What kind of injuries in an accident. Open fractures of bones or joints. Trauma to the lower extremities

10.03.2019

Miscellaneous

The rules of the road, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation "On the rules of the road" dated October 23, 1993 No. 1090 (as amended, which entered into force on April 1, 2001), state that in the event of an accident, the driver involved in it is obliged “Take possible measures to provide the first medical care victims, call an ambulance team and a disaster medicine center, rescue services. IN emergency cases send the victim on a passing, and if this is not possible, deliver on your vehicle to the nearest medical institution.

Currently, road traffic injuries around the world have taken on the character of an epidemic. At the same time, there is a clear pattern between the number of deaths in road traffic accidents (RTA) and the level of economic development of the country. The number of deaths in Russia (per 1 million cars) is 3-5 times higher than in countries with a developed road infrastructure. In our country in last years there is an alarming upward trend not only in the number, but also in the severity of injuries sustained as a result of traffic accidents.

Road traffic accidents are divided into the following types:

1. Collision;

2. Overturning;

3. Hitting a standing vehicle;

4. Hitting a pedestrian;

5. Collision with an obstacle;

6. Hitting a cyclist;

7. Hitting a horse-drawn transport;

8. Hitting animals;

9. Fall;

10. Other incidents;

Running over, being crushed and hit by a collision are the main traumatic factors that lead to damage and injury in a crash. Injuries are caused not only by cars, but also by road elements. Injuries in such cases are varied and complex. Naturally, the severity of the injury is primarily determined by the speed of the car. The most severe injuries to a person in a car are received by hitting the door, steering column, windshield. Analysis of injuries leading to deaths showed that 52% of them were obtained as a result of deformation of the body, and 48% due to the impact of the passenger on the inside of the car.

The severity of damage resulting from an accident, in addition to speed, can be affected by the make of the car, its weight, the nature of the impact (frontal or tangential collision), the presence of an airbag and seat belts, and a safe steering column. The use of seat belts reduces the number of fatalities in frontal collisions by more than 3 times*.

*Among drivers and passengers not wearing seat belts, 46.3% are injured and 3% die road accident participants. For people wearing seat belts, these figures are 19.2% and 0.8%.

The most frequent (more than 70%) and most dangerous injuries in road accidents are head injuries (bruises, compression of the brain, intracranial hematomas), injuries of the chest - chest and organs of the chest cavity - lungs, heart and spinal injuries (especially cervical).

The main causes of death of the victims are:

a combination of shock and blood loss - 40 - 50%;

severe traumatic brain injury - 30%;

trauma incompatible with life - 20%.

In addition, the causes of high mortality are the temporary factor (late medical care) - the rule of the "golden hour" and the low level of training of drivers and employees of the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the methods and skills of providing first aid to victims.

An automobile injury is an injury caused by external and internal parts a moving vehicle or arising from falling out of it. There are the following types of car accidents:

1. Hit by car parts in a collision with a person;

2. Moving by wheel or wheels;

3. Falling out of the car;

4. Impact on a part or compression of the body by parts of the car in the cab;

5. Compression of the body between parts of the car and other objects;

6. Combined type of injury.

Damage resulting from a collision with a moving vehicle (collision) is the most common. This type autotrauma includes several successive stages.

1. Collision of car parts with a person. The mechanism of damage is a blow and a general concussion of the body. Damage occurs on clothing and body, showing the contours of a part or edge of a bumper, headlight, radiator lining, etc.

Localization of injuries - lower limbs, pelvic region, less often - torso, at the level of those parts of the car with which they were inflicted (contact injuries, stamp-damages).

2. Fall of the body on the car. Mechanism - hitting a part of the car (hood, fender, windshield wiper fitting, etc.).

Localization - areas of the head, torso, upper limbs. It should be borne in mind that the throwing of the body onto the car occurs during the initial impact below the center of gravity of a person (when hit by a passenger car). If the primary impact is delivered near the center of gravity (by a truck, bus, etc.), the body is thrown forward.

