First Conveyor - Conveyor production - Who invented it? Conveyor. The evolution of the conveyor: from antiquity to modern production

16.06.2019

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Conveyor - machine continuous action. This type of equipment is designed to move bulk, lumpy or piece goods. One of the most important characteristics Of course, the work of conveyors is its non-discontinuity.

Nowadays, the conveyor is perceived by everyone as quite ordinary engineering solution, Previously, the master walked around some complex unit and assembled it entirely by himself, and now these units ride on a conveyor and dozens of craftsmen apply each of their parts to them. Yes, labor productivity has increased, everything is just elementary. But when the first products came off the assembly line of Henry Ford 100 years ago, it was a real revolution in production, in economics, in sociology, in philosophy.

A Brief History of the Discovery of Henry Ford

Henry Ford, who was born into a poor farming family, managed to change several jobs related to technology by his 20s, and was expelled from everywhere with a bang. main reason was his passion for invention, which took all his time and effort. From the moment he left last company, which gave him an ultimatum, he decided to surrender to the realization of his dream. He continues to design cars that successfully compete with the most popular models in speed and reliability. But it is not possible to organize mass production of their cars immediately - there is not enough money. First car company that he created was joint stock company, where Ford led only technical part and did not influence either the organization of production or the company's policy in the market. Ford believed that the current situation in the production and sale of cars did not correspond to the huge potential of this sector of the economy, but he could not influence anything. Soon he leaves this company and organizes a new one. Despite the fact that now he also owns only a part of the shares, he already feels himself the sovereign owner of the business, which is also reflected in the name of the company - Fordmotorcompany. But all his attempts to conduct business "in a new way" again run into a misunderstanding of his partners. Becomes a bone of contention price policy companies. Ford insists on lowering prices and increasing production, its partners see the future in the production of expensive elite models. These strife led to the fact that, after initial success, the company's business began to decline, and Ford managed to buy out part of the shares from disgruntled partners, which made his vote decisive. His time has come, and since then Ford's word has become law for every employee of the company.

So mass production inexpensive cars for the middle class. But how to achieve cost reduction? Henry Ford decided to bet on the conveyor, the idea of which, as they say, was in the air. In 1902, Ford's competitor, Oldsmobile, introduced special carts into production, on which the assembled cars moved around the workshop. In 1911, similar experiments began to be carried out at the automobile plants of the General Motors company. Although Ford was not the author of the idea, he was still the first to understand what a huge future belongs to the assembly line. Spring 1913 new principle was tested in the workshop, where they assembled the main element of the car ignition system - magneto. Initially, each worker, having done his operation on the magneto, simply transferred the mechanism to his neighbor on a long table, but even this gave huge savings in time, when the table was replaced by a moving belt, it turned out that labor productivity increased compared to “pre-conveyor” times 4 times! During a year new system began to be used already in the assembly of all components of Ford cars. In 1914, the Ford Motor Company produced twice as many cars as in 1913, retaining the same number of workers.

Nowadays, the conveyor in production is the most high performance both quality and time savings. This system turned the process of assembling complex products, which previously required high qualifications from the assembler, into a routine, monotonous, low-skilled work, significantly increasing its productivity. The arrangement of workers or machines on the conveyor assembly line is carried out taking into account the technology and sequence of assembly or processing of parts in order to achieve an effective division of labor.

Now consider the classification of pipelines

Depending on the direction of movement of objects, conveyors are divided into:

Horizontal_vertical_inclined.

Depending on the type of cargo:

Bulk_piece.

Depending on the functions performed:

Transportation_assembly_sorting.

Depending on the placement of the conveyor itself or parts:

Floor_hung.

Depending on the traction body:

Belt conveyor

The belt conveyor is a structure consisting of support legs, drive and tension drums, drive equipment, intermediate support rollers and an annular belt along which loads are directly moved. Belt conveyors can be successfully used for transportation of bulk materials as well as packaged goods. In the first case, equipment with a trough-shaped belt is used, which is created using support rollers, in the second - conveyors with a conventional flat belt.

chain conveyor

Chain conveyor - a type of conveyor in which pulling force created by one or two chains. Chain conveyors, in comparison with belt conveyors, are able to transport goods with high temperature, heavy loads, and they have more productivity. However, they are bulkier, heavier, more expensive, and have higher operating costs. Conveyor chains contain large quantities friction pairs, which requires their regular lubrication.

Rope conveyor

Rope conveyor. At the heart of the conveyor of this type lies an annular wire rope, which moves inside the U-shaped trough thanks to toothed drums and drive equipment. Metal discs are fixed on the rope at the same distance from each other, which move the load. Rope conveyors are most often used for transporting non-abrasive materials such as coal. Such equipment is installed in minefield facilities and used to transport goods from the mine to the receiving area. In addition, conveyors of this type are often used in sawmills, where they are used to feed logs, and in pulp and paper industry enterprises without a traction body:

Gravity Conveyor

Gravity roller conveyor. This type of conveyor moves goods using gravity and is mainly used for transporting goods in containers. The design of the equipment is an inclined frame on which a number of rollers are fixed. Packages with goods move along the roller guides of the conveyor under the action of gravity.

