Freight and specialized vehicles. Vehicle classification: special vehicles

Specialized vehicles

Such vehicles are adapted for the transportation of one or more homogeneous goods, which differ in the specific conditions of their transportation, and are equipped with various devices and devices that ensure the safety and quality of goods delivered to construction sites and comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading operations. The use of specialized transport improves the efficiency and quality of construction, reduces the cost of transportation, minimizes the loss of building materials and semi-finished products, as well as damage to building products and structures, which are very significant when using general-purpose vehicles. At present, without the use of specialized transport, it is practically impossible to deliver many goods to construction sites. Most specialized vehicles are interchangeable trailers and semi-trailers for trucks, air-tired tractors and tractors, which allows more efficient use of the base machine.

In the conditions of urban construction, specialized automobile transport is widely used. Modern specialized vehicles for construction are produced in accordance with the “Type of specialized vehicles for construction” approved by the State Construction Committee and are designed to transport soil, bulk and lumpy goods (dump trucks), liquid and semi-liquid (bitumen carriers, lime carriers, concrete and mortar carriers), powdered ( cement carriers), small-piece and packaged cargo (container carriers), long-length cargo (pipe carriers, metal carriers, timber carriers), reinforced concrete structures (panel carriers, farm carriers, plate carriers, bulk carriers, block carriers, sanitary cabin carriers), technological equipment and construction machines (heavy carriers).

Dump trucks transport construction cargo in metal bodies with a trough-shaped, trapezoidal and rectangular cross-sectional shape, which are forcibly tilted during unloading using a lifting (tilting) mechanism back, to the side (one or two) sides, to the sides and back. By purpose, special mining and universal general construction dump trucks are distinguished. In the conditions of urban construction, universal dump trucks are used (Fig. 2.7) with a carrying capacity of 4 ... 12 tons, designed to transport soil, gravel, crushed stone, sand, asphalt, concrete mix, mortar, etc. Modern universal dump trucks are produced on the chassis of flatbed trucks general purpose (sometimes with a shortened base) and are equipped with the same type of hydraulic systems that provide quick lifting and lowering of the body, high reliability and safety.

The main components of such systems are an oil tank, a hydraulic pump driven by a car's power take-off, one or more (depending on the carrying capacity) single-acting telescopic hydraulic cylinders that directly affect the body, distributor or control valve, connecting pipelines and safety devices. Hydraulic cylinders of lifting mechanisms can have a horizontal, inclined and vertical arrangement and are installed on the vehicle frame under the front part of the body or on its front side (Fig. 2.7, a). The separator or control valve directs the flow of working fluid from the pump to the hydraulic cylinder (or synchronously operating hydraulic cylinders) when the body is overturned, connects the cavities of the hydraulic cylinders to the drain tank when the body is lowered, limits the pressure in the system and ensures that the body is fixed in certain positions (extreme or intermediate).

The most common in construction are dump trucks consisting of a dump truck and a dump trailer or a truck tractor and a dump truck semi-trailer (Fig. 2.7, b).

Rice. 2.7. Dump trucks

The dump truck is unloaded to the sides, and the dump trailer is unloaded to the sides and back. Dump trailers can have split (double) bodies, the front of which is unloaded on two (side) sides, and the rear - on three (side and back) sides. Modern dump trucks and dump trailers have a unified body, running gear, lifting mechanisms and are equipped with an automatic opening and closing system of the sides controlled from the driver's cab.

For the transportation of expanded clay and other bulk materials with a low density, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used - expanded clay trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 12 tons, i.e. dump trucks with an increased body capacity.

When transporting small-piece and packaged goods (sanitary and ventilation equipment, finishing, insulating and roofing materials, bricks, window and door blocks, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of small weight and size, etc.) to construction sites, containerization and packaging. For the delivery of containers and packages, flatbed vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers of general purpose and specialized vehicles - self-loaders and container carriers are used.

Self-loaders, along with the performance of transport functions, can load and unload the transported packaged goods, reload cargo onto nearby vehicles and trailers using hydraulic loading and unloading devices installed on the vehicle itself. Self-loaders are equipped with onboard manipulators, swinging portals, tail lifts and hinged load lifting devices.

Self-loaders with a swinging portal (side or rear location, Fig. 2.8, a) are designed for transportation, loading and unloading containers weighing up to 5 tons. angle up to 120° by two synchronously acting double-acting long-stroke hydraulic cylinders. Swinging portals are also used for loading and unloading swap bodies-containers. For the transportation, loading and unloading of containers with a large carrying capacity (20 tons or more), semi-trailers equipped with side hydraulic loaders are used (Fig. 2.8, b).

