Numerous "perpetuum mobile" designs have been associated with magnets, which have proved difficult to debunk.
In chronological order, it looks like this. Even in the XIII century. Pierre Peregrine de Maricourt, a medieval magnet researcher, argued that if a magnetic stone is turned into a regular ball and its poles are directed exactly along the axis of the world, then such a ball will spin and spin forever.
De Maricourt himself did not make such an experiment, although he had magnetic balls, and he did other experiments with them. Apparently, he believed that he himself had not made the ball accurately enough or had directed its poles not along the axis of the world. But he persistently advised readers to make and test a magnetic perpetual motion machine, adding: “If it comes out, you will enjoy it, if not, blame your little art!”
The same author has a description of another "perpetual motion machine" - a gear wheel with teeth made of steel and silver through one. If you bring a magnet to this wheel, de Maricourt argued, the wheel will begin to rotate. Here de Maricourt was very close to building, though not eternal, but at least a thermal engine, which at that time would undoubtedly be considered "eternal". But more about that later, but for now, about the "real" "perpetual motion machines".
There were a great many lovers of making magnetic "perpetual motion machines". English Bishop John Wilkens in the 17th century. even received official confirmation of his invention of a "perpetual motion machine", but the latter did not work from this. On fig. 331 shows the principle of its operation. According to the author, a steel ball, attracted by a magnet, rises along the upper inclined plane, but, not reaching the magnet, falls into the hole and rolls along the lower tray. Having rolled down, he again falls on his former path and so forever continues his movement.
In fact, everything turned out differently. If the magnet was strong, then the ball did not fall into the hole, but jumped over it and stuck to the magnet. If the magnet was weak, then the ball stopped halfway on the lower tray, or did not leave the bottom point at all. And here is the “perpetual motion machine”, which the author himself built in childhood, and was very surprised when he did not work.
A steel ball was placed in a round plastic box, planted on a spoke, like a wheel on an axle. A magnet had to be brought in front, and the box-wheel had to spin on a spoke (Fig. 332). Still: the ball was attracted by a magnet, rose along the wall of the box, like a squirrel in a wheel, as the same squirrel began, falling down, to turn the wheel. However, the wheel did not want to turn. As it turned out, the ball rose under the influence of a magnet, pressing against the wall of the box, and was not going to fall down.
Rice. 331. Magnetic "perpetuum mobile" D. Wilkens
Rice. 332. " perpetual motion machine» with magnet and ball: 1 – plastic box; 2 – magnet; 3 - steel ball
But there are also real magnetic motors, which at first glance look like eternal ones.
Even Hilbert himself noticed that if iron is heated strongly, then it completely ceases to be attracted by a magnet. Now the temperature at which iron, steel or alloys lose their magnetic properties is called the Curie point, after the physicist Pierre Curie, who explained this phenomenon. If these magnetic properties were not lost, then the red-hot blanks in the forges could be carried by magnets, which is very tempting.
But this property made it possible to create the so-called magnetic mill, or carousel. We hang a wooden disk on a thread or put it on a steel needle like a compass needle. Then we will stick several knitting needles into it and put the pole of a strong magnet on the side (Fig. 333). Why not de Maricourt's cogwheel? Of course, like that wheel, our mill will not rotate until we heat the spoke adjacent to the magnet in the flame of the burner and impart rotation with a slight push. The heated needle is no longer attracted to the magnet, and the next one tends to it until it hits the flame of the burner. In the meantime, the heated spoke will go a full circle, it will cool down and be attracted again by the magnet.
Rice. 333. Magnetic carousel: 1 - steel spokes; 2 – magnet; 3 - flame
Why not a perpetual motion machine? And the fact that it takes the energy of the burner to rotate it. Therefore, this engine is not eternal, but thermal, in principle the same as in cars and diesel locomotives.
Working on the same principle, a magnetic swing is easy to build yourself. We hang a small iron object on a wire to the top of the swing rack. The easiest way is to take a long piece of iron wire and roll its end into a small ball. Then we put a magnet on a small stand, one pole pointing sideways. We will move the stand with the magnet to the suspended iron lump until it is attracted to the magnet.
Rice. 334. Magnetic swing: 1 - magnet; 2 - a lump of iron wire; 3 - flame
Now let's substitute a spirit lamp, a candle or another burner under the swing so that the lump is above the flame itself (Fig. 334). After some time, having heated up to the Curie point, it will fall away from the magnet. Swinging in the air, it will cool down again and will again be attracted to the pole of the magnet. It will turn out an interesting swing that will swing until we remove the burner.
A ball rolled from wire is good for the experiment in that it both heats up and cools faster than, for example, a solid steel ball. Therefore, such a swing will swing more often than with a ball on a thread.
In practice, this principle is sometimes used for automatic hardening of small steel objects, such as needles. Cold needles hang, attracted by a magnet, and heat up. As soon as they are heated to the Curie point, they cease to be attracted and fall into the quenching bath.
Ordinary iron has a fairly high Curie point: 753 °C, but now alloys have been obtained for which the Curie point is not much higher than room temperature. Heated by solar heat, such a material, especially colored in dark color, is no longer magnetic. And in the shade, the magnetic properties are restored, and the material can again be attracted. For example, the metal gadolinium has a Curie point of only 20 °C.
