For many car owners deciphering the markings of car tires is a difficult task since most people are not familiar with the designations found on the side of the tire. Meanwhile, this information will be useful to any car owner, because thanks to it you will be able to buy tires that best meet your needs. For example, when buying summer or winter tires. In the material below, we have collected, structured information, and provided for you tire marking designation in an interactive, easy-to-read format.
Basic markings
There are a large number of elements for marking tires. Let's start with the main ones:
Deciphering the designations on tires
- manufacturer;
- brand or model name of the tire;
- tire size;
- maximum load index;
- speed index;
- appointment;
- level of protection;
- seasonality and operating conditions;
- other information.
Manufacturer. Usually the name of the manufacturer is written in capital letters so that it is clearly visible. This is done mainly for advertising purposes. In addition, many manufacturers have a logo made in the original style, which they try to convey to all their products. There are many manufacturers in the world car tires, so there is no point in dwelling on them.
Trademark or line. Many manufacturers own several brands under which tires for cars are produced. And almost everyone makes rubber in several lines and models. Within one line, you can buy a tire with different sizes and characteristics. This greatly simplifies the choice and expands its possibilities.
Tire size. Perhaps this is the most important mark car tires. Consider it for specific example- 195/60R14. In this case, 195 mm is the width of the tire profile. It is calculated as the distance between the outer edges of the sidewalls of an inflated tire (excluding protective belts, various markings and other additional means that may occur). The number 60 is the ratio of the profile height to its width, expressed as a percentage. In this case, 195 × 0.6 = 117 mm. The letter R stands for English word Radial, which means radial type of tire (today, the radial type of rubber is the most used, it has replaced the older diagonal type everywhere). The last number (in this case 14) indicates the bore diameter (disc diameter), expressed in inches. If the letter C (short for commercial) is added after the diameter, this means that the tire has an increased ply rating, so it can be used in small trucks, vans or minibuses. In the latter case, the load capacity index of such tires is written in two numbers. The first means the allowable load on a single tire, the second - on a dual tire.
For example, a 185/75 R16C 104/102S tire has increased strength and has a load index of 104 (900 kg) for a single installation, and 102 (850 kg) for a dual installation. In this case, the maximum allowable speed is 180 km / h (determined by the speed index S, we will touch on the load and speed indices below).
On some tires, the percentage ratio between the width and height of the profile is not indicated. In this case, you need to know that it is in the range of 0.8 ... 0.82. However, in all cases when this value is below 0.8, it must be indicated on the tire in increments of 0.05.
For tires made in the United States, there is an alternative rubber designation system that is slightly different from the standard one. Consider it in the following example - 35 / 12.5 R15 113Q. In this case, the number 35 means tire outside diameter in inches. And 12.5 is the nominal width in inches. The rest of the information is identical to the standard described above. That is, the main difference is the use of inches instead of millimeters.
Correspondence table of radial tires of passenger cars to the profile of the wheel rim.
Lung Tire Correspondence Table trucks and buses of small capacity wheel rim profile.
Tire Load Index(Load Index). In this case, we are talking about the maximum allowable weight that the tire can withstand. This value is encrypted in the form of numbers, which by themselves do not show the mass, but only contain a cipher. An approximate value can be calculated if the gross vehicle weight is divided by four. usually write immediately after the size.
| Load index | Load index | Load index | Load index | Load index | |||||
| 62 | 265 | 75 | 387 | 88 | 560 | 101 | 825 | 114 | 1180 |
| 63 | 272 | 76 | 400 | 89 | 580 | 102 | 850 | 115 | 1215 |
| 64 | 280 | 77 | 412 | 90 | 600 | 103 | 875 | 116 | 1250 |
| 65 | 290 | 78 | 425 | 91 | 615 | 104 | 900 | 117 | 1285 |
| 66 | 300 | 79 | 437 | 92 | 630 | 105 | 925 | 118 | 1320 |
| 67 | 307 | 80 | 450 | 93 | 650 | 106 | 950 | 119 | 1360 |
| 68 | 315 | 81 | 462 | 94 | 670 | 107 | 975 | 120 | 1400 |
| 69 | 325 | 82 | 475 | 95 | 690 | 108 | 1000 | 121 | 1450 |
| 70 | 335 | 83 | 487 | 96 | 710 | 109 | 1030 | 122 | 1500 |
| 71 | 345 | 84 | 500 | 97 | 730 | 110 | 1060 | 123 | 1550 |
| 72 | 355 | 85 | 515 | 98 | 750 | 111 | 1090 | 124 | 1600 |
| 73 | 365 | 86 | 530 | 99 | 775 | 112 | 1120 | 125 | 1650 |
| 74 | 375 | 87 | 545 | 100 | 800 | 113 | 1150 | 126 | 1700 |
When studying the information provided, it must be remembered that in this case it speaks only of limit load for the tire as such, that is, without reference to a specific vehicle and operating conditions. In addition, do not forget that the tire should not work in critical conditions, that is. at maximum load. If you have a passenger car, then you should not allow the load to increase to 80% of the given values. And if you are the owner of an SUV - then up to 70%. Excessive load not only brings failure, but is also extremely dangerous due to a possible explosion. And if it happens on high speed, This can be deadly!
When choosing a tire, pay attention to the indices of maximum loads and speed. Always take the value with a margin, but do not overdo it. After all, than heavy load the tire is calculated, the more massive and heavier it will be. And this will directly affect the dynamics of the car and fuel consumption. It is better to stick to the "golden mean".
E1 - E48(usually written in a circle). It means in which country the tire passed the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) quality requirements and the standard number.
| Correspondence table of codes and countries of standardization | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Code | Country of standardization | Code | Country of standardization |
| E1 | Germany | E21 | Portugal |
| E2 | France | E22 | Russia |
| E3 | Italy | E23 | Greece |
| E4 | Netherlands | E24 | Ireland |
| E5 | Sweden | E25 | Croatia |
| E6 | Belgium | E26 | Slovenia |
| E7 | Hungary | E27 | Slovakia |
| E8 | Czech | E28 | Belarus |
| E9 | Spain | E29 | Estonia |
| E10 | Yugoslavia | E31 | Bosnia/Herzegovina |
| E11 | Great Britain | E34 | Bulgaria |
| E12 | Austria | E36 | Lithuania |
| E13 | Luxembourg | E37 | Türkiye |
| E14 | Switzerland | E39 | Azerbaijan |
| E15 | Not used | E40 | Macedonia |
| E16 | Norway | E43 | Japan |
| E17 | Finland | E45 | Australia |
| E18 | Denmark | E46 | Ukraine |
| E19 | Romania | E47 | South Africa |
| E20 | Poland | E48 | New Zealand |
Designation of the maximum load and maximum pressure
(Max Load, measured in kilograms or pounds). The value is the same as above. The difference lies in the fact that the characteristic is given in absolute terms. When doing this, pay attention to where the tire is made so as not to confuse the values \u200b\u200bof kilograms or pounds (for reference 1 lb = 0.4536 kg).
