Tires play important role in the handling and safety of the car, however, with age, they lose their qualities and must be replaced with new ones. Therefore, every driver should be able to determine the age of tires and produce them. timely replacement. About why it is necessary to change old tires, how to determine their age and replacement time, read in this article.
Tire Life Standards
Tires are one of the few car components that not only undergoes wear and tear during operation, but is also subject to natural aging. Therefore, tires are replaced not only due to their critical wear or damage, but also when the service life exceeds the allowable. Too old tires lose their qualities, elasticity and strength, and therefore become too dangerous for the car.
Today in Russia there is a contradictory situation with the service life of tires. On the one hand, the so-called guarantee period service life (service life) of automobile tires equal to 5 years from the date of their production. During this period, the tire must provide the declared performance characteristics, while the manufacturer is responsible for his product during the entire period of operation. The term of 5 years is established by two standards - GOST 4754-97 and 5513-97.
On the other hand, there are no such laws in Western countries, and manufacturers car tires They claim that their products have a lifespan of 10 years. At the same time, there are no legislative acts in the world and in Russia that would oblige drivers and owners Vehicle produce mandatory replacement tires at the end of the warranty period. Although in Russian traffic rules there is a rule residual height tread, and, as practice shows, tire wear usually occurs faster than their service life expires.
There is also such a thing as the shelf life of car tires, however Russian legislation does not set a time limit. Therefore, manufacturers and sellers usually rely on the warranty period, and say that the tire, subject to right conditions can lie for 5 years, and after that it can be used like new. However, in some European and Asian countries maximum term storage is considered to be 3 years, and after this period the tire can no longer be considered new.
So, how long can you use the tires installed on the car? Five, ten years or more? After all, all these figures are recommended, but no one obliges the driver to replace tires, even after fifteen years, the main thing is that they are not worn out. However, manufacturers themselves recommend replacing tires at the age of 10 years, and in most cases, tires become unusable after 6-8 years of operation.
What are the indicated periods of operation and storage of car tires related to? It's all about the rubber itself, from which tires are made - this material, with all its advantages, is subject to natural aging, which leads to a loss of basic qualities. As a result of aging, rubber can lose elasticity and strength, microscopic damage appears in it, eventually turning into noticeable cracks, etc.
Tire aging is primarily a chemical process. Under the influence of light, temperature differences, gases contained in the air, oils and other substances, the elastomer molecules that make up rubber are destroyed, and the bonds between these molecules are also destroyed - all this leads to a loss of elasticity and strength of rubber. As a result of rubber aging, tires resist wear worse, they literally crumble and can no longer provide the necessary performance characteristics.
It is because of the aging processes of rubber that manufacturers and domestic GOST establish a warranty period for the operation of tires. domestic standard establishes the period after which the aging of rubber does not yet have a negative effect, and tire manufacturers set the actual service life at which aging is already noticeable. Therefore, you should be very careful with tires over 6-8 years old, and tires that have celebrated their 10-year "anniversary" must be changed without fail.
To replace a tire, you need to determine its age - this is quite simple.
Ways to check the age of tires
On car tires, as well as on any other product, the date of production must be indicated - it is by this date that one can judge the age of the tires bought or installed on the car. To date, the marking of the date of manufacture of tires is made according to the standard approved in 2000 by the US Department of Transportation (U.S. Department Of Transportation) standard.
On any tire there is an oval-pressure, in front of which is the abbreviation DOT and an alphanumeric index. Numbers and letters are also pressed into the oval - they are the ones that indicate the date of production of the tire. More precisely, the date is encrypted in the last four digits, which mean the following:
- The first two digits are the week of the year;
- The last two digits are the year.
So, if the last four digits in the crimping oval are 4908, then the tire was produced on the 48th week of 2008. By Russian standards, such a tire has already exhausted its resource, and by world standards it should already be replaced.
However, on tires you can find other designations of the time of production. In particular, in the oval crimping there may be not four, but three numbers, and there is also a small triangle - this means that this tire was produced between 1990 and 2000. It is clear that now such tires can no longer be used, even if they were in storage or installed on a car that has stood in the garage for many years.
Thus, one glance is enough to determine the age of a tire. However, not all car owners know this, which is used by dishonest sellers who pass off old tires as new ones. Therefore, when buying rubber, you need to be careful and be sure to check the production date.