The inventor and journalist A. Presnyakov created an engine based on this principle that continuously pumps water in a hot desert. The sun fully provides it with its energy. Even a trolley has been built, automatically moving towards the sun and even an electric lamp (Fig. 335). Such engines, operating on clean and free energy from the Sun, are very promising, especially in the exploration of the Moon and other planets. Why not the "perpetual motion machines" that de Maricourt dreamed of?
In the history of attempts to invent a "perpetual" motion machine, the magnet played an important role.
Unsuccessful inventors in various ways tried to use a magnet to arrange a mechanism that would always move by itself. Here is one of the projects of such a "mechanism" (described in the 17th century by the Englishman John Wilkens, Bishop of Chester).
A strong magnet A is placed on the column. Leaning against it are two inclined troughs M and N, one below the other, with the upper M having a small opening C in the upper part, and the lower N curved.
If, - the inventor reasoned, - a small iron ball B is placed on the upper chute, then due to attraction by magnet A, the ball will roll upwards; however, having reached the hole, it will fall into the lower chute N, roll down it, run up the rounding D of this chute and fall on the upper chute M; from here, attracted by a magnet, it will roll up again, fall through the hole again, roll down again and again find itself on the upper chute to start over again. Thus, the ball will constantly run back and forth, carrying out "perpetual motion".
What is the absurdity of this invention? It's not hard to point it out.
Why did the inventor think that the ball, having rolled down the chute N to its lower end, would still have sufficient speed to lift it up the curve D? This would be the case if the ball rolled under the influence of gravity alone: then it would roll with acceleration. But our ball is under the influence of two forces: gravity and magnetic attraction. The latter, by assumption, is so significant that it can make the ball rise from position B to C. Therefore, along the channel N, the ball will roll down not accelerated, but slowly, and even if it reaches the lower end, it will in any case not accumulate the speed necessary to rise along the rounding D.
The described project resurfaced many times later in all sorts of modifications.
One of these projects was even, oddly enough, patented in Germany in 1878, that is, thirty years after the proclamation of the law of conservation of energy!
The inventor so disguised the absurd basic idea of his “perpetual magnetic machine” that he misled the technical commission issuing patents. And although, according to the charter, patents for inventions whose idea is contrary to the laws of nature should not be issued, the invention was formally patented this time. Probably, the happy owner of this one-of-a-kind patent soon became disillusioned with his offspring, since after two years he stopped paying the fee, and the curious patent lost its legal force; "invention" has become public domain. However, nobody needs it.
Source: Ya.I. Perelman. Entertaining physics. Book 2.
Did you know?
about organic magnets
Usually magnetism is associated with iron, cobalt, nickel or rare earth elements.
But in 1985, the first organic magnet was discovered in the USA.
In 1991, the Japanese created a complex organic magnet made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. However, the magnetic properties of this substance began to show only near absolute zero.
In 1997, scientists found another organic magnet made of non-magnetic vanadium surrounded by tetracyanoethylene molecules, which magnetized up to 75 degrees Celsius. Magnetism in organic magnets arises because the atoms line up in them in an orderly manner.
However, most of the "organic magnets" known to date exhibit magnetic properties only at low temperatures.
Does carbon, which is widespread on Earth, have magnetic properties?
After all, pure carbon (graphite, diamond) does not affect the compass needle.
But in 2001, in Russia, ferromagnetic properties were discovered in C60 fullerene molecules, its residual magnetization was preserved at temperatures up to 225 ° C (Curie point). Among the derivatives of materials from C60, there were many superconductors. Fullerene C60 has one and a half times less density than graphite, and half as much as diamond. In an attempt to increase this density with high pressures at high temperatures, scientists have obtained several samples of another form of carbon with pronounced ferromagnetic properties
It turns out that carbon can have ferromagnetic properties at ordinary temperatures.
The low density of organic magnets will make it possible to create light electric motors and generators, magneto-optical devices for storing and storing information. Organic magnets are much cheaper than metal magnets and are easier to manufacture.
inquisitive
Optical "soaring"
In the air and water jets, you can observe the "floating" of the balls, and their stability is amazing. Light is also able to "hold" the balls in the air: a sufficiently powerful laser beam lifts and holds transparent glass spheres about 20 microns in diameter in suspension. How can light lift such a ball? How is stability achieved under horizontal disturbances?
Turns out...
Light has momentum and therefore can exert pressure. The laser used in the described experiments creates an intense beam of light that is able to lift the ball. The stability of the ball is due to the refraction of light inside it. The intensity of the laser light beam is maximum at the center. Let the ball be somewhat displaced relative to the center of the beam, but not leave its limits. Light falling on the ball at the edge of the beam is refracted inside the ball, passes through it, and then, again refracted, exits outwards towards the center of the beam. As a result, the laser beam is slightly deflected, and, therefore, it must act on the ball with some force. The light entering the ball somewhat from the side (in the center of the beam) is also deflected, but not to the center, but to the side. Due to these deviations, both a lifting force and a force acting sideways arise. The intensity of light deflected towards the center of the ball is less than the intensity of light deflected to the side, so the resulting force is directed towards the center. If the ball moves away from the center of the beam, then this resultant force returns it.
This article is devoted to the consideration of motors running on permanent magnets, with which attempts are made to obtain efficiency>1 by changing the configuration of the wiring diagram, electronic switch circuits and magnetic configurations. Several designs are presented that can be considered as traditional, as well as several designs that seem promising. We hope that this article will help the reader understand the essence of these devices before investing in such inventions or receiving investments for their production. Information about US patents can be found at http://www.uspto.gov.