Index correspondences and maximum speed values
This information is encrypted in the form of letters of the English alphabet. We present for you another tire marking table, where the decoding of the mentioned index is presented. Designated speed allowed at maximum load on the tire. This index is usually specified after the load index.
Maximum allowable pressure(Max Pressure). This is one of the most important information available on the marking of passenger tires. Pressure is reported in kPa or PSI (pounds per square inch, a US non-systemic unit of pressure). Often on tires you can find values \u200b\u200bin one and the other units at the same time. If only one value is indicated on the tire, then remember that 1 kgf / cm2 (technical atmosphere) \u003d 0.98 bar \u003d 14.223 PSI \u003d 98.066 kPa. You can find more information about what pressure should be in the tires of various cars at.
M+S lettering and winter tire image
M+S tire marking(sometimes M&S). This designation is used mainly by European tire manufacturers. The letter M stands for the English word Mud, which translates as "mud". And the letter S - Snow, snow. These designations tell the car owner that the tire can be used in appropriate conditions. The fact is that in European countries winters are less severe than in Russia, so there is more mud than snow and ice. And the tires, which are traditionally called “winter” in our country, are more likely to be called arctic by Europeans.
Tire markings by season and surface. You may also come across the following variations of seasonality:
One of the options for designating all-season tires
- AS(All Seasons, Any Season). Rubber is suitable for use at any time of the year.
- AGT(All Grip Traction). All season tire.
- R+W(Road + Winter). Translated means “road” + “winter”. That is, rubber for use in the cold season.
- Frost. This is what winter tires are.
- A.W.(Any Weather). Suitable for use in any weather.
- A/T (All Terrain). The rubber is suitable for use on any terrain.
- M/T(Mud Terrain). The tire can be used on muddy terrain.
It is worth adding that some manufacturers illustrate the weather properties of their tires not with the help of inscriptions, but by applying appropriate drawings. For example, if you meet drawn together snowflake, rain and sun- it means. that the tire is all-weather. An image is used to indicate winter tires snowflakes or mountain peaks(sometimes both figures are combined). In addition, on some models of winter tires, instead of standard wear indicators (having a size of 1.6 mm), winter ones are used (their thickness is 4 mm). Usually winter tire can be distinguished by touch. Its surface is softer.
Common designation for all-weather tires
Rain tires. Next, we will consider how to decipher the marking of tires intended for use in conditions of large amounts of water. Such tires are designated by the following words - Aquatred, Aquacontact, Rain, Water, Aqua. In some cases, instead of words, an umbrella is drawn on the side of the tire.
tire function. Now consider where the tire can be used. The letters in front of the standard size will tell you about this:
- P(Passenger). Can be used in a car.
- LT(Light Truck). For light trucks or vans.
- ST(Special Trailer). For trailers.
- LRO(Low Platform Trailer). For use on low bed trailers.
- T(Temporary). For temporary use (as a spare wheel).
Week and year of manufacture of the tire, as well as the mark of the DOT standard
Year of issue. Car tire marking allows you to find out information about the month and year of tire production. In particular, this information is encrypted in four small numbers enclosed in an oval on the side surface of the product. The first two digits in this case mean the ordinal number of the week in the year, and the second - the year itself. For example, marking 1015 tells us that the tire was released in 2015, on the 10th week of the year, that is, approximately at the beginning of March.
Temperature, braking and wear indices
Indices. Often, three indices are written on American tires after the size:
- Temperature index(Temperature A, B, C). Shows how resistant the tire is to high temperatures, and whether it loses its properties. In particular, A is considered the best index.
- Deceleration index(Traction A, B, C). The property of a tire to brake and grip the road surface on wet and slippery surfaces. Similarly, A is considered the best index.
- Expected mileage(Treadwear). It is measured in numbers over 100, since it is this number that is the base value (the number 100 corresponds to 48 thousand kilometers). Accordingly, the larger it is, the better. This parameter is determined in accordance with the existing standard in the United States.
Type of tire wear indicator
Design details. Sometimes, when marking all-season and other tires, the manufacturer writes information from which layers the coating is made. For example, the inscription TREAD PLIES: 2 POLYESTER CORD+2 STEEL CORD+1 NYLON CORD means that the coating consists of two layers of polyester, two layers of metal cord and one layer of nylon cord.
wear indicator. It shows how much the tire has worn out, and accordingly, is it time to replace it. Usually located at the bottom of the groove closest to the inscription TWID(sometimes inscriptions are used TWI, DSI). An arrow points to its location, making it easier to find. You can find more information about tire wear in the corresponding one.
spikes. On tires where spikes are used, manufacturers indicate the following information:
- AD. Aluminum spikes.
- SD. Spikes with carbide core.
- DD. Spikes with a rectangular core and a diamond edge.
- OD. Spikes with an oval core.
- MD. Plastic spikes with carbide core.
colored labels. In some cases, tire manufacturers use color marking their products. So, for this, white, red and yellow colors are used, in particular, the corresponding circles or triangles.
Tire color codes
A red dot or triangle is placed in the place that is the hardest on the sidewall of the tire. If you are installing it on an alloy wheel, then this point must be aligned with the L mark on the wheel. A white dot or triangle means the most flexible spot on the sidewall. When installing rubber on an alloy wheel, this place should be diametrically opposed to the L mark. The yellow triangle means the lightest place, which must be combined with the place where the spool is installed on the disk.
Occasionally, you can see colored lines applied to the tread of a new tire. They are factory markings that help warehouse workers keep tires with certain specifications in one place. On the other hand, in the presence of such stripes, the consumer can be sure that the tire has not yet been in use.
Puncture Protection Information. Tire manufacturers use different technologies to protect tires from cuts and punctures. In particular, different manufacturers designate them differently. Below is a correspondence table.
