It's no secret that the Tiger, the Russian army armored car, was born as a response to the American Hummer. Rather, on the HMMWV, a highly mobile multifunctional wheeled vehicle created by the American company AM General back in the late 70s.
History of the Hammer
In the early 80s, the Humvee was adopted. And the car was widely known during the Gulf War. It quickly became clear that the Humvees were poorly protected both from bullet shots and from explosions of mines and grenades - so the designers had to develop additional armor protection. Even faster, the Americans set up production civil version under brand Hummer. Naturally, without armor, but with improved finishes. Later, these cars began to be called H1, as H2 and H3 appeared, vaguely reminiscent of the first Hammer in style, good cross-country ability and an impressive price.
History of the Tiger
In the late 90s, the Arabs from Bin Jabr Group Ltd (BJG) announced a tender for 60 million US dollars to create a car like a Humvee. The customer was the Jordanian king Abdul II, who did not favor either the Americans or their cars. The tender was won by CJSC Industrial Computer techologies"(PKT), a subsidiary of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Three prototypes were developed and presented to the customer in record time, showing International exhibition weapons lDEX-2001 called Tiger HMTV.
Such swiftness can be partly explained by the fact that the Gorky residents (they are also Nizhny Novgorod residents) used the components of long-mastered armored personnel carriers and the Vodnik special vehicle.
In June 2005, the Arabs began producing similar Nimr armored vehicles, with an MTU 6R 106 turbodiesel with an HP 325 power. and Allison LCT 1000 transmission - the same brand, by the way, as the Humvee. And the Arzamas Machine-Building Plant began production of Tigers. At first they were equipped with Cummins B-180, B-205 and B-215 diesel engines. Later they began to install the Yaroslavl YaMZ-5347-10 turbodiesel. Transmission - mechanical 5-speed. It is this power unit that now stands on the modernized Tigers, which were first shown to the world at the parade on May 9, 2016.
Whose engine is more powerful?
Both the Humvee and the Tiger are primarily platforms on which they can stand different bodies and various weapons. Lots of options. So let's compare the cars by the main technical specifications. Let's start with the same power unit. The Humvee is equipped with a 6.5-liter Detroit Diesel V8. It develops 195 hp. at 3400 rpm and 581 Nm at 1700 rpm. It is equipped with a hydromechanical automatic 4-speed gearbox. The Tiger has automatic transmission only in civilian versions. The argument, what is better for military equipment - mechanics or machine guns, is endless.
The Yaroslavl diesel engine is smaller than the Detroit one in terms of volume, 4.4 liters, but a little more powerful. It develops 158 kW (215 hp) at 2600 rpm. The maximum torque is less, 470 Nm, but it falls already at 1000 rpm. Humvee is noticeably lighter, its mass is 4672 kg. The mass of the armored Tiger is 6880 kg.
Whose car is faster?
Both the Humvee and the Tiger can reach 140 km / h and accelerate to 100 km / h in 17-20 seconds, so there is parity.
Which engine is more economical?
The Detroit diesel is clearly more economical - with it, the Humvee needs from 16 to 23 liters per 100 kilometers. The Tiger's appetite only flares up at 25. The real average fuel consumption is about 30 liters per 100 km. The Tiger has two tanks with a capacity of 70 liters each. And the Humvee has a 25 US gallon (94.63 L) tank. So in terms of power reserve, neither our car nor the American one has an advantage.
Whose salon is more spacious?
The standard Humvee crew is four fighters in the cabin and a machine gunner in the hatch. No longer fits because of the huge central tunnel and the sloping rear of the roof. The Tiger has a flat roof and hinged doors at the back. If individual seats are installed in the Tiger (you can’t call them chairs), its standard crew is 6 people, and with seats along the sides it can be 9-seater. And this is a serious advantage.
Whose body armor is better?
The main thing is that the Tiger was immediately created as an armored car. The body is welded from heat-treated steel sheets with a thickness of 5 or 7 mm, providing a level of ballistic protection according to the 3rd and 5th classes, respectively. Experts say that the Tiger can withstand an explosion of 600 g of TNT under the bottom.
Armor protection for the Humvee was developed after it was put into service, and the first armored cars were helpless in the deserts, sitting belly-deep in the sand.
Whose geometric cross is better?
It is important that many elements of the running gear of the Tiger are taken from the BTR-80. As, for example, cross-axle self-locking differentials, suspension on dual wishbones, centralized wheel inflation system. Eat transfer case with locking center differential. The Tiger's suspension travel is amazing - 300 mm. Ground clearance - 400 mm. Entry angle - 36°, exit - 45°. Wheelbase- 3300 mm. Overall length - 5700, width - 2400. The same height.
With the same wheelbase as the Tiger, the Humvee is a little more compact. Its length is 4930 mm, width - 2310 mm, height - 1990 mm. The ground clearance of the American is slightly larger - 17.2 inches (430 mm). The approach angle is noticeably larger, almost 49°. But the exit angle is already 37°. That is, on a hard surface, the Hammer can get stuck due to the rear overhang. The Tiger does not have this problem.
A standard Tiger can cross fords up to 1.2 meters deep. Humvee - up to 30 inches (76 cm), and with a snorkel - up to 1.5 meters. Here the American seems to be cooler, but what is this difference in reality? I went faster, raised a bigger wave - the engine choked. In addition, we have the standard Russian ingenuity. Americans have faith in a higher power and the dollar. Speaking of him.