Introduction
An article devoted to permanent magnet motors cannot be considered complete without a preliminary review of the main designs that are presented on modern market. Permanent magnet industrial motors are necessarily DC motors because the magnets they use are permanently polarized before assembly. Many permanent magnet brushed motors are connected to brushless electric motors, which can reduce friction and wear in the mechanism. Brushless motors include electronic commutation or stepper motors. A stepper motor is often used in automotive industry, contains a longer operating torque per unit volume, compared to other electric motors. However, usually the speed of such motors is much lower. The design of the electronic switch can be used in a switchable reactive synchronous motor. The external stator of such an electric motor uses soft metal instead of expensive permanent magnets, resulting in an internal permanent electromagnetic rotor.
According to Faraday's law, the torque is mainly due to the current in the linings of brushless motors. In an ideal permanent magnet motor, linear torque is opposed to a speed curve. In a permanent magnet motor, both outer and inner rotor designs are standard.
To draw attention to the many problems associated with the motors in question, the handbook states that there is a “very important relationship between torque and inverse electromotive force(ems), which is sometimes not given importance. This phenomenon is due to the electromotive force (emf) that is created by applying a varying magnetic field(dB/dt). Using technical terminology, we can say that the "torque constant" (N-m/amp) equals the "back emf constant" (V/rad/sec). The voltage at the motor terminals is equal to the difference between the back emf and the active (ohmic) voltage drop, which is due to the presence of internal resistance. (For example, V=8.3V, back emf=7.5V, resistive voltage drop=0.8V). This physical principle leads us to turn to Lenz's law, which was discovered in 1834, three years after Faraday invented the unipolar generator. The contradictory structure of Lenz's law, as well as the concept of "reverse emf" used in it, are part of the so-called Faraday's physical law, on the basis of which a rotating electric drive operates. Back emf is the reaction of alternating current in a circuit. In other words, a changing magnetic field naturally generates a back emf, since they are equivalent.
Thus, before proceeding with the manufacture of such structures, it is necessary to carefully analyze Faraday's law. Many scientific articles such as "Faraday's Law - Quantitative Experiments" are able to convince the new energy experimenter that the change that occurs in the flow and causes the back electromotive force (emf) is essentially equal to the back emf itself. This cannot be avoided by obtaining excess energy, as long as the number of changes in the magnetic flux over time remains inconsistent. These are two sides of the same coin. The input energy generated in a motor whose design contains an inductor will naturally equal the output energy. Also, with respect to "electrical induction", the variable flux "induces" a back emf.
Switchable reluctance motors
Eklin's permanent magnetic motion transducer (patent #3,879,622) uses rotating valves to variable shield the poles of a horseshoe magnet in an alternative method of induced motion. Ecklin's patent #4,567,407 ("Shielding Unified motor generator alternating current, having a constant lining and field"), the idea of switching the magnetic field by "switching the magnetic flux" is reiterated. This idea is common to motors of this kind. As an illustration of this principle, Ecklin cites the following thought: “The rotors of most modern generators are repelled as they approach the stator and are attracted again by the stator as soon as they pass it, in accordance with Lenz's law. Thus, most rotors are faced with constant non-conservative working forces, and therefore modern generators require a constant input torque. However, “the steel rotor of the flux-switching unified alternator actually contributes to the input torque for half of each turn, as the rotor is always attracted but never repelled. Such a design allows some of the current supplied to the motor plates to supply power through a solid line of magnetic induction to the output windings of alternating current ... ”Unfortunately, Ecklin has not yet been able to design a self-starting machine.
In connection with the problem under consideration, it is worth mentioning Richardson's patent No. 4,077,001, which discloses the essence of the movement of an armature with low magnetic resistance both in contact and out of it at the ends of the magnet (p. 8, line 35). Finally, Monroe's patent No. 3,670,189 can be cited, where a similar principle is considered, in which, however, the passage of the magnetic flux is suppressed by passing the rotor poles between the permanent magnets of the stator poles. Requirement 1 claimed in this patent seems to be sufficient in scope and detail to prove patentability, however, its effectiveness remains in question.
It seems implausible that, being a closed system, a switchable reluctance motor could become self-starting. Many examples prove that a small electromagnet is needed to bring the armature into a synchronized rhythm. The Wankel magnetic engine in its in general terms may be given for comparison with the present type of invention. Jaffe Patent #3,567,979 can also be used for comparison. Minato's patent #5,594,289, similar to the Wankel magnetic drive, is intriguing enough for many researchers.
Inventions like the Newman motor (US Patent Application No. 06/179,474) have made it possible to discover that a non-linear effect such as impulse voltage is beneficial in overcoming the Lorentz force conservation effect of Lenz's law. Also similar is the mechanical analogue of the Thornson inertial engine, which uses a non-linear impact force to transfer momentum along an axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation. The magnetic field contains angular momentum, which becomes apparent under certain conditions, such as the Feynman disk paradox, where it is conserved. Pulse method can be advantageously used in this motor with a magnetic switchable resistance, provided that the field switching is carried out quickly enough with a rapid increase in power. However, more research is needed on this issue.
The most successful version of the switchable reluctance motor is Harold Aspden's device (patent No. 4,975,608), which optimizes throughput coil input device and work on the break B-H curve. Switchable jet engines are also explained in .
The Adams motor has received widespread acclaim. For example, Nexus magazine published a favorable review in which this invention is called the first engine ever observed. free energy. However, the operation of this machine can be fully explained by Faraday's law. The generation of pulses in adjacent coils that drive a magnetized rotor actually follows the same pattern as in a standard switched reluctance motor.