Tire designation with reinforced sidewalls
These technologies allow the car to continue moving at partial or full speed from 50 to 150 kilometers, provided that the speed of movement does not exceed 80 km/h. In addition, there is a marking indicating the presence or absence of some additional protections. In particular:
- MFS(Maximum Flange Shield). Maximum disc rim protection.
- FR(Flange Protector, similar to RPB (Rim Protection Bar) or MFS (Maximum Flange Sheild)). Tire with rim protection.
- Facebook(Flat Base). The tire does not have a structural element that would protect the disc rim from damage on the curbs.
Car tire color coding. If the manufacturer applies some color advertising or other designations to the side of the tire, then in coded form it looks like this:
- OWL(Outline White Letters). Contour white letters on the sidewall of the tire.
- BSW(Black Side Wall). Black letters on the sidewall of the tire (in the brand name of the tire).
- VSB(Vertical Serrated Band). Vertical jagged stripe.
- RWL. White stripe on the side.
- ORBL(Outlined Raised Black Letters). Black highlighted raised letters on the sidewall.
- RRBL(Recessed Raised Black Letters). Recessed embossed black letters.
- WSW. White side.
- BLK. Black side.
Additional Information. When marking winter and summer tires, manufacturers sometimes write Additional information about the quality and characteristics of their products. So, sometimes you can see the following designations:
- TUBELESS. This inscription means that you have a tubeless tire in front of you.
- TUBE TYPE(or TT, on German tires they write Mit Schlauch). On the contrary, in front of you is a tire that requires the installation of a camera.
"Tyre with increased ply"
- PR. This is how the layering norm is denoted. For car tires, its value is usually 4PR (most often) or 6PR. The inscription Reinforced in this case means “reinforced” (has 6 layers). If the tire has a ply rating of 6PR or 8PR, then it can be used in small trucks, vans or minibuses (commercial, has 8 plies).
- Manufacturer country. In addition to the name of the manufacturer itself, on some tires they also write the country of manufacture.
- Designation of the outer and inner sides. If the tire is asymmetric, then the word OUTSIDE (sometimes Side Facing Out) will be written on its outer side, and INSIDE (sometimes Side Facing Inwards) will be written on the inside.
- Left or Right. In the first case, the tire can only be installed on the left side of the car, in the second - only on the right.
- Direction of rotation. To do this, use the word Rotation and an arrow indicating the direction of rotation of the wheel when moving forward.
Reinforced tire
- XL(Extra Load). This is a reinforced tire.
- Steel. Inside the tire structure there is a metal cord. If this inscription is not present, then a textile cord is used. The designation All Steel corresponds to the fact that the metal cord is used in both the carcass and the breaker.
- DOT X0(Department of Transportation, US Department of Transportation, X0 is tire manufacturer's code). This is the American quality standard applied in this case to tires. That is, the rubber corresponds to it.
- Plies: thread. Composition of the tread layer.
- Sidewall. The composition of the sidewall layer.
- DA or Secunda(in the form of a stamp). Such seals are placed on tires obtained during the production process. minor defects, which, however, do not prevent them normal operation.
Green tire label
- Green X, Reduces CO2. This is the designation of rubber, which has low level rolling resistance, which helps to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (so-called “green tyres”).
- ND(Non Directional). Tire with non-directional tread pattern.
- NHS(Non Highway Service). Rubber for low speeds.
- SAG(Super All Grip). Tires of the increased passableness.
- SUV(Sport Utility Vehicles). Rubber designed for crossovers, sport utility vehicles and heavy-duty all-wheel drive vehicles.
- REGROOVABLE. Possibility of deepening the tread pattern by cutting.
- RETREAD. The tire has been used and restored.
- Studless. Cannot be studded.
- Studdable. To be studded.
Winter studded tire marking
- Studded. Studded tire.
- GOST or THAT. Usually, on domestic tires, manufacturers write the GOST number or specifications according to which the product was manufactured.
Helpful information
You should also remember that most of the world's well-known tire manufacturers have their own designations for some of the nuances, operating conditions and technologies used in the manufacture. You can find this information on the official website of the rubber manufacturer.
Try to install tires on your car not only of the same size and design, but also of the same model and manufacturer. After all, despite their external similarity, different rubber has different characteristics, which in critical situations can play a decisive role.
Also avoid the following situations when installing different tires on your vehicle:
- front and high-profile rear;
- tires with studs in the front and without them in the back;
- front new tires with a good tread, and behind "bald", or vice versa.
We present for you a table with information about the recommended options for replacing tire sizes.
| Tire replacement table | |
|---|---|
| Tire replacement size | Replacement option (the most appropriate option is indicated at the beginning of the list) |
| 135/80R12 | 155/70R12, 155/65R13 |
| 165/70R13 | 185/65R13, 165/65R14, 175/70R13, 185/60R14, 195/50R15 |
| 175/70R13 | 175/65R14, 185/60R14, 185/65R13, 155/R13, 165/70R14, 165/65R14 |
| 175/70R14 | 185/65R14, 195/60R14, 195/55R15 |
| 185/70R14 | 195/65R14, 205/55R15, 195/60R15 |
| 195/65R15 | 215/60R15, 235/55R15, 205/55R16, 215/55R15 |
| 195/70R15 | 205/65R15, 225/60R15, 205/55R16 |
| 205/70R15 | 215/65R15, 235/60R15, 205/65R15, 225/65R15 |
| 205/70R15 | 205/75R15, 215/65R15 |
The data from the table will help you choose the right tire size, as well as its size. better fit to your car. After all, you can’t put any tires on a car, they may simply not fit, no matter how much you would like to. Note that all tire sizes that can be fitted to a particular vehicle are listed on a table on the A-pillar or door sill, along with tire pressure data recommended by the manufacturer.
Conclusion
We have tried to provide you with the most complete information on how manufacturers encrypt tire performance data. We are sure that from now on you can easily figure out what the markings on car tires mean. If you have come across notations that are not in the above material, we will be glad to see your comments in the discussion.
Tire marking decoding
The main marking parameters are shown in the following figure:
Example: 195/65 R15 91 T XL
195 is the tire width in mm.
65 - Proportionality, i.e. attitude profile height to width . In our case, it is equal to 65%. Simply put, with the same width, the larger this indicator, the higher the tire will be and vice versa. Usually this value is called simply - "profile".
