Special medical ambulances are used for urgent transportation of patients or providing them with emergency assistance at home. Vehicles of this category, when leaving for a call, have an advantage on the road, can pass through a prohibiting traffic light or move along oncoming lane, be sure to turn on special sound and signal beacons.
Linear category
This is the most common variation of ambulances. medical care. In our country, for line crews, modifications of ambulance carriages based on the Gazelle, Sobol with a low roof, UAZ and VAZ-2131 SP (oriented to the countryside) are most often provided.
In accordance with international standards, these vehicles, due to the insufficient dimensions of the cabin, can only be used to transport people who do not require urgent medical care. According to European requirements, transport for basic treatment, monitoring and transportation of patients requiring emergency intervention should have an increased working part.
reanimobiles
According to GOST, ambulances for resuscitation, cardiological, toxicological teams and intensive care doctors must comply with a certain category. As a rule, these are vehicles with a high roof, equipped with devices for conducting intensive events, monitoring the condition and transporting the patient. Except standard set drugs and special devices for linear analogues, they must have a pulse oximeter, perfusors and some other equipment, which we will discuss in more detail below.
In fact, the purpose of the brigade is determined not so much by the equipment of the resuscitation vehicle, but by the qualifications of the personnel and the profile of the disease for which it is used. There are special analogues of resuscitation machines for children, which is a rarity in our country. As far as we know, even in Moscow there is only one such brigade - in the Filatov Children's Clinical Hospital.
Neonatal model for newborns
The main difference between this type of ambulance is the presence of a special compartment for a newborn patient (an incubator-type incubator). It is a rather complex device in the form of a box with opening walls made of transparent plastic. It maintains an optimal stable temperature and humidity level. The doctor can monitor the condition of the baby, the work of vital organs. If necessary, he connects the artificial respiration apparatus, oxygen and other devices that ensure the survival of a small patient. This is especially important for premature babies.
Neonatological ambulances are assigned to special centers for nursing newborns. For example, in Moscow it is City Clinical Hospital No. 13, 7, 8, in St. Petersburg - a specialized advisory center.
Other modifications
Among other medical transport, the following options can be noted:
Classes of ambulances
Depending on dimensions, equipment and technical parameters, there are three categories of ambulances:
Below is a table that shows the drugs and equipment available on board the ambulances, depending on their category.
| Ambulance crew kit | Class "A" | Class "B" | Class "C" |
| Infusion set NISP-05 | |||
| Trauma kit NIT-01 | |||
| Obstetric set NISP-06 and resuscitation NISP | |||
| Paramedic help kit NISP-08 | |||
| Raincoat stretcher NP | |||
| Wheelchair and longitudinal folding stretcher | |||
| Defibrillator | |||
| Ventilator TM-T | |||
| Device for inhalation anesthesia | |||
| pulse oximeter | |||
| Nebulizer, glucometer, peak flow meter | |||
| Sets of splints for fixing the hip, neck | |||
| Reduced Type Medical Gas Cylinder | |||
| Injection stand |
In history and the modern era, there are cases when non-traditional vehicles, sometimes very original ones, were used as rapid medical response carriages. For example, during WWII major cities often trams acted as an ambulance. This was due to the fact that almost all automobile transport, not to mention specialized medical vehicles, was mobilized to the front lines.
Along the line of demarcation, also during the Second World War, sanitary trains ran, which can be classified as emergency aid very conditionally. They were entrusted with the obligation to urgently transport the wounded and sick from the frontline zone to hospitals.
In remote areas modern Russia(in the taiga regions of Siberia and the Far East), snowmobiles or all-terrain vehicles serve as emergency vehicles. The peoples of Chukotka and other regions of the Far North often use reindeer harnesses to deliver patients. In some regions, both now and in the past, the fastest way to get to the hospital is by water. “Floating” hospitals are used there (boats with motors, boats, motor ships).
In conclusion
In most domestic cities is the most popular car ambulance GAZ-32214 or 221172. It is these vehicles that most often go to standard calls, have minimal equipment, and at the same time save many lives.