3. Throwing and falling of the body to the ground. Mechanism - impact on the ground. Localization - the area of the head, trunk, upper limbs.

As a result of a collision, the human body acquires a speed close to the speed of the car, as well as rotational movement around the longitudinal axis.

Sliding body on the ground. Mechanism - friction on the ground.

In a collision with a moving car, the so-called bumper damage is of particular importance, arising from a bumper hit on the thigh or lower leg, depending on the height of its location. On the skin at the contact points, a transverse banded bruise, abrasion or wound often occurs. Of particular importance is a transverse comminuted fracture of the bones of the lower leg and thigh. In the fracture area, in typical cases, a large wedge-shaped fragment is detected, the base of which shows the place, and the sharp end shows the direction of the blow.

As a result of hitting parts of the car, falling of the body on the car, throwing it to the ground, injuries to the soft tissues of the head occur, as well as fractures of the bones of the skull. More often these are straight, closed, linear and comminuted fractures. Combined fractures of the bones of the vault and base of the skull are often observed. Linear and comminuted fractures originate at the site of impact and spread radially in different directions in the plane of injury, as if graphically outlining the direction of impact on the skull. Injuries to the brain, its membranes, blood vessels occur at the site of application of force and in areas remote from the impact site (in the area of anti-impact).

A strong blow to the upper thighs and pelvic region often results in straight, linear, or comminuted pelvic fractures. Such fractures are often accompanied by damage to the pelvic organs. When struck from behind, the cervical and upper thoracic spine are often damaged as a result of a sharp excessive extension of the body.

Injuries from a hit by a truck, bus or trolleybus are often localized in the chest area. In this case, damage can occur from objects with an extensive or limited (when hit by protruding parts) traumatic surface. A blow to the chest results in unilateral (usually direct) multiple rib fractures occurring at the point of direct application of force.

A blow by a car with subsequent throwing of the victim is often accompanied by a complex of indirect injuries internal organs due to body concussion. The most commonly damaged liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen. The organs of the abdominal cavity are damaged more often than the chest.

In the so-called crossing of vehicles through the body of the victim, a complex of injuries occurs, which is characteristic of this mechanism of injury. Firstly, hemorrhages are formed that reflect the wheel tread pattern, secondly, exfoliation of the skin and other tissues is formed in the form of pockets filled with blood, and thirdly, there are traces of body dragging in the form of extensive abrasions. When moving the wheel through the chest or abdomen, ruptures and crushing of internal organs are often observed. With the same impact on the head, there remain: its significant deformation, comminuted fractures of the bones of the skull and crushing of the brain.

The driver's injury inside the car during a head-on collision is characterized by a complex of damages arising from the action of the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield in the form of bruises and compression of the chest and abdomen, accompanied by fractures of the ribs, ruptures of internal organs. From the windshield damage in the form of bruises, wounds and abrasions are localized on the face and head.

The rules of the road, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation "On the rules of the road" dated October 23, 1993 No. 1090 (as amended, which entered into force on April 1, 2001), state that in the event of an accident, the driver involved in it is obliged “Take all possible measures to provide first aid to the victims, call an ambulance team and a disaster medicine center, rescue services. In emergency cases, send the victim on a passing, and if this is not possible, deliver on your vehicle to the nearest medical institution.

Currently, road traffic injuries around the world have taken on the character of an epidemic. At the same time, there is a clear pattern between the number of deaths in road traffic accidents (RTA) and the level of economic development of the country. The number of deaths in Russia (per 1 million cars) is 3-5 times higher than in countries with a developed road infrastructure. In our country in recent years, there has been an alarming trend of growth not only in the number, but also in the severity of injuries sustained as a result of road traffic accidents.