For example, we can consider two tires: the first - 195/70 R14 and the second - 195/65 R14 and calculate their diameter (in fact, height). The general formula is as follows:
high
prop
Width
Substituting any two known parameters, you can calculate the third. Calculation for the first tire:
high
0.70
Where does the height High = 0.70 * 195 = 136.5 mm. (this is the height on one side, it still needs to be multiplied by 2).
Consider that the diameter of 14 inches is 355.6 mm.
Then the total height of the 195/70 R14 tire will be 136.5 * 2 + 355.6 = 628.6 mm
Calculation for the second tire:
high
0.65
From where height = 0.65 * 195 = 126.75 mm. (this is the height on one side, it still needs to be multiplied by 2).
The diameter of 14 inches is equal to 355.6 mm.
That is, the total height of a 195/65 R14 tire will be 126.75 * 2 + 355.6 = 609.1 mm
Thus, the height above the ground of the vehicle axle will differ by (628.6-609.1)/2 = 9.75 mm. That is, the difference is about 1 cm.
Since the tire profile is a relative value, it is important to consider when choosing rubber that if you want to put tires with a size of 205/65 R15 instead of the size 195/65 R15, then not only the width of the tire will increase, but also the height! Which in most cases is unacceptable! (except when both of these sizes are indicated in the car's operating book). You can calculate the exact data on changing the outer dimensions of the wheel in a special tire calculator.
If this ratio is not indicated (for example, 185/R14С), then it is equal to 80-82% and the tire is called full profile. Reinforced tires with this marking are usually used on minibuses and light trucks, where a large maximum wheel load is very important.
R - means a tire with radial cord(in fact, now almost all tires are made this way).
Many mistakenly believe that R- stands for the radius of the tire, but this is the designation of the radial design of the tire. There is also a diagonal design (indicated by the letter D), but recently it has practically not been produced, since its performance is noticeably worse.
15 - diameter of the wheel (disk) in inches. (It is the diameter, not the radius! This is also a common mistake). This is the “landing” diameter of the tire on the disk, i.e. is the inside size of the tire or the outside of the rim.
91 - load index. This is the level of maximum permissible load on one wheel. For passenger cars, it is usually done with a margin and is not a decisive value when choosing tires (in our case, SI = 91, i.e. 615 kg.). For minibuses and small trucks, this parameter is very important and must be observed.
Tire load index table
T - tire speed index. The larger it is, the faster you can drive on this tire (in our case, IS \u003d H, i.e. up to 210 km / h). Speaking about the tire speed index, I would like to note that with this parameter the tire manufacturer guarantees normal work rubber with the constant movement of the car at the specified speed for several hours.
Speed index table
Marking american tires:
There are two different markings for American tires. The first one is very similar to the European one, only the letters “P” are placed in front of the size (Passanger - for passenger car) or "LT" (Light Truck - light truck). For example: P 195/60 R 14 or LT 235/75 R15. And another tire marking, which is fundamentally different from the European one.
For example: 31x10.5 R15 (corresponds to European size 265/75 R15)
31
is the outside diameter of the tire in inches.
10.5
- tire width in inches.
R - a tire of a radial design (older models of tires were with a diagonal design).
15
is the inner diameter of the tire in inches.
Generally speaking, except for inches that are unusual for us, the American tire marking is logical and more understandable, unlike the European one, where the height of the tire profile is not constant and depends on the width of the tire. And here everything is simple with decoding: the first digit of the standard size is the outer diameter, the second is the width, the third is the inner diameter.
Additional information indicated in the marking on the sidewall of the tire:
XL or Extra Load - Reinforced tire, the load index of which is 3 units higher than that of conventional tires of the same size. In other words, if a given tire has a load index of 91 marked XL or Extra Load, then this means that with this index, the tire is able to withstand a maximum load of 670 kg instead of 615 kg (see the table of tire load indices).
M+S or M&S tire marking (Mud + Snow) - mud plus snow and means that the tires are all-season or winter. Many summer tires for SUVs are labeled M&S. However, these tires must not be used in winter time, because winter tires have a very different rubber compound and tread pattern, and the M&S badge indicates good performance tire patency.
All Season or AS all season tires. Aw (Any Weather) - Any weather.
Pictogram * (snowflake)- rubber is designed for use in harsh winter conditions. If this marking is not on the sidewall of the tire, then this tire is intended for use only in summer conditions.
Aquatred, Aquacontact, Rain, Water, Aqua or pictogram (umbrella)- special rain tires.
outside and inside ; asymmetric tires, i.e. It is important not to confuse which side is the outside and which is the inside. When installing, the Outside inscription must be on the outside of the car, and Inside on the inside.
RSC (RunFlat System Component) - RunFlat tires are tires on which you can continue driving a car at a speed of no more than 80 km / h with a FULL pressure drop in the tire (due to a puncture or cut). On these tires, depending on the manufacturer's recommendations, you can drive from 50 to 150 km. Different tire manufacturers use different designations for RSC technology. For example: Bridgestone RFT, Continental SSR, Goodyear RunOnFlat, Nokian Run Flat, Michelin ZP, etc.
rotation or arrow this marking on the sidewall of the tire indicates a directional tire. When installing the tire, you must strictly observe the direction of rotation of the wheel, indicated by the arrow.
tubeless- tubeless tire. In the absence of this inscription, the tire can only be used with a camera. Tube Type - indicates that this tire must be used only with a tube.
Max Pressure ; maximum allowable tire pressure. Max Load - maximum permissible load for each wheel of the car, in kg.
Reinforced or the letters RF in the size (for example 195/70 R15RF) means that this is a reinforced tire (6 layers). The letter C at the end of the size (for example 195/70 R15C) indicates a truck tire (8 layers).
Radial - this marking on the rubber in the standard size means that this is a radial tire design. Steel means that there is a metal cord in the tire structure.
Letter E (in a circle) - the tire meets the European requirements of ECE (Economic Commission for Europe). DOT (Department of Transportation - US Department of Transportation) is an American quality standard.
Temperature A, B or C heat resistance of tires at high speeds on a test bench (A is the best indicator).
Traction A, B or C - the ability of the tire to brake on a wet roadway.
Treadwear ; relative expected mileage compared to a specific US standard test.
TWI (Tread Wear Indication) - Tire tread wear indicators. The marking on the TWI wheel can also be with an arrow. The pointers are evenly spaced in eight or six places around the entire circumference of the tire and show the minimum allowable depth protector. The wear indicator is made in the form of a protrusion with a height of 1.6 mm (the minimum tread value for light vehicles) and is located in the tread recess (usually in the drainage grooves).