Determining when to change tires
When is it time to change tires? There are several cases when it is necessary to buy new tires:
- Age 10 years or more - even if this tire looks good on the outside, it has no visible damage and its wear is low, it should be removed and sent for recycling;
- The age of the tire is 6-8 years, while its wear is approaching critical;
- critical or uneven wear, large punctures and tears regardless of the age of the tire.
As practice shows, tires, especially in Russia with its road features, rarely "survive" to the age of ten. Therefore, tires are most often replaced due to wear or damage. However, in our country, not quite new tires often go on sale, so every driver should be able to determine their age - only in this case you can protect yourself and your car.
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Not so long ago I heard about economical tires, supposedly very environmentally friendly, progressive and contribute to fuel economy. Is this true and how do we save fuel? It should be noted that in Europe there is now a fairly advanced trend in the car market. Read more interesting information...
There really are such economical options, and they really save fuel. Many manufacturers now produce them, but only three companies have achieved the most impressive results - Michelin, Goodyear, Nokian. It was these giants who first thought about this parameter and began to fight tire rolling.
What is rolling resistance?
During rotation, the tire experiences many loads, during impacts it deforms, absorbing a significant part of the energy that the engine produces. A wheel with a tire is soft, and therefore it is more difficult to roll it than, say, a completely metal one, which does not deform or dent. But completely metal will make the movement of the car very uncomfortable, the suspension will “die” very quickly, and the braking of such a car will worsen at times. Therefore, the task is not to abandon the rubber tire, but the task is to reduce rolling during movement, that is, to make it tough, but comfortable. Yes, and completely rubber wheel If you don't manage to defeat this force, it's impossible.
Why win at all?
It's simple, the less power - the less power the engine needs to roll these wheels, and, accordingly, fuel consumption will decrease, that is, gasoline or diesel. Yes, and units can be put less powerful.
How are economical tires made?
It should be noted that this is a very difficult task. Manufacturers should not worsen, but improve the characteristics of the rubber (braking, aquaplaning, etc.) and also reduce the roll of the rubber. Changes - calculated to the millimeter, the optimal diameter is selected, as well as the optimal composition rubber compound, which is less deformed. The composition of the mixtures is kept in the strictest confidence (each company has its own unique composition), because it is in it that 70% of the improvement in this parameter.
As I already wrote, such companies as Michelin, Goodyear, Nokian have achieved maximum results. These manufacturers have moved from carbon to silicon in their wheels, which not only reduces rolling but also improves cut and puncture resistance.
How much fuel can be saved?
The fuel economy of such wheels can be significant up to 0.5 - 0.6 liters per 100 km. Look at the table.
How to determine them when choosing?
Very simple - each manufacturer has its own abbreviation on wheels.
Usually this is a column from A to G, where A is the tires with the lowest resistance, the most economical. These abbreviations are not always applied to the tire cord, sometimes they are printed on stickers on the wheel.
At Michelin - the abbreviation ENERGY Saver can be used.
Michelin Energy Saver
Goodyear uses its own abbreviation - where LRR (low rolling), ULRR (ultra low), ELRR (extremely low). These abbreviations may be applied to the wheel cord.
like this useful parameter which also needs to be known. Other manufacturers are also trying to reduce this parameter and put the designation on the rubber or stickers, so look carefully when buying.
That's all, read our AUTOSITE
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Economy tires: Is it possible to reduce fuel consumption due to tires
In the advertising materials of tire manufacturers, along with the words "durability", "good grip", "fast braking", there are always assurances of "economy", that is, a noticeable reduction in fuel consumption. Explained similar effect lower rolling resistance.
Of course, the speed with which the fuel level indicator in the tank tends to zero is influenced by many factors: from driving style to the mass of passengers. Also, there is no need to talk about "frugality" winter tires, since during their operation completely different qualities come to the fore, incompatible with the ease of rolling. Therefore, today we will get acquainted with the most common Russian market summer economical (or energy-efficient) tires and find out whether it is worth counting on serious budget savings when using them.