Self-loading trucks and container carriers are equipped with retractable and folding hydraulic supports 3, which act during loading and unloading operations and ensure the stability of the machine and the unloading of its running gear.

Self-loaders with onboard hydraulic manipulators carry out self-loading and self-unloading of the base vehicle and trailer, loading and unloading of other vehicles located nearby, and can also be used in small-scale construction and installation works.

A manipulator with a lifting capacity of 2.5 tons (Fig. 2.9) consists of a swivel column, articulated boom equipment, two outrigger hydraulic supports, a boom rotation mechanism in plan, two control panels and a set of interchangeable working equipment.

Rice. 2.8. Self-loaders and container trucks

Rice. 2.9. Car-loader with onboard manipulator

The boom equipment is mounted on a swivel column mounted on the chassis base frame and consists of a stick, lever, telescopic boom with main and retractable sections, control hydraulic cylinders, hook suspension or rotator. The rotator provides for the manipulation of the load in a horizontal plane through a rack and pinion gear and a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, the rod of which is the rotator rack engaged with the gear.

The set of interchangeable working equipment of the manipulator includes a manually extended boom extension, fork pickup, tongs for packaged goods and a grab for containers. Rotation of the boom equipment in terms of an angle of 400° is provided by a rack and pinion rotary mechanism, which includes two alternately operating hydraulic cylinders, a rack and pinion rigidly fixed to the shaft of the rotary column. The drive of the axial-piston pump of the hydraulic system of the manipulator is carried out from the vehicle engine through the power take-off. The manipulator can be controlled from any of the two control panels located on both sides of the vehicle.

The designs of domestic onboard manipulators are made according to a single concept and differ from each other in terms of cargo moment, load capacity, lifting and lowering height of the hook, weight, and overall dimensions. The layout diagrams for the placement of onboard manipulators on vehicles are shown in fig. 2.10.

Rice. 2.10. Placement of onboard manipulators on vehicles

To transport liquid binders (bitumen, tar, emulsions) in a heated state from manufacturers to places of production of road, roofing and insulation works, bitumen carriers and asphalt distributors are used. They are elliptical tanks, mounted on the chassis of cars or on semi-trailers for truck tractors, and are equipped with heating systems (to maintain the temperature of the transported material at least 200 ° C) and mastic dispensing. The capacity of tanks for asphalt distributors is 3500 ... 7000 l, bitumen trucks - 4000 ... 15000 l.

For the transportation of pipes with a length of 6 ... 12 m with a diameter of up to 1420 mm and welded sections of pipes (lashes) with a length of 24 ... 36 m, special road trains are used - pipe carriers and whip carriers. The pipe carrier includes an autotractor, a single-axle trailer with a rigid drawbar or a semi-trailer. The traction force on the loaded trailer-dissolution is transmitted from pipe carriers through a towing device and a drawbar, for lashers - directly by pipes (lashes) mounted on a tractor and a two-axle trailer-dissolution. The number of simultaneously transported pipes is set based on the carrying capacity of the road train. In multi-row laying, pipes are tied with a safety rope. For the transportation of insulated pipes in urban areas, specialized pipe semi-trailers are usually used with hydraulic unloading mechanisms that ensure the safety of the insulating layer and the pipe ends prepared for welding during transportation, loading and unloading.

Rice. 2.11. Road train for transportation of pipes

On fig. 2.11, a, a truck tractor with a semi-trailer-pipe carrier with a carrying capacity of t equipped with two (front and rear) hydraulic unloading mechanisms 2 is shown. The semi-trailer is equipped with front and rear metal safety shields 5 that prevent axial movement of pipes during transportation. The unloading mechanism consists of a telescopic boom (Fig. 2.11, c), extended by a built-in hydraulic cylinder, and two telescopic hydraulic cylinders for turning the boom with a cargo grip for pipes in a vertical plane. On fig. 2.11, b, c shows the positions of the boom, respectively, before unloading and at the end of unloading. The stability of the road train is provided by folding supports 6. The control panel for unloading mechanisms is located in the front of the semi-trailer. Pipe carriers and pole carriers are equipped with overall signals. The carrying capacity of automobile pipe carriers is 9 ... 12 tons, pole carriers - 6 ... 19 tons.

For the transportation of large-sized reinforced concrete structures and parts from manufacturing plants to construction sites, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used: panel carriers, farm carriers, bulk carriers, plate carriers, block carriers and sanitary cab carriers. The choice of vehicle type is determined by the dimensions, weight and conditions of transportation of products.