The DOT mark is an official safety standard and indicates that the tire complies with the Department of Transportation's tire safety regulations.
DOT- This is the American safety standard (Department of Transportation). On tires supplied to Russian market, the most common mark is E, which indicates compliance with European standards. Such tags can be found both together and separately, it all depends on the country of manufacture. The dual designation E and DOT is applied if the tires are classified according to the double standard. The latter is common, as many European tire manufacturers also supply tires to the American market. If there is only E, without a number, this is an occasion to think about the legal origin of the tire.
In the United States, this problem was faced half a century ago, in connection with which the US Department of Transportation (DOT), to help consumers choose tires, developed a system for labeling tire products according to the Uniform Tire Quality Grade (UTQG) - a single quality assessment for quick identification of a tire that takes into account 3 parameter: tread wear resistance, grip properties and resistance to overheating. In the United States, a special test site at Longfellow Air Force Base, Texas.
Today, such testing is carried out by every reputable manufacturer.
American tire testing.
wear resistance tested on a circular asphalt-concrete track with a total length of 644 km. The tested tires cover 10,300 km. At the same time, a reference reference tire with known wear properties rolls next to the test tire. Every 1287 km, the remaining tread depth is measured. After that, tire wear is calculated. For 100% the index is taken as a distance of 48,279 km. A score of 100 is a basic standard, so a tire, for example, with an index of 150 will wear out 1.5 times longer. If a tire is rated 200, it means that it has twice the wear resistance. The main thing to remember is that the actual tire wear depends on the condition of the car, driving style, of course, on the climate and the quality of the roads. Therefore, in practice, the actual tire mileage is recognized as half of the mileage indicated by the index on the sidewall of the tire. For example real mileage tires with an index of "Treadwear 100" will be approximately 24139.5 km. In such a simple way, each of us can calculate for himself estimated time service of any bus.
Clutch characterizes the tire's ability to brake on wet roads. According to this parameter, tires are marked "Traction A". In total, there are three indices to indicate the level of grip - A, B and C. Moreover, level A is the highest, respectively, the tire with index C has worst grip on a wet road. This estimate is also revealed during the testing process. The test is carried out on a special test vehicle. The tire is inflated to 1.65 kg/cm2 (165 KPa) and mounted on a test apparatus (trailer with measuring equipment). The tire receives a load of 492 kg. The trailer is towed on a wet road at a speed of 65 km/h, then the spinning wheel is blocked, and while it slides down the road to a complete stop, the traction force is measured. It must be said that the resulting adhesion index shows the length stopping distance during straight-line braking, and does not reflect stability in turns and drifts.
Thermal resistance. The ability of the tire to withstand thermal overload is also marked with conditional indices A, B and C. When driving on high speeds internal heating in a tire is unavoidable, and poor heat resistance significantly shortens tire life. High temperatures can cause delamination of the tire, and excessive overheating can cause complete destruction of the tire. Therefore, according to DOT, the rubber sold must at least meet the requirements for a "C" grade. The overheat test is the last of the three tests and is carried out under laboratory conditions in a closed test bench. Within a few hours, in accordance with the UTQG Temperature Test Report, the tire is accelerated to a certain speed. At each stage, the internal temperature is measured. The speed at which the tire exceeds the maximum temperature rating is used to determine the letter temperature index.
As a result of all tests, the tire is issued a serial or an identification number, which consists of letters and numbers. Also on the tire, without fail, information about the type of cord and the number of rubber layers is applied. Sideways and on the running surface. For example, for passenger tires: DOT 109 Tread: 2 polyester + 2 steel + nylon. This information will “tell” almost everything about the tire to a competent buyer.
Today, European manufacturer you don't have to have your tires tested directly in the US to get DOT safety certification.
An enterprise wishing to receive this important document, itself conducts all the indicated tests. The American Department of Transportation, as they say, takes their word for it, but ... with one condition. If during the operation of certified tires in the United States the consumer has the slightest problem, then the specialists of the Department of Transportation must re-test without fail, and if the tire does not meet the requirements of the standard, the manufacturer will face a fine of up to 15 million dollars.
So only those enterprises that are 100 percent sure of the quality of their products apply for this prestigious certificate.
When buying tires for your car, you need to pay close attention to the labeling, otherwise it may reduce the technical characteristics of the vehicle and the safety of its operation. Some things can be understood without any knowledge, for example, which company made the tire. Some inscriptions and numbers can also be intuitively understood, especially if you know exactly what you need. But sometimes required parameters tires can “coexist” with unwanted ones, or rather, if you know what a certain inscription, letter, number or label means, then your choice will become more meaningful from a practical point of view.
Let's start with the fact that the Russian market is represented by products of domestic, North American, European and other manufacturers. This means that the marking of tires, although not significantly, will be different.
There are several main standards:
- Economic Commission for Europe is a European standard, it is very common, it is marked on tires in the form of the letter E in a circle with a number. The number is the code of the country that performed the certification.
- Department of Transportation is an American standard, marked as DOT. It should be noted that Americans have two standards, they differ in the metric system used. One standard is based on the Metric Sizing System, which is a European system based on measurements in millimeters. The second on the P-Metric Sizing System is a purely American system based on measurements in inches.
- GOST 4754-97 - domestic standard, according to which Russian manufacturers work.
- Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association - the Japanese JATMA standard, is very rare and in most cases in the Far East. This is what neither is "dear" Bridgestone, Toyo, Yokohama, Sumitomo and a number of others for domestic Japanese consumption.
Here are the main standards according to which tires are marked, but not all. For example, there is also an Australian standard based on ADR23, and many others, but we will not delve into the exotic.
And lastly, there are also tires that are labeled according to two standards at the same time. Both E and DOT are applied to them.
Tire dimensions.
So, let's begin. We take the tire and carefully look at the sidewall, starting from the outer radius. The first thing you should pay attention to is the size of the tire, they are printed in very large letters and numbers. You will see the inscription - 205/60 R16 92 H or other numbers in the same sequence. The Americans have P 205/60 R16, and if P-Metric is used, then, for example, it can be like this - 31x10.5 R15 or 35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R. A mixed system may look like this - 6.15-13 / 155-13.
The first number 205 is the width of the tread (tire) in millimeters (or in inches from our example 10.5 or 12.50). This parameter affects the dynamics of the car and the safety of its operation.