We would like to hope that this industry will develop, especially since its financing has been carried out for several years at the expense of the proceeds from compulsory medical insurance.
Disaster medicine vehicles or simply ambulances are always well equipped and equipped to the latest medical standards. Teams of doctors working on such machines save people's lives in emergency situations, and therefore such machines are indispensable assistants in their work. We suggest that you get acquainted with the equipment of the reanimobile in more detail below.
Lots of light, lots of space. If desired, two victims can be served in the car on the way at once.
Patients get into the car from the back doors, so let's go from the side doors.
The left side of the reanimobile is completely occupied by medical equipment, accessories and medicines.
All free space is used, for example, there are clamps on the neck on the handrail, an electric blanket hangs on the right.
The resuscitation monitor connects to the patient and displays information, pulse, heartbeat, temperature and a few more parameters.
Seen in the cinema? The cap is put on the finger and the patient is under control.
An artificial lung ventilation apparatus, it is like an on-board one, but it can also be used autonomously, there are cases when it is necessary to carry out mechanical ventilation to a person blocked in a car.
And at the bottom right is a syringe dispenser. Not all drugs can be administered in a stream and quickly or drip.
A syringe is inserted here and the medicine enters the body at a certain speed. Doctors are busy with the patient at this time.
Defibrillator monitor. Well, everyone saw him in the movies. With the help of a defibrillator, you can also take a cardiogram.
Anesthesia-respiratory apparatus. It's also portable.
Doctors call this device a "one-room apartment" - it costs the same.
Apparatus for artificial ventilation LTV-1200. It can work completely autonomously, does not depend on a compressed oxygen cylinder, like the ventilator above.
LTV-1200 manufactures air mixture for breathing right there.
There is one more interesting thing, so far a rare pain stress detector in Russia.
The device can determine whether a person is in pain, even if he is under anesthesia, or unconscious. You can connect and see if the anesthesia is strengthened.
Exhaled air analyzer. Almost like a chemistry lab. You can determine what a person has poisoned and what kind of help to provide him.
Intraosseous access system. It is not always possible to inject into a vein. The veins can hide with little pressure, the patient can also be pinched somewhere.
To do this, you can quickly and reliably inject drugs directly into the bone.
Red resuscitation case, there's a lot of things.
Everything for injections, everything is at hand.
There is also an obstetric set, the guys can freely take birth. There are toxicological kits, in case of poisoning, rinse the stomach and so on.
Surgical instruments. Quickly sew, cut, darn. Sets for tracheostomy and puncture of the pleural cavity
Well, besides that, tires, blankets, cylinders with oxygen, nitrogen and other things, a couple of shelves with medicines, several suitcases of what was not shown.
Modern ambulances should be characterized by increased reliability in operation, functionality and comfort. Depending on the profile of the medical team and the purpose of the vehicle, the vehicles are equipped with certain equipment designed to save lives.
Will not come to a patient with the flu or a patient with high blood pressure, equipped special devices, which are used for serious resuscitation. Such machines are not used to help victims with minor burns and minor injuries.
Machine classes - A, B and C
Cars depending on functional purpose, equipment and specifications fall into three main categories:
Class A - vehicles that are used to transport victims and other patients who do not need urgent hospitalization and emergency care. Patients are transported from home or the scene of an accident, accompanied by medical staff, to a hospital or hospital. Category A vehicles are mainly operated by line crews. They are called for simple cases, for example, they go to people who complain about high blood pressure, abdominal pain, burns and minor injuries.
Class B - emergency vehicles. Cars are designed to transport patients and carry out various medical activities carried out by the paramedic team. Vehicles for such purposes are equipped with appropriate equipment and medicines. The team usually consists of 4 specialists: an orderly, two paramedics and a driver.
Class C - cars that are used to provide professional help patients. A specialized or resuscitation team works in the cars - experienced doctors who save lives and monitor the condition of the victim during transportation to the hospital. Specialists can also provide assistance at the scene. For example, doctors transfuse and stop blood, give heart massages, put splints on, and perform other activities. Naturally, such vehicles are equipped modern equipment. During the transportation of the victims to the hospital for surgery, specialists carry out diagnostic studies.