Road traffic accidents are divided into the following types:

1. Collision;

2. Overturning;

3. Hitting a standing vehicle;

4. Hitting a pedestrian;

5. Collision with an obstacle;

6. Hitting a cyclist;

7. Hitting a horse-drawn transport;

8. Hitting animals;

9. Fall;

10. Other incidents;

Running over, being crushed and hit by a collision are the main traumatic factors that lead to damage and injury in a crash. Injuries are caused not only by cars, but also by road elements. Injuries in such cases are varied and complex. Naturally, the severity of the injury is primarily determined by the speed of the car. The most severe injuries to a person in a car are received by hitting the door, steering column, windshield. An analysis of fatal injuries showed that 52% of them were received as a result of deformation of the body, and 48% due to the impact of a passenger on the inside of the car.

*Among drivers and passengers who do not use seat belts, 46.3% are injured, 3% of road accident participants die. For people wearing seat belts, these figures are 19.2% and 0.8%.

The main causes of death of the victims are:

a combination of shock and blood loss - 40 - 50%;

severe traumatic brain injury - 30%;

trauma incompatible with life - 20%.

Automotive injury is damage caused by the exterior and interior of a moving vehicle or resulting from falling out of a moving vehicle. There are the following types of car accidents:

1. Hit by car parts in a collision with a person;

2. Moving by wheel or wheels;

3. Falling out of the car;

4. Impact on a part or compression of the body by parts of the car in the cab;

5. Compression of the body between parts of the car and other objects;

6. Combined type of injury.

Damage resulting from a collision with a moving vehicle (collision) is the most common. This type of autotrauma includes several successive stages.

Localization of injuries - lower limbs, pelvic region, less often - torso, at the level of those parts of the car with which they were inflicted (contact injuries, stamp-damages).

2. Fall of the body on the car. Mechanism - hitting a part of the car (hood, fender, windshield wiper fitting, etc.).

3. Throwing and falling of the body to the ground. Mechanism - impact on the ground. Localization - the area of the head, trunk, upper limbs.

As a result of a collision, the human body acquires a speed close to the speed of the car, as well as rotational movement around the longitudinal axis.

Sliding body on the ground. Mechanism - friction on the ground.

A blow by a car with subsequent throwing of the victim is often accompanied by a complex of indirect injuries of internal organs due to concussion of the body. The most commonly damaged liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen. The organs of the abdominal cavity are damaged more often than the chest.

The driver's injury inside the car during a head-on collision is characterized by a complex of injuries arising from the action of the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield in the form of bruises and compression of the chest and abdomen, accompanied by fractures of the ribs, ruptures of internal organs. From the windshield damage in the form of bruises, wounds and abrasions are localized on the face and head.

Injuries in road traffic accidents have individual characteristics associated with the type of vehicle, speed of movement, collision zone of a car at the age of the victim, etc. When cars collide with pedestrians, fractures of the lower extremities, pelvis and craniocerebral injuries occur simultaneously. In vehicle collisions and rollovers, the severity of damage is mainly determined by the use of seat belts by the driver and passengers. When using them, damage in 93% of cases is mild if they are not used - this severity of damage depends on the speed of the vehicle and the place that the victim occupied in the cabin. Rollovers of vehicles are dangerous with spinal injuries, mainly at two levels - the cervical and lumbar levels. In motorcyclists in road accidents, injuries of the skull, lower extremities and pelvis most often occur.

The main causes of accidents:

Ignoring traffic rules;

Drunk driving;

Exceeding the speed of movement;

bad technical condition vehicle;

Poor condition of roads.

Remember

According to WHO, about 30% of people who died in road accidents could be saved if they were correctly provided with first aid within an hour. Providing assistance within the first 10 minutes of injury reduces mortality by 50%.

When providing first aid, your actions should be planned as follows:

Remove the victim from a dangerous place;

Quickly assess the condition of the victim, outline the sequence and amount of assistance;

In the absence of breathing and cardiac activity, immediately begin resuscitation measures (artificial respiration - 8-12 times, closed heart massage - 60 times per minute);

Stop the bleeding;

Protect the wound from contamination;

Carry out anti-shock measures;

Carry out transport immobilization;

Provide urgent and optimal delivery victim to a medical facility.