Whose car is cheaper?
The cost of the army Tiger is estimated at 60-100 thousand dollars, the civilian version - 90-150 thousand. And the first 55,000 Humvees were purchased from AM General for $1.2 billion. That is, each car cost only 22 thousand dollars. However, the cost of civilian versions, especially those with exclusive finishes, is comparable to the tiger one.
Many celebrities in America bought Hammers for themselves, one of the main fans of the brand is Arnold Schwarzenegger. He has at least three cars of this brand. Two Army Humvees, khaki and sand. Last year, another Hummer appeared, red. Built for the movie star by the Austrian firm Kreisel Electric, it's an electric vehicle with a pair of motors on each axle. After all, the “Austrian oak”, for all its brutality, is also known as a defender environment, environmental activist. This, however, does not prevent Arnie from keeping several gasoline supercars in addition to the Hummers in the garage.
Ours are also not averse to acquiring Tigers - say, the Mikhalkov brothers, Nikita and Andrey. They say about the first one that he has several such cars (for hunting trips), and the second got rid of the SUV, deciding that it is not suitable for civilian life. Among the owners of the Tiger was Valery Shantsev, a former governor Nizhny Novgorod region, and Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the permanent leader of the Liberal Democratic Party. Given for the 60th anniversary of the Blue Tiger, after eight years of ownership, he sent to the war in Lugansk. Soon, the Ukrainian media began to show it with a body twisted either from an explosion or from a coup. AM General, which created the HMMWV, also participated in the tender for equipping the American army with new machines. Their new development is called BRV-O JLTV. And it is suspiciously similar to our Tiger, only in a sandy color.
AM General, which created the HMMWV, also participated in the tender for equipping the American army with new machines. Their new development is called BRV-O JLTV. And it is suspiciously similar to our Tiger, only in a sandy color.
AM General also participated in the tender to replace the outdated Humvees. They submitted the development of BRV-O JLTV to the competition, with great inner space and enhanced bottom protection ... But the US military needed a different class of vehicles, with new features. The Oshkosh L-ATV has a much larger payload and capacity, in addition to the basic protection, additional protection is provided that can be installed in the field, as it used to be on the Humvee. The suspension is adaptive, and ground clearance reaches half a metre. In addition, the machine can serve as an electric generator.
We also create and test new armored cars, but there are fewer details about them. The arms race continues. But I want to believe that if our cars collide with American ones, then only in such an absentee comparison.
Could AM General Corp have imagined that their brainchild, the Hummer, would become a hero not only on the battlefield, but also on TV screens? Vryatli, for sure, when creating an all-terrain vehicle, the creators were only concerned with the question of how to win the competition of the US Department of Defense to create a highly mobile multi-purpose vehicle. The Pentagon announced the competition in 1979. Eleven HMMWV test pieces were tested in Nevada, with a total of 1 million kilometers covered by the test pieces. According to US military experts, HMMWV (this is where the abbreviation of the military Hammer is indicated) proved to be worthy of samples from other manufacturers. In 1984, the first all-terrain vehicle rolled out of the Mishawaka facility, and the US government ordered 55,000 all-terrain vehicles for $1.2 billion, a record for the purchase of wheeled vehicles by the US military at the time. Note that the abbreviation HMMWV stands for High Passable Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. 
In the American dialect, the abbreviation HMMWV is read as - Humvee, which is why in many sources the American all-terrain vehicle is called HUMVEE. The most popular version of the appearance of the nickname - Hummer, suggests that the HMMWV was called the HAMMER by one of the journalists who followed the events during the first Iraq war - the operation to liberate Kuwait. The war with Iraq brought HMMWV considerable popularity, many Americans wanted to have this symbol of American strength, this created the preconditions for the release of the HMMWV series of civilians, the civilian all-terrain vehicle was called the Hummer H1. Even in the US, this is an expensive car, starting at $70,000. In a year, Americans collect no more than 2,000 - Hummer H1. We will consider the differences between the military HMMWM and the Hammer H1 in the block - “salon and equipment” and “technical component and characteristics”. The American has proven himself so well that copies of HUMWEE are produced under license in Portugal and Switzerland for the internal needs of the state. Let's continue the review.
Appearance and Body:
The military Hummer, like its civilian version, is available in bodies: two and four door pickups, as well as a station wagon. 
A different range of bodies suggests that the car was not just called a multi-purpose vehicle, HUMVEE is used not only to transport soldiers, the car is used as an ambulance, command vehicle and a vehicle carrying its own weapons system (rocket launchers, mortars, machine guns). Of course, the body of the army all-terrain vehicle is attached to the frame, which significantly increases the durability and strength of the structure. separate windshields and windshield wipers mounted on the top edge of the glass evoke the HUMVEE's similarity to a truck. The Hummer H1 is fitted with 315/75 R17 tires.
Salon and Equipment:
Many will be surprised that in such a wide car as the Hummer in 
the chair sit quite closely, and most copies are equipped with four seats. The fact is that the engine and gearbox are very much shifted behind the front axle, the motors and gearbox are under the casing in the cabin - pay attention to the photo. This was done in order to save the motor 
from bullets. The main difference between the civilian Hummer H1 and the military HUMVEE is the presence of door trim on the inside and air conditioning.