The slowdown that Adams talks about in one of his Internet posts discussing the invention can be attributed to the exponential voltage (L di/dt) of the back emf. One of the latest additions to this category of inventions that confirm the success of the Adams motor is International Patent Application No. 00/28656, awarded in May 2000. inventors Brits and Christy, (LUTEC generator). The simplicity of this motor is easily explained by the presence of switchable coils and a permanent magnet on the rotor. In addition, the patent clarifies that “a direct current applied to the stator coils produces a magnetic repulsive force and is the only current applied externally to the entire system to create a total movement ...” It is well known that all motors work according to this principle. On page 21 of said patent, there is an explanation of the design, where the inventors express the desire to "maximize the effect of the back emf, which helps to maintain the rotation of the rotor/armature of the electromagnet in one direction." The operation of all motors in this category with a switchable field is aimed at obtaining this effect. Figure 4A, presented in Brits and Christie's patent, discloses voltage sources "VA, VB and VC". Then, on page 10, the following statement is made: "At this time, the current is supplied from the power supply VA and continues to be supplied until brush 18 ceases to interact with contacts 14 to 17." It is not unusual for this construction to be compared to the more complex attempts previously mentioned in this article. All of these motors require an electrical power source, and none of them are self-starting.
Supporting the claim that free energy has been obtained is that the working coil (at pulse mode) when passing by a constant magnetic field (magnet) does not use to create current rechargeable battery. Instead, it has been proposed to use Weigand conductors, and this will cause a colossal Barkhausen jump in the alignment of the magnetic domain, and the pulse will take on a very clear shape. If a Weigand conductor is applied to the coil, then it will create a sufficiently large impulse of several volts for it when it passes a changing external magnetic field of a threshold of a certain height. Thus, for this pulse generator, input electrical energy is not needed at all.
toroidal motor
Compared to existing motors on the market today, the unusual design of the toroidal motor can be compared to the device described in Langley's patent (No. 4,547,713). This motor contains a two-pole rotor located in the center of the toroid. If a single pole design is chosen (eg with north poles at each end of the rotor), then the resulting arrangement will resemble the radial magnetic field for the rotor used in Van Gil's patent (#5,600,189). Brown's patent #4,438,362, owned by Rotron, uses a variety of magnetizable segments to make a rotor in a toroidal spark gap. The most striking example of a rotating toroidal motor is the device described in Ewing's patent (No. 5,625,241), which also resembles Langley's already mentioned invention. Based on the process of magnetic repulsion, Ewing's invention uses a microprocessor controlled rotary mechanism primarily to take advantage of Lenz's law and also to overcome back emf. A demonstration of Ewing's invention can be seen in the commercial video "Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point". Whether this invention is the most highly efficient of all engines currently on the market remains in question. As stated in the patent: "the operation of the device as a motor is also possible when using a pulsed DC source." The design also contains a programmable logic control unit and a power control circuit, which the inventors believe should make it more efficient than 100%.
Even if motor models prove effective in generating torque or converting force, the magnets moving inside them may leave these devices unusable. Commercial implementation of these types of motors can be disadvantageous, as there are many competitive designs on the market today.
Linear motors
The topic of linear induction motors is widely covered in the literature. The publication explains that these motors are similar to standard induction motors in which the rotor and stator are dismantled and placed out of plane. The author of the book "Movement without wheels" Laithwhite is known for the creation of monorail structures designed for trains in England and developed on the basis of linear induction motors.
Hartman's patent No. 4,215,330 is an example of one device in which a linear motor is used to move a steel ball up a magnetized plane by about 10 levels. Another invention in this category is described in Johnson's patent (No. 5,402,021), which uses a permanent arc magnet mounted on a four-wheel cart. This magnet is exposed to the side of the parallel conveyor with fixed variable magnets. Another equally amazing invention is the device described in another Johnson patent (# 4,877,983) and the successful operation of which was observed in closed circuit during few hours. It should be noted that the generator coil can be placed in close proximity to the moving element, so that each run is accompanied by an electrical impulse to charge the battery. Hartmann's device can also be designed as a circular conveyor, allowing the demonstration of first-order perpetual motion.
Hartmann's patent is based on the same principle as the well-known electron spin experiment, which in physics is commonly called the Stern-Gerlach experiment. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field, the impact on an object with the help of a magnetic moment of rotation occurs due to the potential energy gradient. In any physics textbook, you can find an indication that this type of field, strong at one end and weak at the other, contributes to the appearance of a unidirectional force facing the magnetic object and equal to dB / dx. Thus, the force pushing the ball along the magnetized plane 10 levels up in the direction is completely consistent with the laws of physics.
Using industrial quality magnets (including superconducting magnets at ambient temperature, which is currently in the final stages of development), it will be possible to demonstrate the transportation of loads with a fairly large mass without the cost of electricity for maintenance. Superconducting magnets have the unusual ability to maintain their original magnetized field for years without requiring periodic power to restore the original field strength. Examples of the current state of the art in the development of superconducting magnets are given in Ohnishi's patent #5,350,958 (lack of power produced by cryogenics and lighting systems), as well as in a reprint of an article on magnetic levitation.
Static electromagnetic angular momentum
In a provocative experiment using a cylindrical capacitor, researchers Graham and Lahoz develop an idea published by Einstein and Laub in 1908, which states that an additional period of time is needed to maintain the principle of action and reaction. The article cited by the researchers was translated and published in my book below. Graham and Lahoz emphasize that there is a "real angular momentum density" and offer a way to observe this energetic effect in permanent magnets and electrets.