A bit of theory
For novice car enthusiasts who first learned about tires with low rolling resistance, a logical question arises: what resists what and how does this relate to fuel consumption? The fact is that the outer (aka running) part of the tire, in contact with pavement, somewhat deformed - from rounded becomes flattened - and forms the so-called contact patch. When the car starts to move, the deformation process becomes continuous, the "spot" moves along the tire and provides traction. Thus, the less energy required to overcome the change in tire shape and the more easily the contact patch disengages from the pavement, the lower the amount of rolling resistance.
The deformation and contact patch is best demonstrated by a half-flat tire.
Main design characteristics tires that affect how easily it rolls on the road are the elasticity of the tread and sidewall materials, as well as the "stickiness" of the tread material to the road.
Among tires of the same diameter, wider tires with a larger contact patch have increased rolling resistance. Not economical and sports tires designed for driving high speeds, since the composition of the material from which they are made should provide maximum grip with the road surface.
By the way, the easiest way to reduce rolling resistance is to pump up tires. Here, the deformation decreases, and the contact patch becomes smaller. It’s just not worth pumping the wheels above the recommended values, since this significantly increases the braking distance, the car breaks into a skid more easily, and the ride comfort noticeably suffers, especially on rough roads.
Because in the usual passenger car Since tire resistance accounts for about 20% of all fuel consumption, it is not surprising that tire manufacturers are trying to increase the attractiveness of their products through this indicator. On average, reducing resistance by 10% saves about 1-2% of fuel.
What manufacturers promise us
Let's see how manufacturers try to reduce this "harmful" indicator, how effectively innovations manifest themselves in real conditions and, most importantly, how such changes affect such important properties tires like stability on the road various conditions and braking speed.
In tests summer tires conducted by order of reputable domestic and foreign automotive magazines, characteristic " low resistance rolling "most often has products of companies, and. Of course, almost all manufacturers offer such rubber today, but we will limit ourselves to the brands mentioned above that are popular in Russia.
Flagship of energy efficient products Nokian Tires are tires. As stated on the concern's website, the rolling resistance of these tires is reduced by 15% compared to the previous model - . If we take "normal" tires, then the reduction reaches 40%.
Attempts to understand how such impressive results, end with press release routine phrases about "specially designed tread and unique rubber compound composition." The only detail voiced by Nokian marketers is that the tires contain Finnish pine oil.
Another well-known manufacturer tire also has in its arsenal a "thrifty" tire -. However, here, too, they speak very sparingly about technology and design. Michelin is proud to be the first to add silicon (or, as it is also called, silica) to the rubber compound. However, today this mineral has become an integral part of the tires of any manufacturer. But on the merits of the issue, there is practically no information: "Reduced weight, unique composition, innovative design ..." Tire buyers are promised eighty liters of fuel savings over the entire mileage of a set of tires, which, in turn, will be ten thousand kilometers longer. All this, of course, is on average and compared to the same "ordinary" tires.
However, it would be naive to expect that tire manufacturers will begin to generously share the developments of engineers and technological secrets. Here it says Pirelli company about "innovative materials" and "ELRR (Extra Low Rolling Resistance)" - an ultra-low rolling resistance system used in tires.
Slightly more verbose representatives of GoodYear, saying that EfficientGrip tire has an "improved framework using special materials, lightening the weight of the product; an improved process for the development and production of a rubber compound with a new compound that delivers superior mileage, wet braking and rolling resistance." It also claims to reduce fuel consumption by 1.9% "compared to the top four competitors." , what kind of competitors, however, is not reported.
The advantages of an economical tire should be "a new silicon composition of the tread material, a modified contour and an asymmetric tread shape." The rolling resistance of this tire is 12% lower than that of the predecessor ContiEcoContact EP.
Summarizing the disparate information, we can conclude that in last years the main efforts of designers are aimed at reducing the weight of the tire by reducing the number of cord layers and tread thickness, as well as using it as part of a rubber compound synthetic materials, which have minimal energy loss during deformation.
Practice is the criterion of truth
Well, it's time to move on from the beautiful promises of the manufacturers of automobile "shoes" to practical results and see what the car owner gains and loses by purchasing economical tires.
The main question of all tests: is it possible, with a significant reduction in rolling resistance, to maintain high level tire qualities such as handling and traction on dry and wet road, hydroplaning resistance, good braking and so on.? And here the test reports are inexorable: perfect combination no manufacturer has yet been able to achieve efficiency and safety.