Technical component and characteristics of Hummer H1
The military HUMVEE is equipped with a tire inflation system, also in the inner part of the tire, a rubber pad is put on the disc, which allows you to move at a speed not exceeding 50 km per hour even on punctured wheels. Many have seen a video in which the Hummer is going to a sheer wall. The Hummer H1 and its military counterpart are capable of climbing a sixty-degree slope, the American is capable of moving with a 40-degree side roll. A significant difference between the military Hummer and the Civilian - Hummer H1, is a sealed generator and a sealed fuse box. If the civilian Hummer H1 is designed to overcome a ford with a depth of 61cm, then its military counterpart overcomes a ford of 76cm, and if the HMMWM is equipped with an air intake from above (at the roof), the Hummer H1 will overcome a ford with a depth of 1.5m. The approach angle for both cars is 72 degrees and the departure angle is 31.5 degrees. The civilian Hummer H1 is equipped with an electric fuel pump, while the military HUMVEE is equipped with a mechanical fuel pump.
Due to the fact that the engine is moved closer to the passenger compartment, the Hummer H1 has good weight distribution, the front axle of the Hammer accounts for 51% of the mass, and the rear axle - 49%. Hammer H one is designed to tow a trailer weighing up to 3.8t.
Initially, a diesel engine was installed on the HUMMER - 6.2 V8 with a power of 150hp and a torque of 339N.M. With this motor maximum speed Hammer - 113 km.
In 1994, a new diesel V8 with a volume of 6.3 liters appeared, the power of Detroit Diesel was 170 hp, the maximum torque of the Hammer H 1 6.3 V8 was 394 N. M at 1,700 engine revolutions. With such an engine, Hammer H 1 gains a hundred in 19.5s, top speed increased to 133 km.
With the growing popularity of the civilian H1, the manufacturer released a gasoline version, the Hummer H1 with a gasoline V8 5.7l, 190hp, 407N.M did not stand on the assembly line for a long time, it was removed in 1996. In the same - 1996, a supercharged diesel engine was installed on the HUMMER. Power - 190hp, torque - 528 N.M.
Technical characteristics of HUMMER H1:
Powerplant: V8 diesel, supercharged
Volume:6500cc
Power: 195hp
Torque: 583N.m
Total valves / valves per cylinder: 16v, two valves per cylinder
Performance indicators:
Acceleration (0 - 100km): 18s
Top speed:134km
Diesel consumption in mixed mode: 20.2l
Fuel tank capacity:95L
Dimensions:4684mm*2197mm*1905mm
Wheelbase:3302mm
Curb / full mass:1818kg / 3245kg
Ground clearance (clearance): 406mm
Price
Officially, the Hummer H1 has never been sold in the CIS. The price of Hummer H1 brought from the USA usually exceeds $50,000. Of course, it's not about new car. The Hummer H1 is significantly inferior in comfort to the more cultivated Hummer H2, which has already become familiar on the roads of large cities. Hammer H1 is an exclusive car, there is not much comfort, but this is exactly the one - a real Hummer. If the H2 on highway tires when driving off-road can give way even to the rear-wheel drive, then the Hummer H1 is a real off-road professional.
The article belongs to the site, blog creator - Denis Belyavtsev
American army all-terrain vehicle HMMWV or Humvee(short for English. High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle- "highly mobile multi-purpose wheeled vehicle", read as Humvee) - in service mainly with, as well as the armed forces and civil services of some other countries. The car has a high cross-country ability, suitable for transportation by air and landing.
On HMMWV independent suspension and portal gear hub, similar to the portal axle, which creates a clearance of 40 cm. The machine has disc brakes on all 4 wheels and independent suspension on double parallel A-arms.
Disc brakes are not mounted on wheels, as in traditional cars, but are mounted on the outside of each differential. The front and rear diffs are Torsen type, while the center diffs are adjustable and lockable. There are at least 17 species HMMWV in the service of the US armed forces. For example, airborne, platform for automatic weapons, ambulance (4 stretcher wounded or 8 outpatients), platform for installing the M220 TOW, the main transporter for howitzers M119 Howitzer, the platform for installing the M1097 Avenger air defense system, transporting the MRQ-12 communication system for call for air support, armored variant for transportation of electrical equipment S250 and others.
Hammer able to overcome a ford depth of 76 cm, or 1.5 meters with a set of elements installed on the vehicle for fording.
Non-standard equipment includes a winch (maximum load 2700 kg) and additional armor. Modifications M1025/M1026 And M1043/M1044 have a set of weapons, including grenade launchers MK19, heavy machine gun M2, machine guns M240G / B and M249 SAW.
The newest version HMMWV - M1114 with increased armor are also equipped with similar weapons. In addition, some machines M1114 And M1116 increased security and armored personnel carrier models M1117 have a single remote-controlled gun system (CROWS), which allows the shooter to work outside the vehicle, and / or a Boomerang mobile gun-detecting system is installed. Recent improvements include model development M1151, which will probably supplant all other versions very soon.
Replacing modifications M1114, M1116 and earlier armored models per variant HMMWV aims to reduce the cost of ongoing maintenance.