This work is inspiring and impressive research using data based on the work of Einstein and Minkowski. This study can be directly applied to the creation of both a unipolar generator and a magnetic energy converter, described below. This possibility is due to the fact that both devices have axial magnetic and radial electric fields, similar to the cylindrical capacitor used in the Graham and Lahoz experiment.
Unipolar motor
The book details experimental research and the history of the invention made by Faraday. In addition, attention is paid to the contribution made to this study Tesla. Recently, however, a number of new designs have been proposed for a multi-rotor unipolar motor that can be compared to the invention of J.R.R. Serla.
The renewed interest in Searle's device should also draw attention to unipolar motors. Preliminary analysis reveals the existence of two different phenomena occurring simultaneously in a unipolar motor. One of the phenomena can be called the "rotation" effect (No. 1), and the second - the "coagulation" effect (No. 2). The first effect can be represented as magnetized segments of some imaginary solid ring that rotate around a common center. Exemplary designs that allow segmentation of the rotor of a unipolar generator are presented in.
Taking into account the proposed model, effect No. 1 can be calculated for Tesla power magnets, which are magnetized along the axis and are located near a single ring with a diameter of 1 meter. In this case, the emf formed along each roller is more than 2V (electric field directed radially from the outer diameter of the rollers to the outer diameter of the adjacent ring) at a roller rotation frequency of 500 rpm. It is worth noting that effect #1 does not depend on the rotation of the magnet. The magnetic field in a unipolar generator is coupled to space, not to a magnet, so rotation will not affect the effect of the Lorentz force that occurs when this universal unipolar generator operates.
Effect #2 that takes place inside each roller magnet is described in , where each roller is treated as a small unipolar generator. This effect is considered to be somewhat weaker, since electricity is generated from the center of each roller to the periphery. This design is reminiscent of Tesla's unipolar generator, in which a rotating drive belt ties the outer edge ring magnet. With the rotation of rollers having a diameter of approximately one tenth of a meter, which is carried out around a ring with a diameter of 1 meter and in the absence of towing of the rollers, the voltage generated will be 0.5 volts. The design of the ring magnet proposed by Searl will enhance the B-field of the roller.
It should be noted that the superposition principle applies to both of these effects. Effect No. 1 is a uniform electronic field that exists along the diameter of the roller. Effect #2 is a radial effect, as noted above. However, in fact, only the emf acting in the segment of the roller between the two contacts, that is, between the center of the roller and its edge, which is in contact with the ring, will contribute to the generation of electric current in any external circuit. Understanding this fact means that the effective voltage generated by effect #1 will be half the existing emf, or just over 1 volt, which is about twice as much as that generated by effect #2. When applying superimposition in a limited space, we will also find that the two effects oppose each other and the two emfs must be subtracted. The result of this analysis is that approximately 0.5 volts of adjustable emf will be provided to generate electricity in a separate installation containing rollers and a ring with a diameter of 1 meter. When current is received, the effect of a ball-bearing motor occurs, which actually pushes the rollers, allowing the roller magnets to acquire significant electrical conductivity. (The author thanks Paul La Violette for this comment.)
In a work related to this topic, researchers Roshchin and Godin published the results of experiments with a single-ring device they invented, called the "Magnetic Energy Converter" and having rotating magnets on bearings. The device was designed as an improvement on Searle's invention. The analysis of the author of this article, given above, does not depend on what metals were used to make the rings in the design of Roshchin and Godin. Their discoveries are convincing and detailed enough to renew the interest of many researchers in this type of motor.
Conclusion
So, there are several permanent magnet motors that can contribute to the emergence of a perpetual motion machine with an efficiency greater than 100%. Naturally, the concepts of conservation of energy must be taken into account, and the source of the supposed additional energy must also be investigated. If constant magnetic field gradients claim to produce a unidirectional force, as the textbooks claim, then there will come a point when they will be accepted to generate useful power. The roller magnet configuration, which is now commonly referred to as the "magnetic energy converter", is also a unique magnetic motor design. The device illustrated by Roshchin and Godin in Russian patent No. 2155435 is a magnetic electric motor-generator, which demonstrates the possibility of generating additional energy. Since the operation of the device is based on the circulation of cylindrical magnets rotating around the ring, the design is actually more of a generator than a motor. However, this device is an active motor, since the torque generated by the self-sustaining movement of the magnets is used to start a separate electric generator.
Literature
1. Motion Control Handbook (Designfax, May, 1989, p.33)
2. "Faraday's Law - Quantitative Experiments", Amer. Jour. Phys.,
3. Popular Science, June 1979
4. IEEE Spectrum 1/97
5. Popular Science (Popular Science), May, 1979
6. Schaum's Outline Series, Theory and Problems of Electric
Machines and Electromechanics (Theory and problems of electrical
machines and electromechanics) (McGraw Hill, 1981)
7. IEEE Spectrum, July, 1997
9. Thomas Valone, The Homopolar Handbook
10. Ibidem, p. 10
11. Electric Spacecraft Journal, Issue 12, 1994
12. Thomas Valone, The Homopolar Handbook, p. 81
13. Ibidem, p. 81
14. Ibidem, p. 54
Tech. Phys. Lett., v. 26, #12, 2000, p.1105-07
Thomas Valon Integrity Research Institute, www.integrityresearchinstitute.org
1220L St. NW, Suite 100-232, Washington, DC 20005
The fact that a neodymium magnet generator, such as a wind generator, is useful is no longer in doubt. Even if all the appliances in the house cannot be provided with energy in this way, after all, with prolonged use, it will show itself from the winning side. Making the device with your own hands will make operation even more economical and more enjoyable.