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Introduction
We all know how important it is to provide emergency medical care to people with diseases, accidents, injuries, poisonings and other conditions requiring urgent medical intervention.
In many cases, the patient's recovery depends not only on the diagnosis, but also on their timely delivery to the hospital for further examination or treatment. An example is the fire at the Vienna Comic Opera House in 1881. This incident, which assumed grandiose proportions, as a result of which 479 people died, was a horrifying sight. In front of the theater, hundreds of burnt people were lying on the snow, many of whom received various injuries during the fall. For more than a day, the victims could not receive any medical care, despite the fact that Vienna at that time had many first-class and well-equipped clinics.
This event was the impetus for the creation of an ambulance, and, consequently, the appearance of the first vehicles adapted for transporting patients.
A car of modest assistance (karemta of modest assistance, ambulance, colloquially ambulance, ambulance) is a vehicle for transporting people requiring emergency medical care to the hospital. As a rule, such cars are equipped on the basis of minibuses or delivery trucks. trucks. When following a call, such vehicles may deviate from many traffic regulations, such as running a red traffic light, or driving on one-way streets in a prohibited direction, or driving in the opposite lane or tram tracks, in cases where traffic in your own lane is not possible due to traffic jams. Application special signals at the same time (flashing beacons of blue color and special sound signal) Necessarily.
History of ambulances
Ambulance - specialized vehicle to provide first aid and transport the sick and injured to medical facilities.
In the old days, wealthy people used to send a servant for the doctor, and he would come in his carriage. Perhaps that is why for many years the concept of "ambulance" remained. This went on for centuries.
The first project for the creation of a Russian ambulance in 1818, presented to the city authorities of St. Petersburg by the staff doctor G.L. Attenhofer, did not find the support of the authorities.
And only in 1844 the "Police hospital for the homeless" was opened in Moscow. They provided free medical care only to delivered patients. The hospital did not have its own transport. Victims were usually picked up by policemen, firefighters or cabbies and taken to the "police hospital". In 1898, ambulance stations were equipped with horse-drawn carriages, where there were stretchers, medicines and dressings.
By that time, there were already 3 ambulance stations in Moscow. In 1899, 5 stations were opened in St. Petersburg, in 1902 in Kyiv and in 16 other cities of Russia.
After the revolution in 1917, on the basis of the Red Cross vehicles, the Petrograd Ambulance Station was formed, at its disposal was the Fiat-15ter car.
In 1919, at a meeting of the Collegium of the Medical and Sanitary Department of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies, it was decided to organize an Emergency Medical Aid Station for the injured and seriously ill in in public places, on the streets, in factories and institutions. At the home address, an ambulance did not leave in those days.
Under the "ambulance" in artisanal conditions, a trophy car was converted. The car was regularly repaired, as it was extremely worn out. The ambulance was equipped in two boxes - therapeutic (with jars of medicines) and surgical (with surgical instruments and dressings).
In 1923, A.S. Puchkov headed the Moscow Ambulance Station. Under his leadership, the Ambulance Station and the Central Point were merged into a single institution to provide medical care not only in case of accidents at work, but also in case of severe cases of illness at home. The doctor went to the sick at home on a motorcycle with a sidecar, and later on a car.
In 1924-25. for the needs of ambulances in Moscow and Leningrad, Mercedes 15/70/100 PS Typ 400 with an open cab were purchased.
Until 1926, only two ambulance brigades worked in Moscow. The new government created a domestic automotive industry, and an ambulance based on the AMO F15 was created at the Moscow plant. The first sample was made in 1925. In 1926, 10 such machines for medical needs were already manufactured. The design was already outdated, components Low quality due to semi-handicraft production, very stiff springs and inept assembly - the truck turned out to be very uncomfortable for working in an ambulance.
By 1941, 1275 ambulance stations had already been opened in the country. In 1937, the Gorky Bus Plant began producing specialized GAZ-55 vehicles. The car was developed on the basis of the GAZ-MM truck, which in turn was developed on the basis of the GAZ-AA with the GAZ-M engine.