In the 1970s, the United States came to the conclusion that militarized civilian trucks did not meet the requirements of the military. In 1977, Lamborghini developed the Cheetah to military specifications. In 1979, the army was final version description of the invention for a highly mobile multi-purpose wheeled vehicle, or HMMWV. In July of the same year, AM General ( subsidiary American Motors Corporation) began preliminary work, and in less than a year, released the first prototype, which went to the test under the name M998. In 1980, other machines were created, including models M1025 And M1026. In total, over 500 cars were produced in 1980.
In June 1981, the Army awarded AM General a contract to develop several more prototypes to pass other tests ordered by the US government. The company later signed a contract to produce 55,000 vehicles until 1985. Fort Lewis, Washington, and the 9th Infantry Division had test beds HMMWV for their approbation within the framework of the new concept of confrontation with Russian units of motorized infantry. The training center in Yakima, Washington, was the main testing ground HMMWV between 1985 and December 1991, when the motorized concept was canceled and the division disbanded. In 1989, Hummers were first tested during Operation Just Cause during the US invasion of Panama.
Humvees have become the primary means of transportation for US troops around the world. Over 10,000 vehicles entered the service of coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the American intervention in 2003.
Initially, HMMWV was considered as a means of delivering infantry to the front line, but not as. Like the Jeeps that preceded it, the basic Hummer model had no armor or protection against nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. However, casualties were relatively low in traditional operations such as Desert Storm. Cars and crews suffered significant losses and damage due to urban skirmishes in the battles for Mogadishu. Although HMMWV never designed to provide protection against small arms bullets, more devastating machine gun fire and rocket-propelled grenades, the survivability of the chassis allowed the bulk of the crews to return unscathed. However, with the advent of asymmetric and low-intensity confrontation, Hammer began to experience pressure in street fights that he was not designed for.
After Somalia, the military realized the need for a more secure vehicle HMMWV, and AM General developed a model M1114 having armor from small arms fire. Piece production of these cars began in 1996, when they were used in the Balkans to a limited extent before being sent to the Middle East. This modification has been upgraded to the M998 with a larger, powerful engine turbocharged, air-conditioned and reinforced suspension. Moreover, she received a full reservation of the passenger space, due to steel plates and bulletproof glass. With the rise of direct attacks and guerrilla warfare in Iraq, AM General has shifted its production capacity for the production of these machines.
In response to vulnerability HMMWV during the operation in Iraq, for the model M998 a set of "increased booking" ("Up-Armor") was created. This innovation, which had several types and iterations, included armored doors with bulletproof glass, side and rear armor panels, and ballistic windscreens that provide increased protection against ballistic threats and simple improvised explosive devices.
Although some parts of this kit became available before the invasion in 2003, they did not arrive in sufficient quantities for all machines. As a result, for their safety, American soldiers often hung improvised additional armor from scraps of materials, known as "hillbilly armor" or "farm armor". While these homemade products somewhat protected from ballistic threats, at the same time, they made the car heavier, shifted its center of gravity, reduced acceleration, handling, reliability, braking response, and service life, due to overvoltage of the drive and suspension circuits. In addition, most of the Hummers and other vehicles used in the invasion of Iraq had combat identification panels to prevent friendly fire. They were mounted on the hood between the windscreen and grille, as well as on the doors on the driver's side and front passenger with a notch that allows you to get to the door handle.
In December 2004, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was criticized by soldiers and their families for the lack of protection for Hummers. Rumsfeld pointed out that armor kits were produced in small numbers before the war. With the beginning of the active confrontation between US troops and Iraqi guerrillas, more protection kits began to be produced, although probably not as much as we would like. Moreover, improved kits have been developed. However, while this protection was effective against all types of attacks, it weighed around 680-1000 kg and introduced the same inconvenience as homemade armor. Unlike similarly sized civilian utility vehicles, which typically have rear twin wheels to reduce sway, Hammer has single rear wheels thanks to independent rear suspension.
The armor on most "upgraded armor" vehicles is resistant to lateral threats when the explosion spreads in all directions, but minimal protection is found against mine explosions from the bottom, such as IEDs and earth mines. The cumulative jet is also capable of breaking through protection, causing injury.
Field armor kits include ASK (Armor Survivability Kit), FRAG 5, FRAG 6, as well as an improved version for the vehicle M1151.
ASK was first tested in October 2003 and weighed 450 kg. The Armor Holdings variant was lighter, and increased the weight of the car by only 340 kg. Tested in January 2005, the Marine Armor Kit (MAK) provided better protection than the modification M1114, but also led to an increase in mass. FRAG 5 is the latest field kit to provide the best protection, but may not be effective against cumulative threats. FRAG 6, designed to address this shortcoming, is under development. However, reliable booking with the FRAG 5 kit was achieved at a great cost. Over 450 kg of armor is installed on the HMMWV, and its width has increased by 61 cm. In addition, the doors require an auxiliary mechanical device to open and close.
Another disadvantage HMMWV"high security" is seen during attacks or crashes, when heavy armored doors tend to close, leaving the soldiers inside. As a result, the Hammer is connected to the doors with special hooks, and any technique can easily tear the doors off the car. Moreover, the company BAE Systems currently developed and tested in the field emergency exit windows that are used on machines M1114 with 450 kg protection kit.