Characteristics of neodymium magnets
But first, let's find out what magnets are. They appeared not so long ago. It has been possible to buy magnets in the store since the nineties of the last century. They are made of neodymium, boron and iron. The main element, of course, is neodymium. This is a metal of the lanthanide group, with the help of which magnets acquire a huge adhesive force. If you take two large pieces and pull them together, then it will be almost impossible to disengage them.
On sale basically, of course, there are miniature species. In any gift shop you can find balls (or other shapes) made of this metal. The high price of neodymium magnets is explained by the complexity of the extraction of raw materials and the technology of its production. If a ball with a diameter of 3-5 millimeters will cost only a few rubles, then for a magnet with a diameter of 20 millimeters or more you will have to pay 500 rubles or more.
Neodymium magnets are produced in special furnaces, where the process takes place without access to oxygen, in a vacuum or an atmosphere with an inert gas. The most common are magnets with axial magnetization, in which the field vector is directed along one of the planes where the thickness is measured.
The characteristics of neodymium magnets are very valuable, but they can easily be damaged beyond repair. So, a strong blow can deprive them of all properties. Therefore, you should try to avoid falling. Also, different species have their own temperature limit, which varies from eighty to two hundred and fifty degrees. At temperatures above the limit, the magnet loses its properties.
Proper and careful use is the key to maintaining quality for thirty years or more. Natural demagnetization is only one percent per year.
Application of neodymium magnets
They are often used in experiments in the field of physics and electrical engineering. But in practice, these magnets have already found wide application, for example, in industry. Often they can be found in the composition of souvenirs.
The high degree of grip makes them very useful when searching for underground metal objects. Therefore, many search engines use equipment using neodymium magnets to find equipment left over from wartime.
If the old acoustic speakers barely work, then sometimes it is worth attaching neodymium magnets to the ferrite magnets, and the equipment will sound great again.
So on the engine or generator, you can try to replace the old magnets. Then there is a chance that the technique will work much better. Consumption will also go down.
Mankind has been looking for a long time On neodymium magnets, as some believe, the technology may well take on a real shape.
Ready-made vertically oriented wind turbine
To wind turbines, especially in last years, renewed interest. There are new models that are more convenient and practical.
Until recently, horizontal wind turbines with three blades were mainly used. And vertical views did not spread due to the heavy load on the bearings of the wind wheel, as a result of which increased friction arose, absorbing energy.
But thanks to the use of principles, a wind generator based on neodymium magnets began to be used precisely vertically oriented, with a pronounced free inertial rotation. It has now proven its more high efficiency compared to horizontal.
Easy start is achieved thanks to the principle of magnetic levitation. And thanks to the multi-pole, which gives the rated voltage at low speeds, it is possible to completely abandon the gearboxes.
Some devices are able to start working when the wind speed is only one and a half centimeters per second, and when it reaches only three or four meters per second, it may already be equal to the generated power of the device.
Application area
Thus, the wind generator, depending on its power, is able to provide energy to various structures.
City apartments.
Private houses, dachas, shops, car washes.
Kindergartens, hospitals, ports and other city institutions.
Advantages
Devices are purchased ready-made or made independently. Having bought a wind generator, it remains only to install it. All adjustments and alignments have already been completed, tests have been carried out under various climatic conditions.
Neodymium magnets, which are used instead of the gearbox and bearings, allow you to achieve the following results:
friction is reduced, and the service life of all parts is increased;
vibration and noise of the device disappears during operation;
the cost is reduced;
saves electricity;
eliminates the need for regular maintenance.
The wind generator can be purchased with a built-in inverter that charges the battery, as well as with a controller.
The most common models
The generator on neodymium magnets can be made on a single or double mount. In addition to the main neodymium magnets, additional ferrite magnets can be provided in the design. The height of the wing is made different, mainly from one to three meters.
More powerful models have a double mount. They also install additional generators on ferrite magnets and have different wing heights and diameters.
Homemade designs
Considering that not everyone can afford to buy a wind-powered neodymium magnet generator, they often decide to build a structure with their own hands. Consider various options devices that you can easily make yourself.
DIY wind generator
Having a vertical axis of rotation, it usually has from three to six blades. The design includes a stator, blades (fixed and rotating) and a rotor. Wind affects the blades, turbine entry and exit. Automobile hubs are sometimes used as a support. Such a neodymium magnet generator is silent, remains stable even when strong wind. He doesn't need a tall mast. The movement starts even with a very weak wind.
What can be a fixed generator device
It is known that the electromotive force through the wire is generated by changing the magnetic field. The core of the stationary generator is created by electronic control, not mechanically. The generator controls the flow automatically, acting resonantly and consuming very little power. Its vibrations deflect the magnetic fluxes of iron or ferrite cores to the sides. The higher the oscillation frequency, the stronger power generator. The launch is realized by a short-term pulse to the generator.
How to make a perpetual motion machine
On neodymium magnets, they are basically the same type according to the principle of operation. The standard option is already the axial type.
It is based on a hub from a car with brake discs. Such a base will become reliable and powerful.
