it passes torsion shaft, connecting the carrier of the first planetary gear set with the thrower rotation flange. At the end of the carrier there is a ring gear for connection with the hub of the cutter. During operation, the torsion shaft acts as a damper, protecting the transmission from damage.
Fig.2. Transmission of the working body MDK-2M:
1 - intermediate shaft, 2 and 5 - cardan shafts 3 - rotary gearbox, 4 - safety clutch, 6 - working body gearbox, 7 - hydraulic pump gearbox, 8 - gearbox of the base machine, 9 - speed reducer
Bulldozer equipment MDK-2M
designed for layer-by-layer development and soil movement when planning the bottom of the pit, preparing the site before digging the pit. In addition, with the help of bulldozer equipment, it is possible to backfill pits, trenches, fluff frozen soil at a freezing depth of up to 15 cm.
The machine is equipped with bulldozer equipment with a fixed blade, the height of which is 1000 mm and the length is 3200 mm. With the help of hydraulic cylinders, the blade can be lowered below the level of the machine by 540 mm or raised to a height of 1140 mm. The weight of the equipment is 1120 kg.
The bulldozer equipment consists of a blade, two push frames, two front struts with struts, two couplers and a control mechanism.
control mechanism designed to change the position of the blade in height. It consists of two hydraulic cylinders, with the help of which forces are created to deepen the blade into the ground, deepen it and fix it.
hydraulic drive designed to control the position of the working equipment. It provides the creation of the necessary forces when transferring the working body to the transport or working position, when deepening or deepening the blade of bulldozer equipment. The hydraulic drive scheme does not provide for simultaneous control of the working body and bulldozer equipment. The machine is equipped with hydraulic drive elements designed for a pressure of 10 MPa.
The hydraulic drive consists of a hydraulic tank, two hydraulic pumps, a hydraulic panel, four hydraulic cylinders.
hydraulic tank mounted behind the cab. The level of the working fluid in the tank is measured with a dipstick. The volume of the working fluid must be within 150 liters.
The machine is equipped with two hydraulic pumps of the NSh-32U brand, which are driven by a speed reducer through a gearbox.
Hydropanel mounted on the left behind the cab and designed to compactly accommodate hydraulic drive controls. Two three-position spools GA86/2 are fixed on the hydraulic panel to control hydraulic cylinders, safety valve BG52 -14, two GA192 electromagnetic cranes, one of which controls the operation of the safety valve, and the other is designed to set the hydraulic cylinders for controlling the working body in a "floating" position when digging a pit. To control the pressure, a manometer with a valve is fixed on the panel.
Fig.3. Scheme of the hydraulic drive MDK-2M:
1 and 19 - hydraulic cylinders of bulldozer equipment, 2 and 11 - three-position spools GA 86/2, 3 and 5 - electromagnetic valves, 4 - safety valve BG 52-14, 6 and 12 - hydraulic cylinders of the working body, 7, 8, 9 and 10 - throttles, 13 - hydraulic filters, 14 and 16 - check valves, 15 and 17 - gear pumps NSh-32U, 18 - hydraulic tank
Tactical and technical characteristics of MDK-2M
| Technical productivity in soils of the 2nd, 3rd categories, m 3 / hour | |
| Maximum transport speed, km/h | |
| Average transport speed on dirt roads, km/h | |
| Weight, t | |
| Overall dimensions in transport position, mm: | |
| Overall dimensions in working position, mm: | |
| Calculation, person | |
| Periodicity of maintenance, engine hours: | |
| Labor intensity of maintenance, man-hours: | |
| Fuel consumption, l/h: with open pits in transport mode |
|
| Fuel range, km | |
| Engine power, kW | |
| Dimensions of the developed excavation, m | |
| For one pass: | |
| In two passes: depth width | |
| For three passes: | |
| Movement speed when digging a pit, m/h | |
|
Movement speed during operation of bulldozer equipment in normal soil, km/h, not more than: |