In a specialized GAZ-55, it was possible to transport 4 bedridden patients and 2 seated patients, or, as an option, 2 bedridden and 5 seated, or 10 seated. The car was equipped ventilation system and heating from the exhaust system. The car was produced until 1945, and a total of 9 thousand GAZ-55s were created. By the beginning of the war, the work of the Moscow Ambulance Station was adjusted to "excellent", so it turned out to be practically prepared for the complicated situation. During the war, it was necessary to mobilize passenger urban transport and convert it to transport the wounded.
Due to the lack of transport, the ZIS-8 and ZIS-8S (sanitary) buses, on the chassis of the ZIS-5 truck, produced in 1934-36, began to be produced according to the drawings of the plant by many enterprises, body shops.
City buses ZIS-16 and its simplified version - the medical ZIS-16S, produced since 1939, could carry 10 recumbent and 10 seated wounded. ZIS-16S was equipped with a cab from a truck and more powerful engine(85 hp, while the base model has 73 hp) In the back there were 6 stretchers in the front part in three tiers, and 4 stretchers in two tiers in the back. The car body was heated and ventilated.
Converted buses GAZ-03-30 and three-axle GAZ-05-193 (sanitary modification) were also used as sanitary buses.
Since 1947, for the first time in the post-war years, the basic ambulance was a sanitary modification of the famous ZIS-110 limousine - the ZIS-110A model, created at the plant in close cooperation with the Moscow Ambulance Station, in particular, its leaders A.S. Puchkov and A. M. Nechaev, taking into account the accumulated experience in the pre-war and war years. On the ZIS-110 backdoor opened with rear window, which was much more convenient than on the ZIS-101.
In the 1950s, GAZ-12B ZIM cars joined the ZIS-110A. The car had a glass partition between the front seat and back, where there was a retractable stretcher for the patient and two folding seats.
GAZ-12B ZIM was equipped with six-cylinder engine GAZ-51 in a forced version and reached a power of 95 hp. It was not as powerful as the ZIS-110A, but it also consumed less gasoline - only 18.5 l / 100 km. There are no such cars (both ZIMs and ZISs) in the original version of the Ambulance to this day, since after decommissioning, they were sold to the public at residual value and remade in artisanal conditions into an ordinary passenger version.
In 1948, the Moscow City Health Department purchased about 200 Moskvich-400-420M vehicles. This machine was used for other medical purposes, as an ambulance it was unthinkable. It was a medical modification of the Moskvich-400 (actually a copy of the Opel Cadet K38). The car was the most economical among Soviet cars in those years: a 23-horsepower engine required A-66 gasoline of only 9 l / 100 km.
Also, for other needs of hospitals and clinics, the state allocated passenger "Victory" GAZ-M20. Of which according to the drawings Gorky Automobile Plant in ambulance garages or at car repair plants, a medical modification of the famous "Victory" was created. In the car, the left half of the back rear seat leaned back, making room for a folding stretcher, which was located slightly diagonally across the car.
After the war, on the basis of the legendary GAZ-51, the PAZ-653 was produced with a body created at Pavlovsky bus factory. This car came to replace the GAZ-55. In the back of the PAZik there were 13 seats for the sick, or four stretchers could be placed. On the first versions, until 1956, a wooden-metal cabin was installed on the PAZ-653. PAZ-653 was often used in the work of sobering-up stations.
The specialized RAF-977I became the main line ambulance in the 1960s. The Riga Automobile Plant produced them on the Volga GAZ-21 units.
It was on these machines that they first began to put flashing beacons. In 1957, two-way radio communication was organized in Moscow between the Ambulance Station and an outreach team of doctors.
In the early 1960s, specialized ambulance teams were organized in Moscow. First specialized vehicle there was a bus GZA-651 (KAvZ-651), released on Gorky plant buses based on GAZ-51, equipped to help patients with myocardial infarction (in fact, the first reanimobile). The patient was driven around the city no faster than 40 km/h on half-flat tires. The cardiological team delivered patients immediately to specialized departments of hospitals. Such buses worked in Moscow and Leningrad.