In the event of an accident in a city where an ambulance is expected to arrive within 20-30 minutes, there is no need to remove the victims from the car if they are conscious, not compressed by the deformed parts of the car and do not require resuscitation or stop bleeding. If the car smells of burning electrical wiring or spilled gasoline, the victims should be immediately moved to a safe place.

Most common car accident injuries

Among the injuries resulting from road accidents, the most common are craniocerebral, injuries of the chest and organs of the chest cavity, abdomen and abdominal organs, fractures of the spine and tubular bones.

The greatest risk for head injuries is brain damage(concussion, bruise, compression) and skull bones. A concussion is characterized by loss of consciousness, retrograde amnesia (loss of memory for events immediately preceding the injury), headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, slowing of the pulse, and increased blood pressure. With a bruise and compression of the brain, symptoms of a focal lesion also appear: impaired speech, sensitivity, and movements. In more severe injuries, a fracture of the bones of the skull is possible. In this case, brain damage can be not only from a blow, but also from the deepening of bone fragments and blood, which is poured out (compression by a hematoma). Of particular danger are open fractures of the bones of the cerebral part of the skull, which are accompanied by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and medulla from the wound. When the base of the skull is fractured, bruising, bleeding, and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose and ears appear in the eyelid area.

Help is reduced to the use of cold to the head, prevention of aspiration of vomit, gentle transportation to a medical institution. In case of an open head injury, bleeding is also stopped, an aseptic bandage is applied to the wound, and in case of fractures of the base of the skull, it is applied to the ears.

Among chest trauma the most common are contusion, compression of the chest, fractures of the ribs and sternum, and damage to the lungs.

chest compressions- a severe type of injury, occurs when two opposing forces act on the chest.

Signs: cyanotic coloration of the skin of the face, neck and upper chest with drip hemorrhages, shortness of breath, increased heart rate.

Help: release of the chest from compression, pain relief, rest.

Rib and sternum fractures occur with a direct traumatic impact of great force.

Signs: sharp pains at the fracture site, aggravated by breathing, coughing, changing body position.

When providing assistance, it is important to carry out immobilization at the time of deep exhalation by applying a tight bandage to the chest with a wide bandage, towel, sheet.

Penetrating wounds of the chest, as well as complicated fractures of the ribs, are extremely dangerous because they can damage the intercostal vessels, pleura, aorta, heart, lungs, injuries of which lead to severe internal bleeding, pleuropulmonary shock, open pneumothorax and imminent death. Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, which leads to a collapse of the lungs, displacement of the heart and the development of cardiopulmonary failure.

Help: applying a sealing aseptic bandage to the wound, taking anti-shock measures, transporting the victim in a semi-sitting position.

Traumatic injuries of the abdomen are divided into closed and open. Closed injuries in 30% of cases are accompanied by ruptures of the spleen, liver, intestines. Leading in the clinical picture of liver rupture is a combination of signs of shock and internal bleeding. Patients are pale, agitated, complain of pain in the right hypochondrium, there is a frequent weak pulse, a decrease in blood pressure.

Damage to the spleen occurs when struck in the stomach. The victims complain of pain in the left side of the abdomen, which radiate to the left shoulder, shallow breathing, as a deep breath intensifies the pain; the position of the victim is forced, on the left side with the legs brought to the stomach. There are signs of internal bleeding, the abdomen is tense in the left half, sharply painful.

Blunt trauma to the abdomen is often accompanied by ruptures of the stomach, duodenum, small and large intestines. The clinical picture is dominated first by the symptoms of pain shock and internal bleeding, and then by peritoneal irritation. There are sharp pains throughout the abdomen, hiccups, vomiting, gas and stool retention, bloating, tension and soreness of the anterior abdominal wall, increased pain when the hands are suddenly subtracted from the abdomen. Victims with suspected damage to the abdominal organs must be urgently taken to the surgical department for surgical treatment. It is necessary to transport such patients on a stretcher in a prone position with bent legs, applying cold to the stomach.