Panel carriers (Fig. 2.12, a) are made in the form of semi-trailers for truck tractors and are designed to transport wall panels, ceilings, partitions, slabs, flights of stairs, etc. in a vertical or steeply inclined position. There are truss and frame semi-trailers-panel carriers. The supporting metal frame of truss panel carriers is made in the form of a spatial truss ("ridge") of trapezoidal (Fig. 2.12, b) or rectangular section or in the form of two flat longitudinal trusses interconnected by front and rear support platforms and horizontal ties (Fig. 2.12, V). The backbone truss is located along the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the semi-trailer, and the transported panels are in cassettes on both sides of it at an angle of 8 ... 12 ° to the vertical. The front and rear platforms of the truss have handrails for riggers. For panel trucks with flat trusses, the panels are arranged in several rows vertically in a cassette between the trusses. Some designs of panel carriers also have additional side inclined cassettes for transporting shortened panels in one row (Fig. 2.12, d), which makes it possible to better use the load capacity of the road train. For fastening the panels, screw clamps, clamping strips and ropes tightened with a hand winch are used.

Frame trailers-panel carriers (Fig. 2.12, e) have a frame that carries the cassette and takes the main load. The panels are installed inside the cassette on a wooden deck and are kept from lateral movement by clamping screws. The front part of the semi-trailers-panel carriers rests on the fifth wheel coupling of the tractor, and the rear part - on a single-axle or two-axle bogie with steerable or non-steerable wheels.

Rice. 2.12. panel carriers

In cramped conditions of urban development, panel carriers with steerable rear bogies are usually used, which improve the maneuverability of the road train. Modern panel carrier semi-trailers are equipped with separately controlled hydraulic supports with double-acting hydraulic cylinders operating from the vehicle’s hydraulic system and have an automatic coupling with a tractor, which allows mounting directly from the panel carriers (mounting from “wheels”), more efficiently using the base vehicle that can serve several interchangeable semi-trailers (shuttle method of operation) and carry out loading and unloading of the panel carrier on uneven ground. Carrying capacity of semi-trailers-panel haulers 9…22 t.

Truss and frame panel carriers can be converted into platform-type semi-trailers and used to transport slabs, beams, foundation blocks and other goods. This increases their versatility and mileage utilization by allowing the machine to be loaded while driving in reverse.

Long base truss semi-trailers are designed to transport trusses 12…30 m long, installed and fixed in a position close to the working one. Semi-trailers-farm locomotives have a truss or beam structure with a cassette platform and a two-axle bogie with twin wheels. In conditions of cramped construction sites, semi-trailers with a hydraulically controlled bogie are used, in which each wheel turns to the appropriate angle depending on the angle of the “folding” of the road train.

On fig. 2.13 shows a truss trailer for transporting trusses of any design up to 24 m long and up to 2.5 m high. 4. The wheels of the trolley are automatically controlled by a hydraulically driven servo system. The front mobile support of the semi-trailer is installed along the frame, depending on the length of the transported trusses, and is moved using a hand winch. The truss rests on the cargo platforms of the frame and is fixed in its upper belt with clamping screws. The carrying capacity of semi-trailers-farm locomotives is 10 ... 22 tons.

Rice. 2.13. Road train-farm locomotive

Semi-trailers-sanitation cabins and block carriers are designed for transportation of volumetric elements of residential and industrial buildings (unified sanitary cabins, block rooms, marches), technological equipment (sections of elevators, transformers, boilers, bunkers, tanks, etc.) and containers. By design, they have much in common with frame-type panel carriers and are distinguished by a low location of the cargo area and the absence of special means of fastening.

Rice. 2.14. Santekhkabinovoz

The semi-trailer-sanitation cabin carrier (Fig. 2.14) is a cassette-type frame welded from bent and rolled profiles, the front part of which rests on the fifth wheel coupling device of the tractor vehicle, and the rear part rests on a single- or two-axle bogie with steered or non-steered wheels. They are equipped with mechanical or controlled hydraulic support devices. Load capacity 4…30 t.

Semi-trailers-plate carriers are used for transportation of floor slabs and coatings in a horizontal position, as well as beams, columns, crossbars, lumber, etc. The supporting part of the loading platform of a slab carrier is a back frame with consoles for flooring and retractable side racks. Semi-trailers have a single-axle or two-axle rear bogie. Some designs of plate carriers are made with a sliding telescopic frame. Load capacity of slab carriers up to 22 tons.

Three-, four- and six-axle multi-wheeled trailers and semi-trailers with a carrying capacity of 20 ... 120 tons with a low-lying platform are used to transport heavy-weight large-sized equipment and construction vehicles. Trailers are transported by ballast automobile tractors, and semi-trailers - by truck tractors. Heavy-duty trailers and semi-trailers are equipped with hydraulic lifting mechanisms for lowering the platform during loading and raising it when transporting goods. For loading and unloading cargo, a winch is installed on the tractor, driven by the car's power take-off.