When deciding to use it, the hub should be completely disassembled and checked if there is enough lubricant there, and if necessary, clean the rust. Then finished device it will be nice to paint, and it will get a “homely”, well-groomed look.
In a single-phase device, the poles must have an equal number with the number of magnets. In a three-phase, the ratio of two to three or four to three must be observed. Magnets are placed with alternating poles. They must be exactly located. To do this, you can draw a template on paper, cut it out and accurately transfer it to disk.
In order not to confuse the poles, marks are made with a marker. To do this, the magnets are brought with one side: the one that attracts is denoted by the sign "+", and the one that repels - "-". Magnets must attract, that is, those located opposite each other must have different poles.
Superglue or the like is usually used, and after the sticker is poured with more epoxy to increase strength, having previously made “borders” so that it does not leak out.
Three or single phase
A neodymium magnet generator is usually made to work with vibration under load, since it will not provide a constant current output, which will result in an abrupt amplitude.
On the other hand, with a three-phase system, constant power is guaranteed at all times due to phase compensation. Therefore, no vibration will occur, no buzz. And the efficiency of work will be fifty percent higher than with a single phase.
Coil winding and assembly
The calculation of the generator on neodymium magnets is mainly done by eye. But it is better, of course, to achieve accuracy. For example, for a low-speed device, where battery charging would begin to function at 100-150 revolutions per minute, 1000 to 1200 turns would be required. The total number is divided by the number of coils. So many turns will be required in each of them. The coils are wound with the thickest possible wire, since with a lower resistance, the current will be greater (with a large voltage, the resistance will take all the current).
Usually they use round ones, but it is better to wind coils of an elongated shape. The inner hole must be equal to or larger than the diameter of the magnet. In addition, the optimal magnet will be in the form of a rectangle, not a washer, since the former have a magnetic field stretched along the length, while the latter have a concentrated in the center.
The thickness of the stator is made equal to the thickness of the magnets. For the form, you can use plywood. Fiberglass is placed on its bottom and on top of the coils for strength. The coils are connected to each other, and each phase is brought out to be connected then by a triangle or a star.
It remains to make a mast and a reliable foundation.
Of course, this is not a perpetual motion machine on neodymium magnets. However, savings when using a wind generator will be provided.
Science has not stood still for a long time and is developing more and more. Thanks to science, many items that we use in everyday life have been invented. However, for many centuries, science has always faced the question of inventing such a device that could work without consuming any energy from the outside, working forever. Many people have achieved this result. However, who succeeded? Has such an engine been built? We will talk about this and many other things in our article.
Stirling's engine the simplest design. Free piston. Igor Beletsky
What is a perpetual motion machine?
It is difficult to imagine modern human life without the use of special machines which make life easier for people. With the help of such machines, people are cultivating the land, extracting oil, ore, and also just move around. That is, the main task of such machines is to do work. In any machines and mechanisms, before doing any work, any energy passes from one type to another. But there is one nuance: it is impossible to obtain energies of one type more than another in the most of any transformations, since this contradicts the laws of physics. Thus, a perpetual motion machine cannot be created.
But what does the phrase "perpetual motion machine" mean? A perpetual motion machine is such an engine in which, as a result of the transformation of the energy of the species, more is obtained than it was at the beginning of the process. This question about the perpetual motion machine occupies a special place in science, while it cannot exist. This rather paradoxical fact is justified by the fact that all the searches of scientists in the hope of inventing a perpetual motion machine have been going on for more than 8 centuries. These searches are primarily related to the fact that there are certain ideas about the most common concept of the physics of energy.
The history of the perpetual motion machine
Before describing the perpetual motion machine, it is worth turning to history. Where did it come from? For the first time, the idea of creating such an engine that would drive a machine without using a special force appeared in India in the seventh century. But practical interest in this idea appeared later, already in Europe in the eighth century. The creation of such an engine would significantly accelerate the development of the science of energy, as well as develop the productive forces.
Such an engine was extremely useful at the time. The engine was capable of driving various water pumps, turning mills, and lifting various loads. But medieval science was not developed enough to make such great discoveries. People who dreamed of creating a perpetual motion machine. First of all, they relied on what always moves, that is, forever. An example of this is the movement of the sun, moon, various planets, the flow of rivers, and so on. However, science does not stand its ground. That is why, developing, humanity came to the creation of a real engine, which relied not only on a natural combination of circumstances.
Perpetual motion machine on magnets
The first analogues of modern perpetual magnetic motor
In the 20th century, the greatest discovery took place - the appearance of a constant and the study of its properties. In addition, in the same century, the idea of creating a magnetic engine appeared. Such an engine had to work an unlimited amount of time, that is, indefinitely. Such an engine was called eternal. However, the word "forever" does not quite fit here. There is nothing eternal, because at any moment any part of such a magnet can fall off, or some part will break off. That is why the word "forever" should be taken as a mechanism that works continuously, without requiring any costs. For example, for fuel and so on.
But there is an opinion that nothing is eternal, an eternal magnet cannot exist according to the laws of physics. However, it is worth noting that a permanent magnet radiates energy constantly, while not losing its magnetic properties at all. Each magnet does work continuously. During this process, the magnet involves in this movement all the molecules that are contained in the environment by a special stream, which is called ether.
This is the only and most correct explanation of the mechanism of action of such a magnetic motor. On this moment it is difficult to establish who created the first engine powered by magnets. It was very different from our modern one. However, there is an opinion that in the treatise of the greatest Indian mathematician Bhskar Acharya there is a mention of an engine running on a magnet.