The crew member who controls the weapons mounted on the roof of the car is extremely vulnerable. In response, many all-terrain vehicles, along with the main weapon, are equipped with a shield or tower, which is similar to the M113 armored personnel carrier, which was first used in this form in Vietnam. The US military is now evaluating new form protection developed by BAE Systems, as well as systems created for the operational units of the army. New shooter seat protected by 46-61 cm steel plates with bulletproof glass. Moreover, some th are equipped with a Remotely Controlled Weapon System (CROWS) that is connected to the machine gun to be controlled from rear seat, which allows you to fire without sorties from the car. Anti-sniper system "Boomerang" also installed on some HMMWV in Iraq, and makes it possible to immediately determine the location of the shooting guerrilla.
Another weakness Hammer is its size, which limited the use of this machine in Afghanistan, because it was too large for most types of air transport. Dimensions also limit the ability to manually tow an all-terrain vehicle. In addition, troops in Bosnia found wide car ruts in the event of interference, when two Hummer cars could not pass on a narrow mountain road.
Specifications HMMWV:
- Wheel formula: 4x4;
- Length, mm: 4600;
- Width, mm: 2100;
- Height, mm: 1800;
- Clearance, mm: 410;
- Wheelbase, mm: 3300;
- Rear track, mm: 1829;
- Front track, mm: 1829;
- Weight, kg: 2676;
- Gross weight, kg: 4672;
- Engines: Chevrolet V8 / Detroit Diesel V8;
- Transmission: hydromechanical automatic 4-speed;
- Maximum speed, km / h: 88 (55 mph, 1st generation), 113 (70 mph, 2nd and 3rd generation)
The title photo shows the first multi-purpose prototype XM998 of the 1982 model - the future world-famous Humvee.
Machine M1165A1 third generation for special operations Forerunners
Story Humvees its roots go back to the early 1970s, when tightening NATO requirements led to the transfer of design work to the creation of more efficient, powerful and solid army vehicles with a 4x4 wheel arrangement and a lower center of gravity. Over time, Humvees have replaced several traditional types of military vehicles at once and have become the most common light combat vehicles in the world. To date, a total of 230 thousand Humvees have been produced, which are in service with 60 countries around the world.
Several well-known American companies fought for the right to develop the future Humvee, but in 1982, the relatively small firm AM General Corporation (AMG) from the city of South Bend unexpectedly won a huge government order for a “High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle”. From this long name, the no less complex abbreviation HMMWV was formed, which the Americans, who were not accustomed to long letter combinations, turned into the more harmonious name Humvee (Humvee). By the way, contrary to popular myth, the name Hummer familiar to us did not appear at all with the appearance of the civilian version in 1992 - it was in use back in the early 80s, when the first prototypes of the car were built, which is easily confirmed by photographs. But back to history...
For the powerful American military automobile complex, the appearance on the scene of a minor company AM General, which had no experience in this area, was not at all a surprise and was explained very simply: in 1978, it acquired a license from FMC for a light rear-engine army car and based on it built its own armored car XM966.
The first pancake came out lumpy: the prototype was too heavy and poorly controlled. Then the designers of AM General themselves developed and in 1980 introduced the XM998 multi-purpose prototype with an unarmored body, which was based on the design of another competitive Chrysler EMV car with a 160-horsepower front-mounted Deutz diesel engine. By February of the following year, it had been tested with a range of 11,000 kilometers.
According to their results and in accordance with the new terms of reference of the military department in 1982, the car was finalized, and then the first 11 prototypes were again tested.
The new car received an appearance familiar from all subsequent and modern Humvees and Hummers, and was supplied with a closed four-door aluminum body With soft top, short cargo platform with a sloping lid and a characteristic plumage shape with a horizontal grille. She received an American 130-horsepower Detroit Diesel power unit and hydromechanical box gears, but did not have a winch. After long comparative tests, in March 1983, the military department signed an agreement with AM General in the amount of $ 1.2 billion, which provided for the supply of 55,000 vehicles over five years.
The final pre-production version of the HMMWV M998 Hummer (note the letters on the bumper!). 1984 An unexpected gigantic contract threw the firm into disarray, but in the summer of 1984, by decision of the US Senate, it was provided with large government subsidies that allowed it to complete the refinement of the Hummer prototype and convert a former Indiana bus plant for its mass production. The assembly of updated cars was organized there at the beginning of 1985 and by the end of the year 11.5 thousand Humvees were manufactured. They immediately began to enter the US Army, the National Guard, the Navy and the police in several versions, soon brought up to 20 main versions.
The first production Humvee with a four-seat body and canvas doors 
The base M998 utility vehicle of the first generation, which received the official factory brand HMMWV, was offered in an open or closed four-seater version, as well as a pickup truck with a double cab and a rear body with extensions and longitudinal benches for the delivery of eight soldiers with personal weapons. An identical version of the M1038 with a four-ton winch also worked in conjunction with a single-axle military trailer M116A2. Their main external difference from the prototypes was a stamped front fascia with seven short vertical air intakes.
Technique
All cars were equipped with a strong spar frame, in front of which there was a 6.2-liter Detroit Diesel V8 engine with a capacity of 130 hp. with., an automatic three-position gearbox Hydra-Matic and a two-stage transfer case with a lockable center differential, but without the front axle disengagement mechanism.