The main directions for the development of specialized vehicles are: expanding their mass production and range with a simultaneous decrease in the number of standard sizes, creating multi-purpose vehicles, improving cargo securing mechanisms, supporting, clamping and handling devices, increasing unit load capacity and wide unification of vehicles.

The need to create specialized vehicles is associated with a variety of transported goods. This applies primarily to the transportation of construction cargo: large-sized building structures of various configurations, bulk non-metallic materials and other types of cargo necessary for industrial and civil construction. For the transportation of industrial, commercial and agricultural goods, a variety of specialized rolling stock is required: container carriers, container carriers, timber carriers, pipe carriers, metal carriers, cars equipped with self-unloading devices, etc. Inventors and rationalizers of Leningrad automobile enterprises and car repair plants, as well as designers and developers and create new models of specialized vehicles that contribute to the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ultimately increase labor productivity in road transport.

The T-325A model dump trailer is designed to work as part of road trains with Tatra-148SZ, Tatra-815SZ dump trucks and is used for transporting bulk materials. The trailer consists of a welded frame made of channels No. 14 and 12. A coupling device is located in the front part of the frame, brackets for mounting the hydraulic lift are mounted in the middle part, rear axle suspension brackets are welded in the rear part of the frame.

The trailer platform is a welded structure of rolled and bent profiles, its internal dimensions are 3224X2350X618 mm. The platform tilts to the sides. Side boards are suspended on the top hinges, locks of boards - lever type. Trailer axle suspension is made on longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. Wheels are diskless, with onboard and locking rings.

The pneumatic drive is carried out according to single-wire ("Tatra" -148СЗ) and two-wire ("Tatra" -815СЗ) schemes. The parking brake has a manual mechanical drive only on the rear axle pads; a ratchet device is used to fix the drive.

The trailer is equipped with a telescopic hydraulic lift from a dump truck MA3-503.

A-978 model semi-trailer (Fig. 1) is intended for transportation of sanitary cabins with overall dimensions not exceeding 2700X1600X X2600 mm, as well as silt, blocks and containers. This low loader semi-trailer has three loading platforms (one cabin is installed on the front and rear, three cabins on the middle one).

The platform of the semi-trailer is a welded structure of a stepped shape with longitudinal bearing beams. The support and wheel frames have three-sided protection. The axle with wheels and springs as an assembly is borrowed from the MA3-93801 semi-trailer. The pneumatic drive of the brakes is carried out according to a single-wire circuit.

The MAZ-5429 (MAZ-504) or K.amAZ-5410 tractor is used as the main truck tractor.

A cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2 (Fig. 2) is used for transportation of building reinforced concrete flat wall panels and three-dimensional products. The semi-trailer frame has a welded structure, made of channel No. 20, in the upper part along the entire length it is closed by the upper truss belt, and in the middle part - by the lower truss belt. Side farms form a cassette in the middle part of the semi-trailer.

Rice. 1. Semi-trailer-sankabinovoz model A-978

Rice. 2. Cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2

Rice. 3. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-2

Rice. 4. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-3

The supporting device, suspension and axle are borrowed from the MAZ-5245 semi-trailer. The supporting device consists of two screw jacks hinged to the frame of the semi-trailer. The suspension is made on two longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. The ladders and upper platforms of the semi-trailer have guards for the safe work of riggers. The main tractor of the semi-trailer is the MAZ-504A truck tractor.

The cassette-type semi-trailer was manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association according to the drawings of the Glavlenavtotrans design and technology bureau.

Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2 is available in three modifications: 84A2-PS-1 - for transportation of bulk building materials with a large specific gravity; 84A2-PS-2 (Fig. 1.3) - for the transportation of ordinary bulk building materials; 84A2-PS-3 (Fig. 1.4) - for the transportation of long building products and materials.

The supporting device of the semi-trailer is unified with the supporting device of the A-483 and A-490 semi-trailers and consists of two screw jacks hinged on the frame. The axle with wheels and suspension assembly is taken from the semi-trailer MA3-93801.

The semi-trailer is equipped with two hydraulic cylinders from a ZIL-MMZ-555 dump truck. It is possible to install hydraulic cylinders from ZIL-MMZ-4502 and MAZ-5549 cars.

The main tractor of the semi-trailer-dump truck is a MAZ-5429 truck tractor with hydraulic equipment or a KamAZ-5410 tractor with hydraulic equipment.

A tractor with a lifting fifth wheel based on the ZIL-130 model A-824 is used in the territories of transshipment bases, freight stations and other cargo-generating facilities, where there is a constant need to transport semi-trailers over short distances to places of loading and unloading. To perform these operations, auto enterprises use shunting tractors with a lifting fifth wheel based on a standard ZIL-130 vehicle. The design of the tractor, made at the suggestion of innovators of the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans, eliminates the need for mechanical lifting of the semi-trailer road wheels and frees linear vehicles from unproductive work on cargo areas.