Later in in large numbers sanitary "Volga" were produced - station wagons GAZ-22B and GAZ-22D based on GAZ-21 cars of the second series.
In the second half of the 1970s, RAF-22031 appeared (the people called them "RAFIKs").
They were assembled on the basis of the new GAZ-24 at a new production facility in Jelgava. After some modernization and external changes began to produce "Ambulance" RAF-2915.
These minibuses fell in love with soft suspension and ease of maneuvering in tight yards. Today, these machines are still in operation in some small settlements, although the model has not been produced for a long time, since Riga Automobile Plant has been closed for a long time.
The Finnish company "TAMRO" offered specialized vehicles - resuscitation and cardiology, created on the basis of RAF vehicles. Finnish ambulances had a high roof and were distinguished high quality interior assembly, they were painted in bright yellow colors, which are more visible in the stream of cars (according to Finnish rules).
Later, the RAF itself began to produce 200 reanimobiles per year with a high roof (RAF-2914). Their quality was worse than Finnish, but they were much cheaper. Externally, the cars were distinguished by “blinker-cubes” located along the edges of the roof superstructure. Since the 1960s, in small towns and countryside as an ambulance, the UAZ-450A car and the upgraded UAZ-452A, renamed the UAZ-3962, are most often used. The UAZ-450A was equipped with a modified lower-valve GAZ-69 engine and a three-speed gearbox. UAZ-3962 - overhead valve engine, four-speed gearbox. Today, both models are outdated and do not correspond to modern requirements for safety, but are still used in some places.
"Volga" GAZ-24-03 and GAZ-310231 also served in medicine. These two cars, having two seats in the cabin and three in the cabin (one on a stretcher and two for sitting), according to the European standard EN1789, could not be used as medical at all. Cars were most often used as ambulances and at ambulance stations as utility vehicles.
On the GAZ-24-03 chassis, the Finnish company TAMPO built specialized cars with an original interior. Such ambulances were operated in Leningrad and did not have any index of their own. During the "stagnation" for the needs of the party elite and personally the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, several executive cars ZIL-41047 and ZIL-41042 were converted into ambulances. These cars were serviced in the Garage special purpose and some of them are still alive.
On the basis of other executive cars - buses ZIL-118M "Youth" in the 60s and ZIL-119 "Youth" (or ZIL -118K) in the 70s, "people's" reanimobiles were created. ZIL-118M was interesting in that it had a roof that was connected to the base with a soft hermetic "sleeve".
In the 1970s - 90s, specialized Mercedes of various models (L 508D, L 406D, 310D) with branded medical equipment were purchased in Germany. The Riga Automobile Plant closed, and the supply of Rafiks to Russia ceased, by that time the service life of the existing cars had come to an end. The question arose about the need to purchase new cars, Moscow, trying to rectify the situation with the dying ambulance fleet, bought Mercedes T1 family, model 210. The cheapest vans were purchased, converted to the needs of the medical service. White vans with the number 03 on board and a red cross on rear windows having a rigid suspension, the people called "stools".
On Bryansk car factory(BAZ) tried to establish serial production of small trucks and the BAZ-3778 model for the needs of medicine. However, the quality of the cars produced was extremely low, and the Gorky Automobile Plant intercepted the "palm" in the production of vans.
Also failed to establish production medical vehicles Moscow plant AZLK. In 1997, in cooperation with the Kyiv Aviation Plant, a model of the AZLK-2901 ambulance van was developed. But customs barriers prevented bringing the work to industrial batches. On the basis of this model, on the instructions of the Ministry of Health of Russia in 2001, joint efforts of the companies NPO Ekran, KAF, Samotlor-NN developed and built the ASMP Moskvich-2901-M, made using Sandwich technology. But in this case as well serial production it didn't work out.
Now the main ambulance car, both linear and specialized, is Sobol (GAZ-221172) and GAZelle (GAZ-32214) - the successor to the famous GAZ-AA lorry. The ambulance is usually made with a high roof.