In Europe, the first information about the creation of a perpetual magnetic motor also arose from an important person. This news came in the 13th century, from Villard d'Honnecourt. It was the greatest French architect and engineer. He, like many figures of that century, was engaged in various affairs that corresponded to the profile of his profession. Namely: the construction of various cathedrals, the creation of structures for lifting goods. In addition, the figure was engaged in the creation of water-powered saws and so on. In addition, he left behind an album in which he left drawings and drawings to posterity. This book kept in Paris, in the National Library.
Perendev motor based on the interaction of magnets
Creation of a perpetual magnetic motor
When was the first perpetual motion machine created? In 1969, the first modern working design of a magnetic motor was made. The body of such an engine was completely made of wood, the engine itself was in full working order. But there was one problem. The energy itself was only enough to rotate the rotor, since all the magnets were quite weak, and others were simply not invented at that time. The creator of this design was Michael Brady. He devoted his whole life to the development of engines, and finally, in the 90s of the last century, he created absolutely new model perpetual motion machine on a magnet, for which he received a patent.
On the basis of this magnetic motor, an electric generator was made, which had a power of 6 kW. power device was the magnetic motor that used exclusively permanent magnets. However, this type of generator was not without its certain disadvantages. For example, the engine speed and power did not depend on any factors, for example, the load that was connected to the generator.
Further, there was preparation for the manufacture of an electromagnetic motor, in which, in addition to all permanent magnets, special coils were also used, which are called electromagnets. Such a motor, powered by an electromagnet, could successfully control the force of the torque, as well as the very speed of rotation of the rotor. Based on the new generation engine, two mini power plants were created. The generator weighs 350 kilograms.
Groups of perpetual motion machines
Magnetic motors and others are divided into two types. The first group of perpetual motion machines does not extract energy from the environment at all (for example, heat). However, at the same time, physical and Chemical properties engine still remain unchanged, while using no energy other than its own. As mentioned above, it is precisely such machines that simply cannot exist, based on the first law of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines of the second type do everything exactly the opposite. That is, their work is completely dependent on external factors. When they work, they extract energy from the environment. Absorbing, say, heat, they convert such energy into mechanical energy. However, such mechanisms cannot exist on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics. Simply put, the first group refers to the so-called natural engines. And the second to physical or artificial engines.
But to what group should a perpetual magnetic motor be attributed? Of course, to the first. At work this mechanism the energy of the external environment is not used at all, on the contrary, the mechanism itself produces the amount of energy that it needs.
Thane Hines - engine presentation
Creation of a modern perpetual magnetic motor
What should be a real perpetual magnetic motor of a new generation? So, in 1985, the future inventor of the mechanism Thane Heins thought about it. He thought about how to significantly improve the power generator with the help of magnets. Thus, by 2006, he nevertheless invented what he had dreamed of for so long. It was this year that happened, something that he did not expect. While working on his invention, Hines connected the input shaft of a conventional motor together with a rotor, on which were small round magnets.
They were located on the outer rim of the rotor. Hines hoped that during the period when the rotor would rotate, the magnets would pass through the coil, the material of which was ordinary wire. This process, according to Hines, should have caused the flow of current. Thus, using all of the above, a real generator should have been obtained. However, the rotor, which was working on the load, gradually had to slow down. And, of course, at the end the rotor had to stop.
But Hines miscalculated something. Thus, instead of stopping, the rotor began to accelerate its movement to incredible speed, which caused the magnets to scatter in all directions. The impact of the magnets was really of great force, which damaged the walls of the laboratory.
In conducting this experiment, Hynes hoped that with this action a special force magnetic field should be established, in which the effect, completely reverse EMF, should have appeared. This outcome of the experiment is theoretically correct. This outcome is based on Lenz's law. This law manifests itself physically as the most common law of friction in mechanics.
But, alas, the intended outcome of the experiment was out of control of the test scientist. The fact is that instead of the result that Hynes wanted to get, the most ordinary magnetic friction turned into the most magnetic acceleration! This is how the first modern perpetual motion machine arose. Hines believes that rotating magnets, which form a field with the help of a steel conductive rotor, as well as a shaft, act on an electric motor in such a way that electrical energy is converted into a completely different, kinetic energy.
Development options for perpetual motion machines
That is, the back EMF in our particular case accelerates the motor even more, which accordingly causes the rotor to rotate. That is, in this way, a process arises that has a positive feedback. The inventor himself confirmed this process, replacing only one part. Hines replaced the steel shaft with a non-conductive plastic tube. He made this addition in order to speed up this example installation was not possible.
Finally, on January 28, 2008, Hines tested his device at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. What is most surprising, the device really functioned! However, there was no further news about the creation of a perpetual motion machine. Some scientists have an opinion that this is just a bluff. However, how many people, so many opinions.
It is worth noting that real perpetual motion machines can be found in the Universe without inventing anything on your own. The fact is that such phenomena in astronomy are called white holes. These white holes are the antipodes of black holes, thus they can be sources of infinite energy. Unfortunately, this statement has not been verified, and it exists only theoretically. What can we say, if there is a saying that the Universe itself is one big and perpetual motion machine.
Thus, in the article we have reflected all the main thoughts about a magnetic motor that can work without stopping. In addition, we learned about its creation, about the existence of its modern counterpart. In addition, in the article you can find the names of various inventors of different times who worked on the creation of a perpetual motion machine that runs on a magnet. We hope you have found something useful for yourself. Good luck!
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