Re-equipment of a standard ZIL-130 vehicle into a shunting tractor is not particularly difficult and can be performed in a car company. To do this, a lifting frame is installed on the frame of the ZIL-130 car, the front end of which is hinged to the bracket, and the rear end to the hydraulic lift rods. Hydraulic lifts (2 pieces) were used from the ZIL-MMZ-555 car. A saddle device, borrowed from the ZIL-130V1 tractor car, is mounted on the lifting frame. Saddle lift height - 300 mm. The frame spars are interconnected by a base plate, in the front part of which there are guide slides to facilitate the coupling of the tractor with the semi-trailer.

The fifth wheel coupling is connected to the lifting frame by a brake chamber, which serves to open the fifth wheel lock. The lifting frame in the raised position (for unloading hydraulic cylinders) is held by support shoes; the rotation of the shoes is carried out through the second brake chamber mounted on the cross member of the lifting frame. The brake chambers are controlled through pneumatic actuators from the cab.

The entire installation of the lifting and coupling device is carried out without dismantling or any modification of the chassis of the ZIL-130 car. Wiring of signaling and lighting devices is carried out according to the electrical circuit of the ZIL-130V1 tractor.

Rice. 5. Potato Car

The potato carrier shown in Fig. 5, made on the basis of the GAZ-53 car.

The existing methods of transporting potatoes (in flatbed trucks, vans, containers, pallets, various containers) do not provide proper mechanization of loading and unloading operations and the safety of potatoes in the cold season. .

The main equipment of a potato carrier is a special bunker body with a retractable belt conveyor. The bunker body of the frame type has

U-shaped base. Outside, the body of the bunker is sheathed with sheet iron. Inside, the lining is wooden, protecting the potatoes from impacts and at the same time serving as a heat insulator. The vertical walls of the bunker are covered with heat-insulating material sheathed with plywood.

There is a loading hatch in the roof of the bunker, which is opened and closed with a handle through a system of blocks on the rear wall of the bunker. The unloading hatch is closed by a slide gate, above which a tedder lever is mounted in the socket. The lever is driven by a handle on the left side of the hopper. For free rolling of potatoes, the unloading hatch over the skin is covered with an aluminum sheet. To monitor the loading and unloading of potatoes, a viewing window is provided in the left wall of the bunker.

The belt conveyor has drive and tension drums. The drive is an electric motor with a power of 1.3 kW. The electric motor is powered from the city network 220 V.

An electric motor with a drive drum is located at the front of the conveyor under the hopper. The rear part of the conveyor with the tension drum in the transport position partially protrudes beyond the bunker. When unloading, it can be raised to the required height (up to 2300 mm) from the surface level of the car parking area. In the working and transport positions, the conveyor is fixed with a locking device. The conveyor control panel is located in a cabinet on the rear wall of the hopper.

When unloading the bunker, the potato carrier is installed with the rear end of the conveyor against the storage room at a distance of at least 2 m from the wall of the building, the conveyor is raised to the desired height to the place of receiving the cargo, and the electric motor is turned on using the connecting cable. Upon completion of unloading, the conveyor is set to the transport position, then the power supply of the electric motor is turned off. With the loading hatch and slide gate closed, the vehicle is ready to move.

The potato carrier provides for air heating of the bunker due to heat removal from the exhaust pipeline. Air circulation is carried out by a fan of the driver's cabin heating system.

The technical documentation for the car-potato-cart is in the design and technology bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

Semi-trailer-panel transporter model A-483 of the spinal type is designed for transportation of house-building panels up to 7.5 m long. The panel transporter is a welded frame structure that provides transportation of panels in an inclined position. The semi-trailer-panel carrier works in conjunction with the MAZ-5429 tractor.

The semi-trailer was developed in the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

A semi-trailer for the transport of building products in a vertical position (Fig. 1.6) provides transportation of various types of building products, including structures that need to be transported in a suspended state, such as T-shaped frames. The semi-trailer consists of a welded frame made of two longitudinal trusses. The trusses are connected by crossbars, which form a closed cassette in the middle part, which serves to transport wall panels. For transportation of structures such as T-shaped frames in a suspended state, movable transverse beams with rollers and locking devices are installed on the upper chords of the longitudinal trusses. To prevent transverse movement of building structures, the movable beams are equipped with side vertical rollers.

m

Rice. 6. Semi-trailer for transportation of building products in a vertical position

The semi-trailer is towed by a truck tractor made on the basis of the KrAZ vehicle.