Ambulance color scheme
In the USSR, ambulances were traditionally painted according to the color scheme in White color or light beige with a red stripe (from the 1980s) and carried a red cross as an identification mark. In the 1980s, RAF reanimobiles, equipped by the Finnish company TAMPO, were painted yellow and red, which was later reflected in GOST). In other countries, the red cross is used only on ambulances belonging to the International Committee of the Red Cross, on ordinary cars ambulances, other symbols are used, most often the so-called "Star of Life" or the emblem of a medical company.
Also on the front of most modern ambulances in Western countries (and not only) is a mirror image of the inscription "Ambulance". This is done so that drivers in front of the mirror rear view this inscription was read, and they passed the car. In Russia, the mirror inscription "Ambulance" is not made.
Types of ambulances
It is only at first glance that the ambulances that we meet on the streets are the same. In fact, some machines designed to help are very specialized for a certain category of patients.
Ambulances are divided into the following classes:
· Class A (Patient Transport Vehicles): An ambulance designed to transport patients, presumed to be non-emergency patients, accompanied by medical personnel.
· Class B (emergency medical vehicle): An ambulance designed to carry out therapeutic measures of emergency medical care by a medical (paramedical) team, transport and monitor the condition of patients at the pre-hospital stage.
· Class C (resuscitation vehicle): An ambulance designed to carry out medical emergency measures by the resuscitation team, transport and monitor the condition of patients at the pre-hospital stage.
There is also a specialized ambulance car, which is designed to provide highly specialized medical care and was created on the basis of a Class B or C ambulance.
Table 1. Specialized vehicles
|
Specialized vehicles based on B class |
Specialized machines based on the C class |
|
|
Pediatric profile |
Neurosurgical profile |
|
|
Psychiatric Profile |
Traumatological profile |
|
|
Therapeutic profile |
Resuscitation-pediatric profile |
|
|
For infectious diseases |
Cardiology profile |
|
|
resuscitation profile |
||
|
Toxicological profile |
||
|
Obstetric and gynecological profile |
||
|
neurological profile |
Ambulance equipment
The medical salon must be equipped with built-in equipment, devices, apparatus, packing, monitoring, immobilization, movement of patients (injured) and other equipment.
The equipment of salons by class of ambulances is shown in Table 2. It is possible to combine two or more functions in one product (for example, a manually operated ventilator may be part of a resuscitation kit). The sign "X" means the possible, but optional use of this position in the corresponding class of ambulance. The composition of packs and kits must comply with the requirements established by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.
automobile ambulance medical
Table 2. Car equipment
|
Name of equipment |
Application in SMP class vehicles |
|||
|
Devices, apparatus |
||||
|
Defibrillator portable with combined power supply |
||||
|
Portable electrocardiograph 1-, 3-channel with combined power supply |
||||
|
Electrocardiotransmitter |
||||
|
Pacemaker: Outer Endocardial |
||||
|
Manual ventilator |
||||
|
Portable lung ventilator with time-based switching of the respiratory cycle, with active inhalation and passive exhalation with the possibility of auxiliary artificial lung ventilation |
||||
|
Oxygen inhaler, operating both from an on-board oxygen source and from a self-contained cylinder |
||||
|
The device for inhalation anesthesia with a gas mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide, operating both from on-board sources of gases and from autonomous cylinders |
||||
|
Mechanical portable aspirator |
||||
|
Pneumatic or electric aspirator powered from the on-board network and the possibility of autonomous operation |
||||
|
Tonometer |
||||
|
Phonendoscope |
||||
|
Medication inhaler |
||||
|
Glucometer |
||||
|
heart monitor |
||||
|
pulse oximeter |
||||
|
capnograph |
||||
|
Dosing device administration of substances and infusion solutions under dosed pressure |
||||
|
Means of moving patients |
||||
|
receiving device |
||||
|
Stretcher trolley |
||||
|
Detachable stretcher |
||||
|
Folding stretcher |
||||
|
Raincoat stretcher |
||||
|
Wheelchair-stretcher |
||||
|
Immobilization means |
||||
|
Immobilization tires for fixation of the upper and limbs |
||||
|
Mattress vacuum immobilization |
||||
|
Shants collar set |
||||
|
Laying ambulance doctor set |
||||
|
Infusion Therapy Set with Portable Stand (Device) and Stretcher Attachment |
||||
|
Set of obstetrics in laying |
||||
|
Resuscitation kit (large) in packing |
||||
|
Resuscitation kit (small) in packing |
||||
|
Dressing set in laying |
||||
|
Thermal containers for storing infusion solutions |
||||
|
Set of protection against especially dangerous infections in laying |
||||
|
Disinfectants |
||||
|
Disinfection set |
Electrical devices and apparatus must be adapted to operate from on-board power supplies of an ambulance with the possibility of autonomous operation.