Inertial conveyor

Inertial conveyors are used to transport bulk, less often small piece goods over relatively short distances in horizontal or inclined (up to 20) directions. In inertial conveyors, cargo particles slide along a load-carrying body or fly in space under the action of inertia. Inertial conveyors are divided into 2 groups: oscillating, characterized by significant amplitudes and low oscillation frequency, and vibrating - with small amplitude and high oscillation frequency.

Screw (Auger) Conveyor

Screw conveyor. The main working element of a screw or screw conveyor is a chute inside which a metal screw rotates. The device works on the principle of a meat grinder, turning the material under the action of a helical surface and delivering it to the place of shipment. It is most expedient to use screw conveyors for moving dry lumpy goods, and with certain changes in the design - for sticky materials.

Depending on the load-bearing structure (with a traction body):

Plate Conveyor

The plate conveyor is a transporting mechanism of continuous action, used where for some reason it is impossible to use belt conveyors. The traction body is presented in the form of parallel branches of metal chains, which are interconnected by wooden or steel plates, which are the load-bearing canvas. Wooden plates can be used for the transportation of packaged goods, steel plates are used for bulk and lumpy goods.

Cradle conveyor

Cradle conveyors are similar in design to bucket conveyors, but instead of buckets they have hinged shelves, the so-called cradles. The cradles are loaded and unloaded manually or automatically using special devices.

Scraper conveyor

chain rope gravity conveyor

Scraper conveyor. Scraper conveyors are ideal for transporting bulk, unpackaged goods (grain, powder, chips, etc.) in a horizontal position or with a slight slope. The material moves along the chute with the help of scrapers mounted on an endless (ring) chain. Loading into the chute is possible at any point of the conveyor, while unloading is carried out through an opening at the end of the conveyor or through special openings in the chute.

Bucket conveyor

Bucket conveyor. Equipment of this type is used where there is a need for transportation a large number bulk materials - coal, cement, sand, slag, crushed stone and others. A design feature of the bucket conveyor is metal buckets (cast iron or steel) fixed between two rows of an annular roller chain. Buckets are a single line, which is ensured by overlapping. Each individual bucket is always in a vertical position, since it can swing freely on the suspension axis. The design of bucket conveyors allows you to transport goods both vertically and horizontally.

Depending on the location of the employee's workplace:

· worker ( workplace the worker is on the conveyor - moves along with the conveyor),

distributive (fixed place of work of the employee).

There are also types of conveyor

Pneumatic conveyor. The principle of operation of such conveyors is the movement of goods with the help of air flow. Today, there are two main types of pneumatic conveying equipment. Conveyors of the first type move goods packed in containers and swirled into the conveyor pipeline, under the influence of the air pressure difference created at the ends of the conveyor. In conveyors of the second type (aeroslides), bulk materials are transported as a suspension in a powerful air stream.

Gravity conveyor. Conveyors of this variety combine the features of the scraper and bucket conveyors. As well as in bucket elevators, they have a double row of endless chains between which buckets are attached - however, already a V-shaped profile. In the lift section, the buckets move with the wide part up, and at the end of the vertical run, where the chains go over the sprockets, they tilt. The contents of the buckets are poured into a horizontal chute, where they move, as in a scraper conveyor. The cargo can be transported simultaneously in vertical and horizontal planes.

Elevator - A conveyor for transporting goods in buckets rigidly attached to a traction element and in a vertical or steeply inclined direction

Escalator. The prototype of a modern escalator is a conventional conveyor for moving various goods.

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Statement:

Henry Ford invented the conveyor belt.

The name of Henry Ford is forever entrenched in the history of mankind. First of all, thanks to the brand of the same name: Ford was famous for his desire to make a cheap, affordable car for the masses, which he really achieved. Also, his surname went down in history in the form of the economic term "Fordism". The essence of Fordism is in the new organization of in-line production, which was made possible with the help of the assembly line. So history ranked the conveyor itself among the inventions of Ford.

Why is it not:

Ford did not invent the conveyor, but first organized in-line production.

Prior to this, Ford had already assembled his first car, but he did it by hand, like all automakers of that time. That is why the car was a piece of goods and extremely expensive, and the repair of transport turned into a technical puzzle. The automotive industry had to be brought under uniform standards.

The first step towards conveyor production was the assembly line, which appeared in 1901 in the Oldsmobile company, founded by Ransom Olds, who can be called the inventor of the conveyor in the modern sense. Parts and assemblies of the future car were moved on special carts from one working point to another. The prototype of the conveyor increased the production of cars from 400 to 5,000 units per year. Henry Ford understood the potential of Olds' invention and turned on all the resources to get around it by adapting and improving the developed system.