The second number 60 is the ratio of the profile height to the width of the tire as a percentage. Here it should be clearly understood that if, for example, the rubber is wider, and this parameter is the same, then the profile height will not be the same, it will be larger. Suppose, if we take our tire 205/60 R16 and, for example, 215/60 R16, then at first glance you might think that they are the same, including profiles, because both have this value equal to 60, only the tread of the second is wider by 10 mm. But we must not forget that 60 is a relative value - this is a ratio, the result of calculations. Let's do the reverse calculation and find out the real value in mm for these two tires - 205/60 R16 and 215/60 R16:
- 60:100x205=123mm;
- 60:100x215=129mm.
From our calculations, it can be seen that with equal values of this percentage (60), the profile height of the second tire is greater than that of the first. This must be taken into account, because, in most cases, an increase (change) in this indicator, relative to that recommended for your machine, is undesirable and even unacceptable.
Often, the percentage of the ratio of the height of a tire profile to its width is simply called “profile”. In no case should we forget that this is a relative value, i.e. it is far from always possible to judge the real height of the profile by this parameter.
Although, of course, this warning applies to cases when you order rubber, and if you buy it yourself, then, basically, the difference in profile height between two different tires can be seen without calculations.
The letter R - indicates the type of tire. In our case, it is radial, if there is no letter or there is D, then we have a diagonal tire, but they are much less common on cars, we talked about this in.
After the letter R is a number, in our case 16 (and 15 in mixed markings after the hyphen 13). This landing diameter, or wheel diameter in inches. Here, we hope, everything is clear. This diameter must match the diameter of your car - otherwise nothing. The Americans stood out, the first digit, in our case 31 or 35, is the outer diameter of the tire in inches.
The next number 92 (113) is the load index. A very important parameter that shows which tire can support the weight depends on its design and what materials were used in the manufacture of the sidewall and carcass. To determine the load index, take the total mass of your car, increase it by 30% and divide by 4. And then look at the plate and select, according to the mass obtained in your calculations (in kg), the appropriate load index in the first column of the table:
Tire Load Index.
| 65 | 639 | 290 | 84 | 1102 | 500 | 103 | 1929 | 875 |
| 66 | 661 | 300 | 85 | 1135 | 515 | 104 | 1984 | 900 |
| 67 | 677 | 307 | 86 | 1168 | 530 | 105 | 2039 | 925 |
| 68 | 694 | 315 | 87 | 1201 | 545 | 106 | 2094 | 950 |
| 69 | 717 | 325 | 88 | 1235 | 560 | 107 | 2149 | 975 |
| 70 | 739 | 335 | 89 | 1279 | 580 | 108 | 2205 | 1000 |
| 71 | 761 | 345 | 90 | 1323 | 600 | 109 | 2271 | 1030 |
| 72 | 783 | 355 | 91 | 1356 | 615 | 110 | 2337 | 1060 |
| 73 | 805 | 365 | 92 | 1389 | 630 | 111 | 2403 | 1090 |
| 74 | 827 | 375 | 93 | 1433 | 650 | 112 | 2469 | 1120 |
| 75 | 853 | 387 | 94 | 1477 | 670 | 113 | 2535 | 1150 |
| 76 | 882 | 400 | 95 | 1521 | 690 | 114 | 2601 | 1180 |
| 77 | 908 | 412 | 96 | 1565 | 710 | 115 | 2679 | 1215 |
| 78 | 937 | 425 | 97 | 1609 | 730 | 116 | 2756 | 1250 |
| 79 | 963 | 437 | 98 | 1653 | 750 | 117 | 2833 | 1285 |
| 80 | 992 | 450 | 99 | 1709 | 775 | 118 | 2910 | 1320 |
| 81 | 1019 | 462 | 100 | 1764 | 800 | 119 | 2998 | 1360 |
| 82 | 1047 | 475 | 101 | 1819 | 825 | 120 | 3086 | 1400 |
| 83 | 1074 | 487 | 102 | 1874 | 850 | 121 | 3197 | 1450 |
And the last letter, in our case H, is the speed index. Denotes speed mode in which the vehicle can be operated as safely and comfortably as possible, and the tire can maintain its round shape and effectively resist bursting. It all depends on what and how the breakers are made of.
Permissible speed indices.
| Speed index | J | K | L | M | N | P | Q | R | S | T | U | H | V | VR | W | Y | ZR |
| Add. Speed - km/h | 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200 | 210 | 240 | >210 | 270 | 300 | >240 |
- Passanger - tires installed on cars, marking P;
- Light Truck - tires designed for light trucks, vans and minibuses, marked LT;
- Special Trailer - these are tires for trailers, trailers, ST marking;
- Temporary - "temporary", "dokatka", used as a spare tire, marked T;
- Light Truck Personal - not entirely clear, but translated as light trucks for personal use, marking LTP.
In the same place on the outer radius of the tire, next to the size indication, you can see the name of the manufacturer in English and the name of the tire model. For example, Bridgestone Potenza or Nokian Hakkapeliitta R.
If the information indicated above is present in one form or another in the marking of any tire, then further is more difficult. Various manufacturers post the same information in different places, but this is not the worst thing. Each manufacturer, in addition to inscriptions, comes up with their own pictograms with drawings, which are quite difficult to understand.
Therefore, an important tip is that before buying the selected tire, in order to understand the marking, go to the manufacturer's website, this is the only way to understand what the pictogram of a Chinese border guard with a dog means, applied as a marking on the tire.
But seriously, let's dwell on the main notation, but if you haven't found below in our article the necessary information, then welcome to the manufacturer's website.
Manufacturer and production date.
So, without fail, Made in is applied to the tire (produced in ...), the country in which the tire was made is indicated. For example, Made in Finland (made in Finland) or Made in France (made in France).
To find the production date, look for four digits (may be in an oval). The first two digits are the week of production, the last two are the year. For example, 3813 (the thirty-eighth week, that is, the second half of September 2013).
Specifications and design features.
Most manufacturers indicate in the tire label specifications And design features tires, and also put certain marks. Let's start with RSC technology (RunFlat System Componen). Simply put, these tires after damage can travel a certain distance, i.e. at low speed (up to 80 km / h) you can drive on a flat tire up to 150 km. Different manufacturers have their own markings for such tires, for example:
- DSST - Dunlop;
- ZP SR or ZP - Michelin;
- Run Flat-Nokian;
- RFT-Bridgestone;
- RunOnFlat-Goodyear;
- SSR - Continental.