The design and equipment of such vehicles provides for the possibility
Treatment of cardiogenic shock
provision of environmental assistance,
resuscitation of patients
general anesthesia and anaesthesia,
PHO (primary surgical treatment) of wounds,
suturing wounds,
reposition and mobilization of parts of the bones,
venesection and venipuncture of peripheral and main veins,
Carrying out intracardiac pacing,
tracheotomy and tracheal intubation,
Conducting intracardiac infusions.
Conclusion
Today, the ambulance has an important place in the provision of first aid. With development technical means the equipment of such vehicles is becoming more convenient and reliable. The division of cars into classes allows you to structure the work of mobile medical teams.
Work is underway to improve these vehicles. This suggests that not everything is done yet, as perfect as we would like. Despite all this, the existence of such ambulances saves the lives of many people.
Bibliography
1. National standard of the Russian Federation: Ambulances: Technical requirements and test methods. Approved by Order federal agency By technical regulation and metrology of September 18, 2006 N 201-st.
2. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 1, 2005 N 752: On equipping ambulance transport
Internet sources
1. http://www.jcwiki.ru/Ambulance_cars
2. http://tehnorma.ru/gosttext/gost/gostdop_558.htm
3. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C0%E2%F2%EE%EC%EE%E1%E8%EB%FC_%F1%EA%EE%F0%EE%E9_%EF%EE %EC%EE%F9%E8
4. http://nado.znate.ru/ambulance
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List of equipment and equipment of the ambulance
1. Breathing apparatus, portable pulse oximeter.
2. Oxygen inhaler KI-3m with Aira system (possibility of humidification and heating).
3. Resuscitation self-filling bag 400-750 ml.
4. Face masks in various sizes.
5. Medical oxygen in cylinders of 10 liters - 2 pcs.
6. Portable defibrillator.
7. Portable electrocardiograph.
8. Suctions (electric from onboard machine, foot).
9. Medication inhaler, nebulizer, spacer nozzle.
10. A set of transport immobilization equipment: a shield for patients with spinal injury, cervical corsets of various sizes, splints for immobilization of limbs.
11. Tonometer for measuring blood pressure, a set of age cuffs, a phonendoscope.
12. Peak flowmeter.
13. Thermometer.
14. Otoscope.
15. Glucometer (or Glucotest - strips "glucose / acetone / protein in the urine" and strips for blood) portable.
16. Set for anterior and posterior nasal tamponade.
17. "Space blanket".
18. Sterile set for pleural puncture (thoracocentesis).
19. Sterile kit for peripheral venous catheterization, various sizes of catheters (0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2), needle catheters different sizes for central veins (equipped with RCH).
20. Set for tracheal intubation (laryngoscope with a set of blades, endotracheal tubes without cuffs of various sizes (2.5; 3.5; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0; 7.0; 8.0), mouth expander, suction catheters, scissors, adhesive plaster, bandage), a set of air ducts.
21. Toxicological kit: gastric probes of various sizes, a mouth dilator, sterile vaseline oil, enterosorbents (activated carbon 0.25 per tab., polyphepan in standard packaging), sodium hydrocabonate (50 g), antidotes (atropine, acetylcysteine, galantamine, desferal, methylene blue, naloxone, sodium thiosulfate, unithiol, cerucal, ethanol), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate), enemas of various volumes, potassium permanganate.