Open injuries of the abdominal organs occur with stab or gunshot wounds of the abdomen. Help consists in applying an aseptic bandage to the wound, but it is impossible to set the fallen organs.

Often there are injuries of the pelvic bones in the form of bilateral bone fractures with simultaneous damage to the pelvic organs (urethra, bladder, rectum, ureters, uterus). They are usually accompanied by severe shock and the formation of large retroperitoneal hematomas (bleeding reaches 2-3 liters).

Help: stopping bleeding and applying an aseptic dressing (for open fractures) anti-shock measures; transport immobilization in the “frog” position (the victim is placed on a solid shield with knees bent and legs moderately spread apart).

Spinal fractures are a very serious injury. Its symptoms are spinal deformity, severe back pain, aggravated by slightest movement. The greatest danger in a spinal fracture is damage to the spinal cord (rupture,

compression), which is accompanied by disorders of sensitivity, movement, function of the pelvic organs.

The main thing in providing assistance is the implementation of reliable immobilization in order to prevent compression or rupture of the spinal cord. In case of damage to the thoracic or lumbar spine, the victims are transported on a stretcher down with their stomachs or on their backs, placing a wooden shield at the same time.

Road traffic injuries.
Etc causes of death in an accident, the most commonaccident injuries(closed and opentraumatic brain injury), what happens to the human body during an accident, the most dangerous places in the car and dangerous elements of the car structure. Sad, but expected statistics -victims of accidents (victims of road accidents)very many - road traffic injuries rank first in
world in terms of deaths and injuries. According to the Moscow
City Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after
Sklifosovsky at about17% of accidents (i.e. every 5-6 accident victims)
cause of deaththere were bleeding, asphyxia (suffocation) and other conditions that required immediate pre-hospital medical
assistance that was not provided to them in time. It has also been established that from
numbers of all accident victimsthree out of five people die on the spot, and every 12-13 people die during evacuation to medical institutions.

Injuries in an accidentdiverse and associated with numerousfractures, dislocations, injuries of the skull and brain, cuts and ruptures of internal organs.Injuries in an accidentoften accompaniedbleeding, which is divided into internal and external, as well as venous,
arterial and capillary. The most dangerous - arterial bleeding -
blood flows from the wound in jerks or beats in a pulsating stream under
by the action of pressure, as a result of which the victim in a short period
loses a lot of blood. Venous bleeding is less profuse and
less dangerous. Capillary bleeding - damage to small blood vessels
vessels, it can be without violating the integrity of the skin, when under
a bruise appears on the skin from a strong blow.

Particularly dangerous injuries in an accident are consideredtraumatic brain injurywhich are the most common cause of death. In many cases
Traumatic brain injuries are difficult to treat and may take
throughout life to make itself felt in the form of rapid fatigue, frequent
headache, dizziness and other symptoms. craniocerebral
injuries are divided into closed and open. Open traumatic brain injury
the most dangerous, as they can be penetrating - the integrity is broken
skull bones, fragments of these bones can damage the brain.
Closed craniocerebral injury is a bruise andbrain concussion(SGM). These traumatic brain injuries are less dangerous, but they should not be taken lightly.What happens in an accident? In an accident, the moment of collision, if the driver (passenger) has freedom
moving in the cabin, then under the action of inertia forces, he continues
move forward at the speed that the car had in the original
moment. The impact of the human body on the details of the interior of the car occurs with
the same speed.