All wheels with planetary gears, hydraulic disc brakes and wide profile radial tires suspended on double transverse A-arms and springs with hydraulic shock absorbers. Humvees got the original centralized system ventilation of transmission units, Saginaw power steering and 24-volt electrical equipment. base model M998 had payload 1.1 t and curb weight 2.3 t.
Modifications
For its time, the Humvee was considered the pinnacle of the American military industry. Over time, on its basis, an extensive family of various modifications was created, designed to perform a wide range of military tasks and adapted for delivery by transport aircraft and helicopters. The roofs of most of the closed buildings were adapted for the installation of machine guns of various calibers, 25 mm anti-aircraft guns, 40 mm grenade launchers and even rocket systems.
The M966 and M1025 weapon transporters, unified with the basic version, without winches, were equipped with fully enclosed four-door bodies with a reinforced frame for mounting powerful weapons on the roof.
Their variants M1026 and M1036 differed only in the presence of front drum winches. The corresponding versions M1043/M1045 and M1044/M1046 were equipped with additional light body armor and vital important nodes car.
For the transportation of interchangeable army mini-containers, special low-frame chassis M1037 and M1042 served. In the early 1990s, more than powerful car M998A1 with components from the promising machine M1097A1.
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The range of ambulances was led by a lightweight open version of the M1035 with a canvas top for the delivery of seated wounded or two people on a stretcher.
Two other versions of the M966 and M997 were equipped with closed all-metal bodies of various capacities for transportation and emergency medical care on the way to two or four lying wounded, respectively. The last most capacious option was also used for installation special equipment and served as a mobile command post.
A special M1059 pickup truck with equipment for setting camouflage air curtains served as a smoke machine. In a small batch, the company assembled M1069 light tractors for towing artillery pieces and trailed systems. In the late 1980s, she demonstrated an experienced light tow truck on the M1038 chassis, but the military did not pay attention to it.
In the early 1990s, a promising reinforced M1097 chassis with a closed two-door cabin and a winch was created, which served to mount the Avenger anti-aircraft launcher. The missiles for her were delivered by a transport vehicle on a modernized M998A1 chassis.
By the early 1990s, the total number of modifications of the first generation Humvee reached 50 options. All cars had a single wheelbase size (3,302 mm), which has survived to this day, and a ground clearance of 406 mm. Depending on the design and equipment, their gross weight ranged from 3.5 to 4.5 tons. On the highway, they reached a speed of 105 km / h and had a cruising range of 563 km.
The first Humvee family, designed to serve in the armed forces of the United States and NATO member countries, turned out to be the most effective and acceptable in all technical and operational parameters. However, over time, more stringent military standards for army vehicles were adopted. Soon they were joined by problems with export options that came to countries in Asia, Africa and South America with special road and climatic conditions.
So in the early 1990s, a more or less serious modernization of the Humvee, by that time already nicknamed "parquet" cars, gradually began to mature. Their shortcomings, which at first seemed small and insignificant, grew into dangerous design errors. They were treated low power engine, increased own weight, low speed and range, poor maneuverability and terrain. The main congenital defect was low level protection of the crew and vital units from the impact of new types of light weapons and infantry mines.
The High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV or Hummer) is a military all-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle built by AM General. In practice, he pushed the jeeps, such as M151 1/4 ton, M561 "Gama Goat", their sanitary modifications M718A1 and M792, CUCV and light trucks. At first, the car was used by the US military, but later it was acquired by many other countries and organizations, even as a civilian version.
The HMMWV has independent suspension and a portal hub gear similar to a portal axle that gives it a 40 cm ground clearance. The machine has disc brakes on all 4 wheels and independent suspension on double parallel A-arms. Disc brakes are not mounted to the wheels like traditional cars, but are attached to the outside of each differential. The front and rear diffs are Torsen type, while the center diffs are adjustable and lockable. There are at least 17 types of HMMWVs in service with the US military. For example, airborne, platform for automatic weapons, ambulance (4 stretcher wounded or 8 outpatients), platform for installing the M220 TOW, the main transporter for howitzers M119 Howitzer, the platform for installing the M1097 Avenger air defense system, transporting the MRQ-12 communication system for air support calls, an armored version for transporting electrical equipment S250 and others. Hammer is able to overcome the depth of the ford 76 cm, or 1.5 meters with a set of elements installed on the vehicle for fording.
Non-standard equipment includes a winch (maximum load 2700 kg) and additional armor. Modifications M1025 / M1026 and M1043 / M1044 have a set of weapons, including grenade launchers MK19, heavy machine gun M2, machine guns M240G / B and M249 SAW. The newest version of the HMMWV, the M1114 with increased armor, is also equipped with similar weapons. In addition, some M1114 and M1116 hardened vehicles and models of the M1117 armored personnel carrier have a single remote-controlled weapon system (CROWS) that allows the shooter to work outside the vehicle, and / or a Boomerang mobile gun detection system is installed. Recent improvements include the development of the M1151 model, which is likely to replace all other versions very soon. Replacing modifications of the M1114, M1116 and earlier armored models with one HMMWV variant aims to reduce the cost of ongoing maintenance.
Illustration.