|
| Fuel tank capacity, l | |
| Number of seats in the cabin, people | |
| Time of transfer of the working equipment to the working position, min | |
| Time to prepare the car for transportation by rail, h |
Work MDK-2M (video)
The design of a new pit machine to replace obsolete MDK-2 and MDK-2M vehicles in the troops began almost simultaneously with the design of the BAT-2 track-laying machine in department No. 61 of the design bureau named after. A.A. Malyshev (Kharkov) under the leadership of the chief designer P.I. Sagira in the late 70s of the last century. Product 453 (factory index) was put into service at the end of the 80s under the name of the MDK-3 pit machine. Her mass production was organized on Kharkov plant transport engineering them. Malyshev. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 did not allow the launch of a full-scale production of a new machine, but a small amount of MDK-3 did get into the troops. The body of the MDK-3, engine, transmission, suspension and running gear as a whole are completely similar to the corresponding units and assemblies of the heavy caterpillar tractor-transporter MT-T, produced at the same plant. Special equipment excavation machine includes bulldozer equipment, ripper and excavator kit. The working body of the excavator is a cutter with a thrower, which provides high productivity when extracting pits. Powerful bulldozer serves for leveling the sites and can be installed with a bias in both directions, which makes it possible to work on slopes and hillsides. The ripper speeds up excavation work in hard soils. In the cab of the machine, there are places for installing the R-123M radio station, and a FVU is installed. The machine is in service with engineering and sapper units and units to the present.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| №№ | Characteristic name | Unit | Characteristic value |
| 1 | Crew | people | 2 |
| 2 | Cabin capacity | people | 5 |
| 3 | Combat weight | T | 39, 5 |
| 4 | Body length in stowed position | mm | 10 280 |
| 5 | Width in stowed position | mm | 3230 |
| 6 | Height in stowed position | mm | 4040 |
| 7 | Body length in working position | mm | 11 750 |
| 8 | Width in working position | mm | 4600 |
| 9 | Working height | mm | 3250 |
| 10 | Fuel range | km | 500 |
| 11 | Max speed | km / h | 60 |
| 12 | Track | mm | 2730 |
| 13 | Ground clearance | mm | 425 |
| 14 | Ground pressure | kg/cm ² | 0,78 |
| 15 | Engine power V-46-4 | hp | 710 |
| 16 | Fuel consumption per 100 km | l | 275-300 |
| 17 | Dimensions of the pit to be torn off: depth
bottom width |
mm | up to 3500
up to 3700 |
| 18 | Pit depth per pass | mm | 1750 |
| 19 | Productivity when moving soil | m ³/h | 500-600 |
| 20 | Dozer skew | deg. | 26° |
| 21 | Class of developed soils | Class | I-IV |
| 22 | Time to prepare for work | min | 5-7 |
| 23 | Means of communication | internal intercom | R-124 |
MDK-3 - army car, designed for excavating pits for shelters for equipment or personnel, a mounted rotary trench excavator of transverse digging.
Created for the engineering troops.
Designed on the basis of the MT-T tractor, it is a further development of the MDK-2M machine. The working body of MDK-3 is a rotary cutter with a thrower. The machine is equipped with an adjustable dozer blade and ripper. The cockpit is located in front of the vehicle body. The cabin is pressurized and can accommodate up to five people, including the driver.
Calculation - 2 people. Dimensions of pits to be torn off: bottom width 3.7 m, depth up to 3.5 m.
- Length in transport position 10.22 m, length in working position 11.75 m; width in transport position 3.23 m, width in working position 4.6 m; height in transport position 4.04 m, height in working position 3.25 m.
- Weight 39.5 tons.
- V-46-4 engine, 710 hp. With. (522 kW).
- Power reserve 500 km.
- The transport speed on the highway is 65 km/h.
- Productivity: 1000 m³/hour.
- The specific ground pressure is 0.78 kgf/cm².
- Obstacle to be overcome: ford up to 1.5 m deep, elevation angle up to 30°.