Spatio-temporal model of the development of events, when at a speed of 80 km / h the car makes
hitting a fixed obstacle looks like this
way: 0.026 seconds after the impact, the bumper is pressed in; a force 30 times the weight of the car stops it while it
passengers, if they are not wearing seat belts, continue
move in the car at a speed of 80 km/h.
after 0.039 seconds, the driver moves forward 15 cm;
after 0.044 seconds, the driver breaks the steering wheel with his chest;
after 0.068 seconds, it hits with a force of 9 tons (!) dashboard;
after 0.092 seconds, the driver and the passenger sitting next to him
simultaneously crash their heads into the front windshield car and
receive fatal injuries to the skull;
after 0.100 seconds, the driver hanging on the steering wheel is thrown back - he is already dead.

The account goes on fractions of seconds. It is foolish to believe that during this time, without being
fastened seat belt, you will have time to somehow react and, to
for example, cover your head with your hands or group. Dear readers,
"Popular Doctor" strongly recommends - do not be lazy,
buckle up while driving! This does not exclude injury in an accident, but allows
reduce their number and severity! By the way, the results of studies show that individual parts of the human body are injured differently in an accident. So, most often in an accident
head injuries - two-thirds of cases, followed by leg injuries -
every tenth, then hands - every 12 injury. According to the statistics of Italian, German and American researchers, amongstructural elements of the car interior, the most traumatic for a person in an accident are(in order of decreasing injury risk): windshield, steering
column, instrument panel, side doors, seat back, rear mirror
view, roof, side pillar. At the same time, the main reason for getting heavy
and fatal injuries - blows on the front shield, steering column And
windshield. Windshield impacts are often associated with injuries such as
like damage to the skull, concussion, etc. The severity of injuries depends on
from the location of the place where the person sits in the car.
The more elements of the car that it can hit - the
more likely to get injured. Based on this, the most dangerous
the seats in the car are the front seats, i.e. driver and passenger
sitting next to him. Also dangerous is the place in the middle of the rear seat.
When you are a passenger, you must remember that in a critical
situation, the driver can instinctively pull himself out of the impact and
put you under attack. Therefore, it is better to sit on backseat near
doors.

The very first accident in the world was recorded 10 years after the invention of the car - it was a collision with a pedestrian (1896). All types of accidents are regulated normative document Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 328 "On measures to implement the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 29. 95 No. 647").

According to statistics, in the first place is such a type of traffic accident as a collision. Takes second place.

The type and severity of injuries to drivers and passengers who have been involved in a car accident depend on many factors:

from which side the blow occurred - in front, behind or from the side;
whether the seat belt was fastened;
was the speed of movement high;
whether the car had airbags.

What injuries are received in an accident?

There are two main categories of injuries - impact injuries and wounds. The blow usually occurs with the head, especially when seat belts are not fastened. The culprit for cuts and abrasions is broken glass or loose objects.

Common types of injury:

damage to the body's connective tissue, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. This is the most common type of injury resulting from a car accident. Soft tissue injuries can take many forms;
cuts - any loose objects in the car become dangerous in a collision. These are phones, cups, bags, books, and much more. They can easily cut the skin or cause other injuries. Sometimes the damage is relatively minor and does not require treatment. More severe injuries may result in blood loss and require medical attention;
head injuries in an accident can be both mild and have serious consequences for the brain;
chest injuries are also a fairly common result car accidents. These can be serious, for example causing broken ribs. Drivers of vehicles most often suffer from this type of injury, because of their position behind the wheel;
hand and leg injuries - there is very little space in the car, which often causes knee injuries in a collision with dashboard and seats. Depending on the severity of the injuries, the consequences can be mild - like abrasions and bruises - or more serious, such as fractures;
note that some injuries are not visible immediately after the accident. Depending on the nature, the effects may take several days or even months to appear. It is worth contacting even with a little pain in order to know its cause.

All types of road traffic accidents:

rollover ( common causes: incorrectly placed cargo, technical faults, unfavorable weather);
collision of a car with a pedestrian (including the situation when a person suffered from a load carried in a car);
collision with an obstacle (poles, trees, fences and other fixed objects);
collisions (with transport, animals and others);
passenger falling inside the vehicle;
others.