Yes, all "economy" tires that took part in the tests show a significant reduction in rolling resistance and more. low consumption fuel, but this always leads to a noticeable deterioration in other characteristics, albeit not fatal. So, the "green tire" Hokian demonstrates mediocre traction and handling on dry surfaces. A car with tires will not have the best better handling on wet pavement and hydroplaning. Pirelli's ultra-low rolling resistance system results in a noticeable increase stopping distance especially on wet surfaces. Owners Goodyear Efficient Grip it is worth being as collected as possible during the rain, especially if there are deep puddles on the way. Tires keep the driver in suspense on wet pavement and give a noticeable increase in braking distance on dry pavement.
In fairness, we note that all of the listed shortcomings are more or less noticeable in tests conducted in extreme conditions specialized landfills. During normal driving around the city and country roads, the probability of a serious impact of the "minuses" of economical tires on safety and driving comfort is extremely small.
The most complete defects of tires can be identified only at the test site
Thus, ceteris paribus energy efficient tires really live up to their name and are able to reduce fuel consumption. Another thing is that even the maximum results achieved under ideal test conditions are measured by 100-200 grams per 100 kilometers or saving several tens of liters per year. Accordingly, with daily (including weekends) trips of 100 kilometers, gasoline costs will be reduced by 100-150 rubles per month. In reality, the reduction in costs will be even less.
So it turns out that, choosing a new thing for your " iron horse”, First of all, attention should be paid to the conditions in which it will be operated, handling and good grip. And if economy (albeit small) is also attached to this - wonderful, nice bonus hasn't bothered anyone yet.
1) Opportunity cost
A. The value of the goods, expressed in money
B. The value of a commodity expressed in terms of another commodity
B. The cost of goods, expressed in terms of production costs
2) What is production
A. The wealth creation process
B. Satisfying needs
B. Extracting resources.
3) Inflation, unemployment are inherent
A.Traditional economy
B. Market economy
B. Centralized economy
4) The demand elasticity curve will not shift if
A. Changing consumer tastes
B. Change in consumer income
C. Change in the number of outlets
5) Name the form of restriction of consumer freedom
A. Lack of competition in the market
B. The consumer has all the necessary information
B. Market saturation various types goods.
6) The reason for the increase in demand for jeans may be
A. Increasing the price of denim
B. The approach of summer holidays.
B.Reducing the price of accessories
7) Choose a pair of replacement products
A. Coffee and coffee drink
B. Car tires and gasoline
B. Books and notebooks
8)The bank receives income
A. from mediation between sellers and buyers of securities
B. from investing money in the production of a certain type of product
B. from the difference between the % received from the borrower and the % that is paid
contributor
9) For which product is demand inelastic?
A. Champagne
B. Medicines
10) Which product supply is elastic
A. Fresh mushrooms
B. Dried mushrooms
B. Furniture
11)In which economic system the role of the consumer is not significant
A. In the traditional
B. In the command room
B. In the market
12)The cost of living index says:
A. How people's needs have changed
B. What is the growth of the real income of the population.
B. What is the proportion of obligatory consumer spending on goods
13)What is the name of the loan when, under an agreement in the budget of consumers
a financial lease, the lessor undertakes to acquire ownership from a specified seller under an agreement and lease it to the recipient for an agreed fee for temporary use for specific purposes.
A. Mortgage
B. Acquisition loan
14) What are the costs of the company, which do not depend on the volume of production called?.
A.Permanent
B. Variables
B. Transactional
15) Determine how long it will take for a consumer to buy an excavator worth 400 million rubles from a leasing company. If the inflation rate is 50% per year, and the consumer pays 40 million rubles a month.
16) Determine the margin of the bank if the interbank loan is 120% per year, and the bank issued a loan to the entrepreneur in the amount of 100 million rubles with the condition of returning it in a month in the amount of 120 million rubles.
17) Determine the coefficient of elasticity of demand for the car. If the magnitude of demand and the price of a product changed in the following pattern: with 48 million rubles per car, sales amounted to 150 thousand units, and with a decrease in price to 36 million rubles, sales increased to 300 thousand units.
18) The essence of the laws:
- Alternative cost
- Law of diminishing returns
- Elasticity of supply and demand
- Law of diminishing marginal utility