Story
In the 1970s, the United States came to the conclusion that militarized civilian trucks did not meet the requirements of the military. In 1977, Lamborghini developed the Cheetah to military specifications. In 1979, the Army finalized the specification for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, or HMMWV. In July of the same year, AM General (a subsidiary of American Motors Corporation) began preliminary work, and in less than a year, released the first prototype, which went to the test under the name M998. In 1980, other machines were created, including the M1025 and M1026 models. In total, over 500 cars were produced in 1980.
In June 1981, the Army awarded AM General a contract to develop several more prototypes to pass other tests ordered by the US government. The company later signed a contract to produce 55,000 vehicles until 1985. Fort Lewis, Washington, and the 9th Infantry Division had HMMWV test beds to test as part of a new concept of countering Russian motorized infantry units. Training Center in Yakima; Washington DC was the main testing ground for the HMMWV between 1985 and December 1991, when the motorized concept was canceled and the division disbanded. In 1989, Hummers were first tested during Operation Just Cause during the US invasion of Panama.
Humvees have become the primary means of transportation for US troops around the world. Over 10,000 vehicles entered service with coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the US intervention in 2003.
Combat use
Initially, HMMWV was considered as a means of delivering infantry to the front line, but not as fighting machine. Like the Jeeps that preceded it, the basic model of the Hummer had no armor or protection against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. However, casualties were relatively low in traditional operations such as Desert Storm. Cars and crews suffered significant losses and damage due to urban skirmishes in the battles for Mogadishu. Although the HMMWV was never designed to provide protection against small arms bullets, more destructive machine gun fire and rocket-propelled grenades, the survivability of the chassis allowed the bulk of the crews to return unscathed. However, with the advent of asymmetric and low-intensity confrontation, Hammer began to experience pressure in street fights that he was not designed for.
After Somalia, the military realized the need for a more protected HMMWV, and AM General developed the M1114 model, which has armor from small arms fire. Piece production of these cars began in 1996, when they were used in the Balkans to a limited extent before being sent to the Middle East. This modification was upgraded to the M998 with a larger, more powerful turbocharged engine, air conditioning, and reinforced suspension. Moreover, she received a full reservation of the passenger space, due to steel plates and bulletproof glass. With the increase in cases of direct attacks and guerrilla warfare in Iraq, AM General transferred its production facilities to the production of these particular machines.
Modifications
In response to the vulnerability of the HMMWV during operations in Iraq, an “Up-Armor” kit was created for the M998 model. This innovation, which has had several types and iterations, included armored doors with bulletproof glass, side and rear armor panels, and ballistic windscreens that provide increased protection against ballistic threats and simple improvised explosive devices.
Although some parts of this kit became available before the invasion in 2003, they did not arrive in sufficient quantities for all machines. As a result, for their safety, American soldiers often hung improvised additional armor from scraps of materials, known as "hillbilly armor" or "farm armor". While these homemade products somewhat protected from ballistic threats, at the same time, they made the car heavier, shifted its center of gravity, reduced acceleration, handling, reliability, braking response, and service life, due to overvoltage of the drive and suspension circuits. In addition, most of the Hummers and other vehicles used in the invasion of Iraq had combat identification panels to prevent friendly fire. They were mounted on the hood between the windscreen and grille, and on the driver and front passenger doors with a cutout to allow access to the door handle.
In December 2004, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was criticized by soldiers and their families for the lack of protection for Hummers. Rumsfeld pointed out that armor kits were produced in small numbers before the war. With the beginning of an active confrontation between US troops and Iraqi guerrillas, more protection kits began to be produced, although probably not as much as we would like. Moreover, improved kits have been developed. However, while this protection was effective against all types of attacks, it weighed around 680-1,000 kg and was as inconvenient as homemade armor. Unlike similarly sized civilian utility vehicles that typically have dual rear wheels to reduce sway, the Hummer has single rear wheels thanks to independent rear suspension.
The armor on most “upgraded armor” vehicles is resistant to lateral threats when the explosion spreads in all directions, however, minimal protection is found against mine explosions from the bottom, such as . The cumulative jet is also capable of breaking through protection, causing injury.
Field armor kits include the Armor Survivability Kit (ASK), FRAG 5, FRAG 6, and an upgraded version for the M1151 vehicle.
ASK was first tested in October 2003 and weighed 450 kg. The Armor Holdings variant was lighter, and increased the weight of the car by only 340 kg. Tested in January 2005, the Marine Armor Kit (MAK) provided better protection than the M1114 modification, but also led to an increase in mass. FRAG 5 is the latest field kit to provide the best protection, but may not be effective against cumulative threats. FRAG 6, designed to address this shortcoming, is under development. However, reliable armoring with the FRAG 5 kit was achieved at a great price. Over 450 kg of armor is installed on the HMMWV, and its width has increased by 61 cm. In addition, the doors require an auxiliary mechanical device to open and close. 
Illustration.
Illustration.
Another disadvantage of the "hardened" HMMWV is seen during attacks or crashes, when heavy armored doors tend to close, leaving soldiers inside. As a result, the Hammer is connected to the doors with special hooks, and any technique can easily tear the doors off the car. Moreover, BAE Systems has now developed and field-tested emergency exit windows that are used on M1114 vehicles with a 450 kg protection kit.
Illustration.