In 1903, Ford, studying the technology of stream production, visited the enterprise, where he observed how the carcasses of animals, moving under the influence of gravity, fell under the knives of the dividers. By adding belts to the conveyor, Ford introduced the improved technology to its factories. Thus, Ford, obsessed with the idea of making its cars affordable, successfully used the experience accumulated before it. As a result Ford Model T cost about $400 and was made in less than 2 hours. This made Henry Ford a millionaire and a recognized engineering genius of the 20th century - but he did not invent the conveyor itself.

Why did Ford drastically raise the wages of assembly line workers?

In 1913, at the Highland Park plant, Henry Ford launched the first assembly line V automotive industry. First conveyor assembly was applied to the generator and engine, and then to the chassis (assembly time was halved). By the way, in order to increase labor efficiency, two conveyor lines were soon launched - for workers of different heights.

The result of this innovation was the reduction in the assembly time of the car (model T) from 12 hours to 2 (this happened within a few months), which made it possible to reduce its cost and make it the most popular car in USA.

In addition to improving production efficiency by standardizing operations and deepening the division of labor (Fordism), the assembly line method of production allowed Henry Ford to save a lot on training workers (and skilled workers). For example, the assembly of an engine used to require a fairly high qualification from the worker. After the engine assembly process was divided into 84 operations, each of which was performed by a separate worker, no special knowledge was required from the staff. Each worker mastered one operation and perfected its execution to automatism.

Increasing labor efficiency through the assembly line method and saving on skilled workers allowed Ford to raise wages for workers and put into practice the "theory of efficient wages". The fact is that the conveyor method of production made the work very tedious (the worker did the same thing for many hours in a row) and greatly exhausted the workers (it was impossible to take a break and rest), which led to an increase in staff turnover. Therefore, the increase in wages was largely a forced decision (and Ford was also afraid of the emergence of a trade union at his enterprise).

P.S. Charlie Chaplin in 1936 made a film satire on Fordism - "Modern Times".

In which it is divided into the simplest short operations, and the movement of parts is carried out automatically. This is such an organization of performing operations on objects, in which the entire process of influence is divided into a sequence of stages in order to increase productivity by simultaneously performing operations independently on several objects passing through different stages. The pipeline is also called a means of moving objects between stages with such an organization.

Such a division of the production process into the simplest operations allows one worker to perform any one operation without wasting time changing tools and transferring parts to another worker, such a parallel production process reduces the number of working hours required to produce one product. The disadvantage of this system of production is the increased monotony of labor.

Sometimes the invention of the assembly line method of production is attributed to Eli Whitney. Appeared in 1914 in the production of Model-T at the Henry Ford plant and revolutionized first in the automotive industry, and then in the entire industry.

In fact, the method of assembly line production of cars was first patented by Ransome Eli Olds.(Ransom Eli Olds) at the very beginning of the 20th century, and since 1901, according to his method, the Oldsmobile of the Kovd Desh model was produced - the first car in history mass production. The engineers working for Ford only added to the principles and methods of conveyor assembly already patented by Olds a running belt, also invented long before that, at the end of the 19th century, and, by his own admission, one of them (William Klann) served as a prototype for conveyor assembly of cars conveyor " dismantling" carcasses of cattle at the slaughterhouse.

A conveyor line designed for human labor should be adjusted with the help of variators to different speed work depending on the ability of people to work - work is relatively faster for the first 2-3 hours, after lunch and before the end of the working day, while in order to combat fatigue from the monotony of work, the optimal duration of each operation should be 50-60 seconds and there should be a rotation of workers .

Notes

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His "Model T", the legendary "tin Lizzie", should be available to everyone, Henry Ford decided in 1913 - and was the first to introduce assembly line production at his plant, which made it possible to manufacture cars according to reasonable price. The conveyor has become a real revolution in the industry.

moving belt

The appearance of the conveyor belt marked the end of the industrialization process that began in the 18th century. Even then, the division of labor in industrial production began, but only the conveyor made it possible to bring it to its logical end. A significant step in this direction was already the rationalization ideas of Winslow Taylor in 1880. But the moving conveyor belt, which set the pace, became the way out to new level. The consequences for the workers - monotony, tediousness, growing alienation from the product produced - were not immediately realized. Ford drew on Taylor's ideas, but his focus was on the capabilities of the machine, not the human.

But he reduced the working day to 8 hours, organizing production in 3 shifts, began to pay workers twice as much, introduced a five-day week with two days off and a pension in case of an industrial injury.

Modernity

In the 1920s conveyor production has become widespread. A wave of rationalization swept over many areas of industry. Since the 1970s the monotony of the mechanical conveyor was replaced by much more flexible computer technology. The conveyor remained important integral part industrial production, but the person performs mainly the functions of management and quality control.

1783: Oliver Evans designed a mechanical mill, where the principles of in-line production were already applied.
1832: The tunnel baking oven is patented in France.
1932: car factory Opel is the first in Germany to introduce conveyor production.