Now let's look at the main notation:
- tubeless tire - Tubeless or TL;
- the tire to be used with the tube is MIT SCHLAUCH, Tube Type, or TT;
- reinforced tire, several options are used - Reinf, XL (Extra Load) Reinforced or letters RF;
- tires with a radial type of construction - Radial;
- the tire uses a metal cord - Steel;
- retreaded tire - Retread;
- the maximum allowable tire pressure, measured in kPa - MAX PRESSURE;
- the maximum allowable load per tire in kg or pounds - Max Load;
- TWID or TWI (tread wear index) - indicates the location of the tread indicator;
Some markings indicate the composition of the tire. Look for the inscription Plies: and the decoding of the information:
- Tread area - information of what the protector consists of, for example, Nylon and Steel (nylon and steel);
- Sidewall - information about what the sidewall consists of, for example, Nylon.
The degree of protection of the rim can also be indicated (more often on low profile tires– there is a disk protection edge). Main marking:
- rim without protection - FB (flat base);
- rim with protection - FR (flange protector);
- sidewalk and curb impact protection rim - MFS - (Maximum Flange Sheild) or RPB (Rim Protection Bar).
The latest feature from manufacturers is tires that save fuel. They are designated differently - you can meet Green X or Reduces CO2.
Tire specialization and operating conditions.
Each tire must indicate its specialization, that is, the purpose and operating conditions, there are several main options:
- snow and mud - M&S, M+S or the inscription Mud and Snow;
- mud tire - M / T or the inscription Mud Terrain;
- winter - a snowflake icon or the inscription Winter;
- rain tire - the inscriptions Rain (rain), Aquatred, Aqua, Aquacontact, and in some cases Water (water) or an umbrella icon - as a rule, a summer tire with increased resistance to aquaplaning;
- all-season - designated All Season, A.G.T. or AS, may be designed for a specific region, for example, All Season North America (all season for North America), also found Road + Winter or R + W;
- universal - AW, or the inscription Any Weather, can be used in any weather.
Installation order.
There are unique asymmetric tires and a number of others that require certain installation conditions, then the marking indicates how and where exactly the tire should be installed. Main options:
- the outer part of the asymmetric tire - the inscriptions Outside or Side Facing Out;
- the inner part of the asymmetric tire - Inside or Side Facing Inwards;
- the direction of rotation of the directional tire is an arrow and the inscription Rotation;
- the tire is installed only on the left side - the inscription Left;
- the tire is installed exclusively on the right side - the inscription Right.
Tire homologation.
In order to increase performance characteristics tire manufacturers do their homologation. Speaking in an accessible language, they produce tires for cars of a certain manufacturer. Here is the homologation marking for the main manufacturers:
- Mercedes-Benz - MO and variations for certain models, for example, MO1 for the SL65 AMG;
- Porsche - N and a number, for example, N0, N1, N2, N, in some cases are also suitable for Volkswagen Touareg;
- Audi - general marking AO, for model range Quattro-RO
- BMW - homologation hidden under the *, for the M-series * BMW;
- Ferrari - tires for horses from the Italian stable designate K1;
- Jaguar - tires for an English kitten are marked with the letter J.
The list goes on, if you find such a marking, then contact the manufacturer's website.
And again the Americans.
The American UTOG marking has its own nuances. Therefore, you can find the following marking on American tires:
- Traction - coefficient of adhesion to the road, it can be A, B or C, that is, for example, Traction C, the best, of course, is A;
- Temperature - heat resistance, all also A, B or C;
- Treadwear and a number - the degree of wear resistance, base 100, for example, Treadwear300.
Colored labels.
Tires can have not only inscriptions and pictograms, but also colored marks. The main ones are:
- triangle, square or circle yellow color– the lightest place on the tire, as a rule, near the nipple (combined with the heaviest place on the disk during tire fitting for better balancing);
- a triangle, square or red circle is the place where the maximum power heterogeneity is located, each tire has it and is determined by the production technology (during tire fitting, the red mark is combined with the white mark on the disk).
You can also find white stamps, colored stripes, but they are not important during tire operation.
The possibility of spikes.
To understand whether a tire can be studded or not, pay attention to the markings. The Studless inscription says that studding is not possible, and the Studdable inscription says that such tires can be studded.
And the last. Retreaded tires are designated Retread, and those with minor defects and factory discrepancies are designated DA.
First you need to understand that several tire sizes are suitable for one car.
This is due to the fact that for operation in winter period it is recommended to install tires with a smaller profile width, and vice versa in summer. Anyway tires of recommended sizes have approximately the same circumference along the outer diameter, which does not lead to distortion of the speedometer and odometer readings.
It is important to know that when calculating the recommended tire size, the manufacturer of your car takes into account almost all of its technical characteristics, including weight, acceleration dynamics, maximum speed, tendency to side skid, etc.
In order to choose the right tires, it is necessary to establish in what conditions the car is supposed to be used. Ask yourself some questions. What is the climate in the area where you live? Do you spend more time driving in the city or on the highway? The more questions, the easier the choice.
You can find information about tires of the right size in the car's owner's manual or on a sticker affixed to the end of the door, the inside of the glove box or the door. fuel tank.
Tire marking.
In this section, we will help you figure out how tires are marked and tell you what the inscriptions on the tire sidewall mean.
Picture 1.
Tire size.
It is written on the sidewall of the tire. For example: 195/65R1591T
195
/65 is the tire width in mm.
195/65
- this is the percentage of the height of the tire profile to its width (in our case, 65%). This parameter defines the height of the tire for the given tire width.
Please note that as the tire width increases, with the same profile value, the tire height also increases! The exact values of size changes can be viewed using the size tables in the mini car catalog.
If this figure is not on the sidewall of the tire (for example, 195/ R 15), then this value is 80% and such a tire is called "full profile"
R 15 - means the design of the tire (radial). Many motorists mistakenly think that R stands for tire radius. Passenger tires with a diagonal design are practically no longer available.
R 15 - disc diameter in inches, i.e. the inner diameter of the tire (namely, the diameter, not the radius).
91
- tire load index. This is a conditional indicator that determines the maximum load on the tire.
American size designation.
There are two types of American tire markings.
The first one is very similar to the European one, only the letters “P” (Passanger - for a passenger car) or “ LT"(Light Truck - light truck).
For example: P 195/60 R 14 or LT 235/75 R 15.
And another marking, which is fundamentally different from the European one.