The Russian forensic literature has many characteristics of road accidents related to the type of collision (injuries to people, angle of impact, and so on - there is no uniformity). Also analyzed:

car explosion;
car falling from a bridge, from an embankment, into a ditch;
injuries sustained by the driver;
oncoming or lateral collision, as well as a collision at an angle, when entering a turn and overtaking;
there is also a combination of several different types.

Rollovers: Causes and Consequences

More often place of the accident a country road protrudes, since a car can roll over only when high speed movement. An exception may be a hit in a ditch, which can also occur in the city.

Other reasons - skidding a car due to slippery surface tracks, . The car is also capable of tipping over as a result of the driver's attempt to prevent another incident - for example, a sharply turned steering wheel at the sight of a child on the roadway. An overturned car can catch fire, and unfastened passengers can die. Often, after an accident, a car cannot be restored; repairs are impractical due to the displaced geometry of the body.

Vehicle rollover can occur not only due to high speed limit but also due to adverse road conditions

Collisions: causes and consequences

A motor vehicle collides with the same vehicle, an animal, a railway track on the most different reasons:

(incorrect rebuilding during a tangent collision, non-compliance safe distance at the rear, etc.);
obstructed visibility on the track;
inattention.

In a rear collision, several cars can suffer, participants receive various injuries. The danger of meeting animals on the road is greatly underestimated - as a result, it can both severely damage the car and die.

A collision with a train is one of the most severe lucky coincidence circumstances, the car will be thrown off the railroad tracks, giving people the opportunity to survive. More often, the driver cannot prevent a catastrophe, and the train will drag the car to a complete stop.

Types of collisions:

They are divided as depending on the incident that resulted in the incident (between a car, with a railway track), they are also distinguished:

oncoming, passing and cross;
blow from behind.

A collision can be:

frontal,
side,
angular or sliding.

A crossover collision can be direct or oblique.

A passing collision can be sliding, lateral or angular, as well as central.

Most traumatic collision

Up to 98% of accidents in which the driver and passengers are injured are head and side collisions, rear impacts and rollovers. The most dangerous is a frontal one, its usual cause is the driver's exit into the oncoming lane. Side collisions usually occur at intersections.

Pedestrian collision: causes and consequences

It happens that both sides are to blame or weather conditions, poor visibility or technical malfunction. Most often it is:

inattention or overwork of the driver;
the behavior of a pedestrian or cyclist - crossing the road in an unspecified place or the absence of reflective elements and special protection.

Both parties can be at fault in a pedestrian accident.

Arrival classification

on a pedestrian
on parked car(trailer),
immovable barriers,
cyclist and so on.

Passenger fall

Occurs as a result of a sudden change in speed or direction of movement. Falls during entry and exit while the vehicle is stopped are not included in this case.

The usual consequences are minor injuries, less often of moderate severity.

Classification of accidents by type depending on the consequences:

fatal accident;
causing bodily harm to the participant - mild (short-term disability), moderate (long-term health disorder, not dangerous to human life), severe body injuries (causing serious harm to health);
with the occurrence of material damage - causing damage to goods (property) or vehicle. Complete destruction or significant damage cargo or car - major material damage.

Causes of an accident

intentionally ignoring traffic rules;
driver inattention (distracting phone calls, failure to provide an advantage in motion, and so on);
weather conditions (fog, blizzard, ice);
indiscipline of road users (driver, pedestrian, cyclist);
alcohol and drug intoxication;
driver fatigue;
technical failure;
bad professional training drivers;
unforeseen circumstance (deterioration of the state of health of a traffic participant, natural disasters).

The causes of the main types of road accidents are divided into subjective ( traffic violation its participants) and objective (state of the road, lighting). Often both factors are present.

Rare types of accidents:

collisions with an obstacle that suddenly appeared on the road - for example, a load that fell out of a car;
floods;
falling inside a passenger's car;
collision with horse-drawn vehicles;
car falling off the bridge
encounters with animals.

Fortunately, these cases are quite exotic. Have you been involved in an accident?

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