The crew member who controls the weapons mounted on the roof of the car is extremely vulnerable. In response, many all-terrain vehicles, along with the main weapon, are equipped with a shield or tower, which is similar to the M113 armored personnel carrier, which was first used in this form in Vietnam. The US military is now evaluating a new form of protection developed by BAE Systems, as well as systems created for the operational units of the army. The new shooter's seat is protected by 46-61 cm steel plates with bulletproof glass. Moreover, some HMMWVs are equipped with a Remotely Operated Weapon System (CROWS) that is connected to the machine gun for control from the rear seat, allowing it to be fired without leaving the vehicle. The Boomerang anti-sniper system is also installed on some HMMWVs in Iraq, and makes it possible to immediately determine the location of a shooting guerrilla.
Another weakness of the Hummer is its size, which limited its use in Afghanistan because it was too large for most types of air transport. Dimensions also limit the ability to manually tow an all-terrain vehicle. In addition, troops in Bosnia found wide vehicle ruts when there was interference when two Hummers were unable to pass on a narrow mountain road.
Illustration. HMMWV equipped with CATM-120C surface-to-air missiles, Raytheon.
Alternatives
Countries in Europe and North Africa operate a number of different armored vehicles, both wheeled and tracked, and some are even building companies inside the US, such as the Cadillac Gage, which makes vehicles more specific to low-intensity conflicts. This armored vehicle is more protected against small arms fire; some trucks even have a V-shaped bottom to disperse the blast wave.
Army acquires special equipment, in particular, the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle was purchased in limited numbers for use by the United States Army Military Police Corps. In 2007, Corps marines The United States announced its intention to replace the HMMWV in Iraq with MRAP ("High Explosive Protected") armored cars, because they observed big losses Hummers. They issued a contract for the purchase of several thousand of these machines, including the International MaxxPro, BAE OMC RG-31, BAE RG-33 and Caiman, and the Force Protection Cougar, which the military lacks for mine clearance. heavy models infantry fighting vehicles can also be used as patrol vehicles. Unfortunately, some MRAPs are known to often get stuck or tip over due to their high center of gravity and being too big size, compared to HMMWV.
Versions
M56 - Coyote Smoke Machine
M707-HMMWV
M966 - HMMWV equipped with TOW anti-tank system
M996 - Sanitary variant with double cab, armored
M997 - Ambulance variant with four-seater cabin, armored
M998 - truck
M998 - HMMWV Avenger
M1025 - Armored vehicle armed
M1026 Armored vehicle with winch
M1035 - Sanitary variant with four-door cab and soft canopy
M1036 - Armored with TOW complex and winch
M1037 - Option for the transport of electrical equipment
S250
M1038 - Truck with winch
M1042 - Option for the transport of electrical equipment
S250 with winch
M1043 - "Increased security" vehicle with weapons
M1044 - "Increased security" vehicle with armament and winch
M1045 - "Increased security" vehicle with TOW anti-tank system
M1046 - "Increased security" vehicle with TOW anti-tank system and winch
M1069 - Tractor for 105mm M119 gun
M1097 - Heavy HMMWV
M1097 Heavy HMMWV Avenger
M1109 - "Increased security" vehicle with weapons
ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System) - laser artillery neutralization system
Ground Mobility Vehicle - Ground mobile vehicle
IMETS - Integrated Meteorological System 
Illustration.
ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System) - laser artillery neutralization system
Extended Features
M1113 - has been selected American army behind its A2 chassis. Currently, the ECV chassis is used on special machines and communication machines.
During 1995, production of the M1114 began, based on the improved ECV chassis. The M1114 met the requirements of the military for reconnaissance, police and mine clearance vehicles with an upgraded ballistic protection option. The M1114 provides protection against 7.62 mm armor-piercing rounds, 155 mm airburst artillery shells, and the explosion of a 16-pound (5.5 kg) anti-tank mine. The US Air Force tested a number of machines before they noted the M1116, which was specially created to meet the requirements of the air force. The features of the M1116 are to increase the cargo space, armor the gunner's turret and strengthen the internal heating and air conditioning system. Modifications M1114 and M1116 received armor from the company "O" Gara-Hess & Eisenhardt Armoring Company, Fairfield, Ohio.
M1114 - Vehicle "increased security" with weapons
M1116 - HMMWV "increased security"
M1123 - Heavy variant of the Hummer
M1121 - Armored vehicle with TOW anti-tank system
M1145 - HMMWV "increased security"
M1151 - HMMWV capable of being equipped with a “high security” kit
M1152 - HMMWV capable of being equipped with a “high security” kit
Packhorse ("packhorse") - a device for a semi-trailer that converts the M1097 into a tractor.
Scorpion – Variant equipped with 82mm 2B9 Vasilek automatic mortar. This heavy HMMWV chassis with the installed 82-mm automatic mortar 2B9 "Vasilek" was introduced to provide more protection to soldiers in the combat zone. This development of the Arsenal engineers in Picatinny belongs to 2004. The mortar can lead single or automatic fire, when using clips for 4 mines. The distance of direct fire direct fire is 1 km, and indirect - 4 km. Used, in particular, to destroy roadside bombs from a safe distance. 
Illustration.
is a prototype developed by TPI Composites of Rhode Island and AM General. The purpose of creating this version was to reduce the weight of the vehicle, which would allow it to be equipped with heavier armor and provide the required mobility.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Mobility_Multipurpose_Wheeled_Vehicle