Van model 84A15 is designed for transportation of industrial and food cargo. It is installed on the chassis of LPG vehicles GAZ-52-28 or GAZ-53-27. The van is made of metal, its frame is made of a rectangular profile, the outer casing of the frame is made of a steel sheet 0.8 mm thick. On the front and side walls of the van there are wooden lattice-type bars. There is a double door in the rear wall, securely locked with a special rod lock with a device that ensures the safety of the seal from damage. For ease of entry and exit from the van, a retractable folding ladder is located at the rear door, which is mounted under the floor of the van in the transport position.

The body-van model 79A2, designed for the transportation of bakery products in containers, is installed on a GAZ-52-01 car. The body has a welded frame made of rectangular tubes. Outside, the frame is sheathed with sheet metal 0.8 mm thick, inside the ceiling and walls are upholstered with plywood, the floor is made of boards 25 mm thick, the top of the frame is covered with galvanized sheet.

For the convenience of loading and unloading containers, there are two guides from an unequal corner with stops, fastened with pins to the base of the van, and two clamps that press the containers to the front wall of the van and protect them from longitudinal displacement.

The van has five doors - four doors on the right side and one in the back. The doors are welded, double-leaf, equipped with internal upper and lower locks, sheathed with sheet steel on the outside, plywood on the inside.

The van has natural ventilation, fenders and a drain. Ventilation hatches are located in the front and rear walls of the van.

Rice. 7. Trolley for towing defective light vehicles

The van body was developed by the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans and manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association.

A trolley for towing faulty light vehicles (Fig. 7) is designed for towing vehicles NYSA, ZHUK, ErAZ, UAZ, etc. The axle of the trolley is made of a thick-walled pipe with a diameter of 130 mm. Hubs from the NYSA -522 car are mounted on the axle. The bogie wheels are used from a UAZ car. Wheel track width - 1400 mm.

The bogie axle passes through a box section drawbar made of 10 mm thick sheet steel. A towing loop is welded to the front of the drawbar, the rear of the drawbar is a support platform, on which a hydraulic jack with a lifting capacity of 5 tons is installed. Two vertical posts 240 mm long are welded to the middle part of the drawbar, interconnected by a steel jumper. Details are made of channel No. 10.

TO Category: - Transporting and handling machines

At the present time, one cannot do without tank semi-trailers and tank trucks. They are used at gas stations, in road trains, etc. In addition to these types of vehicles, there are several more types of special-purpose freight transport.
Freight vehicles are divided into 2 types, these are specialized equipment and special ones. Despite the external similarity in names, these 2 types of vehicles are not similar.
Special equipment- these include truck cranes, fire trucks, concrete mixers, and other installations on a truck chassis.
Specialized equipment- vehicles designed for the transportation of various kinds of goods. Let's look at this type of technology.

Specialized technique. Types of auto special equipment.

B ortovy tentovanny semi-trailer.

The main type of truck body is an onboard platform. The most popular type of body - side curtain semi-trailer. This type of body is convenient primarily because it allows you to load almost all types of cargo. The carrying capacity of this semi-trailer reaches 20 tons, and when the awning is removed, an onboard platform is obtained, the sides and rear of the platform have folding sides, which greatly simplifies the loading and unloading of cargo.

In the modern world, vehicles can be assigned tasks of the most diverse nature. Far from always they are limited only to the transportation of passengers and goods, and often a number of additional functions are required. To solve such problems, special vehicles, or special vehicles, are used. Today, this category of vehicles is represented by a wide variety of types and models.

What is special transport

Most of the cars on the market today are designed to solve traditional problems. As a rule, cars are used for transporting people or for transporting goods, and can also combine these functions. In addition, some cars are designed to please owners with comfort and functionality, high speed performance and perform image tasks.

However, in some areas, the car is faced with the task of combining the function of the vehicle with other narrow-profile functions. For these purposes, ordinary cars are not suitable, and it becomes necessary to use special cars.

Special vehicles, as a rule, are manufactured on the basis of serial models. Typically, commercial vehicles are used as chassis - trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Re-equipment is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and devices in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Also, certain changes can be made to the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other vehicle systems.

Special vehicles are indispensable in the work of a variety of services, performing important functions that are often of high social importance. In particular, they can be used in solving problems of medical, fire and rescue services, law enforcement agencies, the army, etc.

Thanks to special transport, the daily operation of these services can be ensured. It is also possible to use these vehicles to solve emergency tasks in emergency situations. Therefore, the quality, reliability and functionality of vehicles in this category are extremely important.