For example: 31х10.5 R15
31x10.5 is the outer diameter of the tire in inches.
31x10.5 - tire width in inches.
R- tire of a radial design.
15 is the inner diameter of the tire in inches.
DOT marking.
The DOT marking is something like " fingerprint"tires.
Its presence indicates that the tire complies with the Department of Transportation's tire safety regulations and is approved for use.
DOT is an American certification system. On tires supplied to the Russian market, the mark is most often found E, which indicates compliance with European standards. Such tags can be found both together and separately, it all depends on the country of manufacture.
For example, consider the following label:
DOT M5H3 459X 064
First letters and numbers, following the abbreviation DOT, are used to identify the manufacturer and the factory code.
T third, fourth and fifth letters, 59X, designate a size code that tire manufacturers optionally specify to indicate their size and some characteristics.
Last three digits indicate the date of manufacture: the first two refer to the week, and the last to the year of manufacture. So, 064 means that the tire was made in the sixth week of 1994. All tires must comply with both international and Russian standards.
There are also such inscriptions:
TUBE TYPE (TT)- Chamber construction of auto tires.
TUBELESS (TL)- Tubeless tire design.
TR- The wear factor is determined in relation to the "base tire", for which it is equal to 100.
TRACTION A- Coefficient of adhesion, has the values A, B and C. Coefficient A has greatest value clutch in its class.
E17- Compliance of a car of the tire with the European standards.
DOT- Conformity of a car of the tire to standards of the USA.
M&S(Mud + Snow), Winter(Winter), Rain(Rain). water or Aqua(Water. May be additionally indicated by the "umbrella" pictogram and have a high degree hydroplaning protection) All Season North America(All-weather for North America), etc. - tires designed for use in specific conditions.
PLIES: TREAD- The composition of the tread layer.
SIDEWALL- The composition of the sidewall layer.
MAX LOAD- The maximum load on a car tire, measured in kg. and British pounds.
MAX PRESSURE- Maximum internal tire pressure, kPa. (kilopascal)
The level of inflation pressure in a tire affects the performance of your vehicle. Even the most quality tires will not do their job if they work at the wrong pressure. Its exact value depends on the type of vehicle and, to some extent, on the choice of the driver.
The recommended pressure for a given vehicle type is usually found on a sticker on the end of the door or interior pillar, or on the inside of the glove box and fuel filler cap.
R OTATION- Marking tires with a directional tread pattern, indicates the direction of rotation of the tire. Marked with an arrow on the sidewall of the tire.
Left(Left) - The tire is installed on the left side of the car) Right(Right) - The tire is mounted on the right side of the vehicle.
outside or Side Facing Out (Outer side settings) Inside or Sido Facing Awards(Inner side of installation) - for tires with an asymmetric tread pattern.
DA(Stamp) - Minor manufacturing defects that do not interfere with normal operation.
TWI D- Projector wear indicator pointer. The indicator itself is a protrusion at the bottom of the tread groove. When the tread wears down to the level of this ridge, it's time to change the tire.
GREAT BRITAIN- Country of manufacture of tires.
TEMPERATURE A- Temperature conditions, an indicator characterizing the ability of the tire to withstand temperature effects. It, like the previous one, is divided into three categories A, B and C.
The temperature characteristic indicates the tire's ability to withstand temperature regime, which allows you to save the characteristics of tires laid down by the manufacturer, depending on climatic conditions operation.
This indicator is one of the most important due to the fact that tires made of rubber and other materials change their properties under the influence of high temperatures. In the case of a temperature characteristic, an alphabetic index from " L" before " WITH", Where " A"corresponds to the maximum resistance to heat.
Therefore, winter tires, as a rule, are softer than summer tires and do not “tan” with a decrease in temperature; in summer, on the contrary, they begin to “melt”.
Tread pattern winter tires much rougher, with many special recesses - lamellae, there is usually a marking on the sidewall M+S(Mud + Snow) - mud and snow and/or Winter- winter.
Thus, on this moment the division of tires into summer and winter tires is pronounced. Although some manufacturers use technologies for producing tires suitable for all climatic conditions, such tires are still far from perfect.
wear indicator.
The wear rate is the most important indicator of how long your tire will last. The tread of each tire is subject to wear and it is very important not to miss the moment when it has reached a critical level and the tire can no longer provide proper safety.
Each new model The tire is tested according to an officially established methodology, and it is assigned a tread wear index, which theoretically corresponds to the life span of the tire.
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER that the wear rate is a theoretical value and cannot be directly related to the practical life of the tire, which is significantly influenced by road conditions, driving style, adhering to pressure recommendations, adjusting vehicle camber angles and wheel rotation.
The wear indicator is presented as a number from 60 to 620 with an interval of 20 units. The higher its value, the longer the protector withstands when tested according to the established method.
adhesion index.
The grip index determines the braking properties of the tire. They are measured by testing in a straight line on a wet surface. Letters from "A" to "C" are used to designate the adhesion index, while "A" corresponds to its maximum value.
Tire construction.
At first glance, all tires appear to be the same. Knowing the design of the tire will allow you to choose the right suitable model because modern technology dramatically improves handling, fuel economy and wear and tear compared to tires made just a few years ago.
The modern tire consists of various materials. Modern tires are a complex structure consisting of layers reinforced with a metal or textile cord, and a tread created by computer simulation. All this provides the best combination performance characteristics for each type of tire.
In 1946, Michelin introduced the first radial tire. Main difference radial tire from the diagonal lies in the design of the carcass, which is located under the tread and is the skeleton of the tire.
frame It is made from rubberized cord threads, gathered together and forming layers.
In a diagonal design these layers are arranged in such a way that the cords cross each other along the entire circumference of the tire.
In a radial tire the carcass ply is arranged so that the threads lie parallel to each other from bead to bead over the entire circumference of the tyre.
Breaker layers complete the construction of the carcass of the radial tire, covering it from the outside.
Bias tires have many disadvantages and design limitations. Since the cords cross over, the carcass of the tire is subject to high internal friction during operation. This leads to constant overheating and premature tire wear. Frame rigidity diagonal tires, due to the peculiarities of their design, reduces handling and comfort.
the radial structure with the appropriate arrangement of carcass threads and steel-cord belt layers is elastic and able to absorb road surface irregularities. At the same time, internal friction is significantly reduced, which leads to a multiple increase in the working life of tires. Other benefits include - better grip with the road increased controllability and comfort.