22. A set for bladder catheterization with a urinal.
23. Language holder.
24. Venous tourniquet, arterial hemostatic tourniquet with plastic retainer and dosed compression.
25. Dressings.
26. The generic package is sterile.
27. Tools and items for patient care.
28. Pediatrician's bag.
The contents of the medical bag of the pediatric and resuscitation and advisory teams
Medicinal ampoules
| A drug | international generic Name | Concentration | Volume | Pediatric | RSC |
| Number of ampoules | |||||
| adenosine | Adenosine | 2% | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Adrenalin hydrochloride | epinephrine | 0,1% | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Alupent | Orciprenaline | 0,05% | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Aminazine | Chlorpromazine | 2,5% | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Aminocaproic | Aminocaproic | 100 ml | 1 | -- | 1 |
| Analgin | Metamizole | 50% | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Ascorbic | Ascorbic | 5% | 1 | 10 | 10 |
| Atropine | Atropine | 0,1% | 1 | 5 | 10 |
| ATP | Trifosadenine | 1% | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Baralgin | Metamizole + Pitophenone + Fenpiverinium bromide | 50% | 2;5 | 2 | 2 |
| Verapamil | Verapamil | 0,25% | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Heparin | Heparin sodium | 5000U/ml | fl | 1 | 1 |
| Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate | Hydrocortisone | 0,5% | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Glucose | Dextrose | 40% | 20 | 5 | 5 |
| Dexamethasone | Dexamethasone | 0,4% | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Diphenhydramine | Diphenhydramine | 1% | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Ditilin | Suxamethonium | 2% | 2 | -- | 3 |
| Dicynon | Etamzilat | 12,5% | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| dobutamine | dobutamine | in a vial | 1 | - | 1 |
| dopamine | dopamine | 0.5% and 4% | 5 | 2 | 5 |
| Insulin | Insulin | 40U/ml | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| calypsol | Ketamine | 5% | 10 | - | 2 |
| calcium gluconate | calcium gluconate | 10% | 10 | 3 | 3 |
| calcium chloride | calcium chloride | 10% | 10 | 2 | 2 |
| Cocarboxylase | Cocarboxylase | 0.025 g in amp. | 5 | 5 | |
| Kordaron | Amiodarone | 5% | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Caffeine sodium benzoate | Caffeine | 10% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Lasix | Furosemide | 1% | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Levomecithin succinate | Chloramphenicol | 500 units in a bottle. | 2 | 2 | |
| Lidocaine hydrochloride | Lidocaine | 2% | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Magnesium sulfate | Magnesium sulfate | 25% | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Mannitol | Mannitol | 15% | Bottle | -- | 1 |
| Mezaton | Phenylephrine | 1% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Midazolam | Midazolam | 0,15% | 10 | 1 | 1 |
| sodium hydroxybutyrate | Sodium oxybate | 20% | 10 | 2 | 2 |
| Nitroglycerine | Nitroglycerine | 0,1% | 10 | 1 | 1 |
| Novocaine | procaine | 0,25%; 0,5% | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Novocaine | procaine | 2% | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Novocainamide | Procainamide | 10% | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Panangin | Potassium and magnesium asparaginate | -- | 10 | -- | 5 |
| Papaverine | Papaverina hydrochloride | 2% | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| Pipolfen | Promethazine | 2,5% | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Prednisolone | Prednisolone | 3% | 1 | 5 | 10 |
| Promedol | Trimeperidine | 1% | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Relanium | Diazepam | 0,5% | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Strofantin-K | Strofantin | 0,05% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Suprastin | Chloropyramine | 2% | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Tavegil | clemastine | 2% | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Tramal | Tramadol | 5% | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Fentanyl | Fentanyl | 0,005% | 2 | -- | 2 |
| Cefotaxime | Cefotaxime | 1 g in vial | 2 | 2 | |
| Etimizol | Etimizol | 1% | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Eufillin | Aminophylline | 2,4% | 10 | 3 | 3 |
Medicinal products for enteral and inhalation use
Berodual - Ipratropium bromide + Fenoterol (for inhalation)