Types of special vehicles

Special vehicles are produced today in an extremely wide range, which allows you to select a car for a wide variety of tasks. The most common types of vehicles include the following types:

• Police cars. This category includes patrol cars made on the basis of cars, special forces vehicles, prisoner transport vehicles, etc.
• Collection machines. Armored cars with a compartment for carrying cash.
• Fire trucks. Machines that provide extinguishing fires in a variety of conditions.
• medical vehicles. A broad category of vehicles, the most typical of which are ambulances. It also includes special vehicles for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating rooms and other types of vehicles.
• Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the military - mobile headquarters, recreation vehicles for rescuers and maintenance personnel, mobile video surveillance points and much more.

In most cases, vehicles from leading Russian and foreign manufacturers are used to create special vehicles, which are distinguished by high quality, reliability and cross-country ability.

Modern special vehicles are equipped with advanced technological solutions.

is the distribution of various cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of construction, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Classification by purpose

Vehicles differ in their purpose. Passenger and trucks, as well as special purpose vehicles can be distinguished.

If everything is very clear with passenger and cargo cars, then special vehicles are not designed to transport people and goods. Such vehicles transport the equipment that is attached to them. So, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, mobile shops and other cars that are equipped with one or another equipment.

If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the capacity of the vehicle is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.

The transporter can be used for general purpose or for the transport of special cargo. General purpose cars have in their design a body with sides without a tipping device. Also they can be completed with an awning and arches for installation.

Special-purpose trucks have in their design various technical capabilities for the transportation of certain goods. For example, the panel carrier is optimized for easy transport of panels and building boards. The dump truck is used mainly for bulk cargo. The fuel truck is designed for light oil products.

Trailers, semi-trailers, drop trailers

Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment. These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dissolutions.

A trailer is one of the types of vehicles used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car with the help of towing.

A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without the participation of a driver. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.

The trailer dissolution is intended for transportation of long loads. The design provides for a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.

The towing vehicle is called a tractor. Such a car is equipped with a special device that allows you to couple the car and any of the trailers. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However, the truck tractor is in a separate category of vehicles.

Indexing and types

Previously, in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It denoted the factory where the car was produced.

In 1966, the so-called industry standard OH 025270-66 "Classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and components" was adopted. This document not only allowed to classify the types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment also began to be classified.

Under this system, all vehicles, the classification of which was described in this document, had four, five or six digits in their index. According to them, it was possible to determine the categories of vehicles.

Deciphering digital indices

By the second digit it was possible to find out the type of vehicle. 1 - passenger vehicle, 2 - bus, 3 - general purpose truck, 4 - truck tractor, 5 - dump truck, 6 - tanker, 7 - van, 9 - special purpose vehicle.

As for the first digit, it denoted the vehicle class. For example, passenger vehicles, the classification of which was carried out by engine size. Trucks are divided into weight classes. Buses differed in length.

Classification of passenger vehicles

According to the industry standard, passenger wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.

• 1 - an especially small class, the engine size was up to 1.2 liters;
• 2 - small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 l;
• 3 - middle-class cars, engine size from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
• 4 - large class with a volume above 3.5 liters;
• 5 - the highest class of passenger vehicles.

Today, the industry standard is no longer required, and many factories do not adhere to it. However, domestic auto manufacturers still use this indexation.

Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the number remained.

Foreign-made cars and their classification system

Indexes of foreign cars that were imported into the territory of our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted normal. Therefore, in 1992, the Motor Vehicle Certification System was introduced, and since October 1, 1998, its modified version has been in force.

For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called “Vehicle Type Approval”. It followed from the document that each vehicle should have its own separate brand.

To simplify the procedure for passing certification in the Russian Federation, the so-called International Classification System is used. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be attributed to one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.

Categories of vehicles according to the international system

Group L includes any vehicle with less than four wheels, as well as ATVs:

• The L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a top speed of 50 km/h. If the design of the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, then its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If an electric motor is used as a power unit, then the power ratings must be less than 4 kW;
• L2 - a three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km / h, and the engine capacity is 50 cm³;
• L3 - a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its maximum speed is higher than 50 km/h;
• L4 - a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar for carrying a passenger;
• L5 - tricycles, the speed of which exceeds 50 km / h;
• The L6 is a lightweight quad. The curb weight of the vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; The maximum speed is not more than 50 km/h;
• L7 is a full-fledged ATV with a mass of up to 400 kg.

• M1 is a vehicle for the carriage of passengers with no more than 8 seats;
• M2 - vehicles with more than eight passenger seats;
• M3 - vehicles with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
• M4 - a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight of more than 5 tons.

• N1 - trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - vehicles with a mass of 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - vehicles with a mass of more than 12 tons.

Vehicle classification according to the European Convention

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted in Austria. The classification provided in this document is used to designate different categories of transport.

Types of vehicles under the Convention

It includes several categories:

• A - these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized vehicles;
• B - cars with a mass of up to 3500 kg and no more than eight seats;
• C - all vehicles, except for those that belong to category D. The mass must be more than 3500 kg;
• D - passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
• E - freight transport, tractors.

Category E allows drivers to drive road trains that consist of a tractor. Also here you can include any vehicles of classification B, C, D. These vehicles can work as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with other categories, and it is put on the vehicle certificate when registering a car.

Unofficial European classification

In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is used quite widely. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here you can distinguish categories depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. Basically, this classification is used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and evaluation.

Class A contains small-capacity vehicles of low cost. F are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other kinds of machines. There are no clear boundaries here. This is a wide variety of cars.

With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that different models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.

A striking example of such a phenomenon is a parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.

VIN codes

In fact, this is a unique vehicle number. In such a code, all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical characteristics of a particular model is encrypted. Numbers can be found on many one-piece units and assemblies of machines. They are mainly found on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.

Those who developed and implemented these numbers introduced the most simple and reliable method, which greatly facilitates the process of classifying cars. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.

The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher suite is not very large, each code has 17 characters. Basically, these are letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated from the code itself.

The process of calculating the control number is a fairly powerful means of protecting against broken numbers. Destroying numbers is not difficult. But to make such a number so that it falls under the control number is already a separate and rather difficult task.

In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting automakers use common rules for calculating the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.

So, we found out what types of vehicles are, and examined their detailed classification.

At the very beginning of the automobile era, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, cars were exclusively passenger cars. Very soon there was their first separation according to purpose: for the transport of people and for the transport of goods. Today there are several classifications of road transport, but its purpose will always come first.

What are the classes of cars

Freight machines are designed to transport various goods over short and long distances.

Passenger carry over 8 people and are a variety of buses.

Cars carry up to 8 people, these are the most mass-produced cars.

Cargo-passenger capable of transporting people and goods at the same time.

Special- These are specialized vehicles for performing certain tasks.

Comparison

The design of each of them is “sharpened” at the design stage to solve one specific problem. This achieves its maximum efficiency.

Trucks, along with rail, water and air transport, play an important role in the economy of any country, ensuring the transportation of goods to the right places. Trucks are divided by carrying capacity and body type: flatbed, covered, awning, dump trucks carrying ready-made building materials (for example, concrete mixers), liquid and frozen foods, containers. Trucks also include a variety of tractors: from powerful army to long-range road trains with trailers and semi-trailers.

Passenger cars are represented exclusively by buses of different sizes. This class includes minibuses (minibuses), urban public transport workers, and buses providing suburban and local passenger transportation. A special place among the buses is occupied by specialized models - school ones, designed exclusively for children. More powerful and larger buses run on intercity routes. The most representative buses in terms of construction, design and level of passenger comfort are tourist models. Intercity and tourist buses often travel outside the country.

Passenger cars opened the era of motor transport and today are the undisputed leader in the automotive industry. Every year, tens of millions of them are produced all over the world. Within their class, passenger cars are divided according to body type and engine displacement. Perhaps, it is here that all the variety of design ideas of the automotive industry and the entire design scope are concentrated. Under one roof, modest minicars for two people and chic long limousines, inside which the rich and superstars hide, business pickups and family minivans, swift sedans and unpretentious crossovers, gather. A passenger car today cannot do without the use of the latest materials, computer filling and a satellite positioning system.

Cargo-passenger vehicles are used where it is required to transport both people and goods at the same time. For example, on the basis of a passenger minibus, a carrier of small-sized pieces of furniture and similar goods was created together with loaders. And on the basis of a truck KamAZ - a car delivering a locksmith team on duty, along with tools and equipment, to the place of urgent work.

Special vehicles include specialized emergency vehicles: ambulances and fire trucks. A large separate group consists of special vehicles for various construction and road works: tractors, graders, excavators, bulldozers, truck cranes. Several types of sweepers are used to clean city streets. Mobile shops help to conduct mobile retail trade. Amphibians will help to reach hard-to-reach places, armored cars will help to survive in hot spots. Finally, the brightest and most famous representatives of special cars are racing models: Formula 1 cars, NASCAR lightning bolts, light and durable buggies.

Findings site

1. Trucks provide transportation of various goods. They transport goods both in the body and in trailers.
2. Passenger cars carry more than 8 people, these are buses of different capacities.
3. Cars carry from 2 to 8 people. Such models are produced in the world more of all classes of vehicles.
4. Passenger cars have the greatest variety in body type.
5. Passenger-and-freight vehicles transport people along with goods.
6. Special vehicles are designed to perform certain tasks of a narrow direction.