The publication "Military-Industrial Courier" reports great news from the field of breakthrough missile technologies. Detonation rocket engine tested in Russia, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said on his Facebook page on Friday.
“The so-called detonation rocket engines developed under the program of the Advanced Research Foundation have been successfully tested,” Interfax-AVN quotes the vice-premier.
It is believed that a detonation rocket engine is one of the ways to implement the concept of the so-called motor hypersound, that is, the creation of hypersonic aircraft capable of own engine reach speeds of Mach 4 - 6 (Mach - the speed of sound).
The russia-reborn.ru portal provides an interview with one of the leading specialized engine engineers in Russia about detonation rocket engines.
Interview with Petr Levochkin, chief designer of NPO Energomash named after Academician V.P. Glushko.
Engines for hypersonic missiles of the future are being created
Successful tests of the so-called detonation rocket engines were carried out, which gave very interesting results. Development work in this direction will be continued.
Detonation is an explosion. Can it be made manageable? Is it possible to create hypersonic weapons on the basis of such engines? What rocket engines will take uninhabited and manned vehicles into near space? This was our conversation with the Deputy General Director - Chief Designer of "NPO Energomash named after Academician V.P. Glushko" Petr Levochkin.
Petr Sergeevich, what opportunities do new engines open up?
Petr Levochkin: If we talk about the short term, today we are working on engines for such missiles as the Angara A5V and Soyuz-5, as well as others that are at the pre-design stage and are unknown to the general public. In general, our engines are designed to lift a rocket from the surface of a celestial body. And it can be any - terrestrial, lunar, Martian. So, if the lunar or Martian programs are implemented, we will definitely take part in them.
What is the efficiency of modern rocket engines and are there ways to improve them?
Petr Levochkin: If we talk about energy and thermodynamic parameters engines, it can be said that ours, as well as the best foreign chemical rocket engines today, have reached a certain perfection. For example, the completeness of fuel combustion reaches 98.5 percent. That is, almost all the chemical energy of the fuel in the engine is converted into thermal energy of the outgoing gas jet from the nozzle.
Engines can be improved in many ways. This includes the use of more energy-intensive fuel components, the introduction of new circuit designs, and an increase in pressure in the combustion chamber. Another direction is the use of new, including additive, technologies in order to reduce labor intensity and, as a result, reduce the cost of a rocket engine. All this leads to a decrease in the cost of output payload.
However, upon closer examination, it becomes clear that increasing the energy characteristics of engines in the traditional way is ineffective.
Using a controlled propellant explosion could give a rocket a speed eight times the speed of sound
Why?
Petr Levochkin: Increasing pressure and fuel consumption in the combustion chamber will naturally increase engine thrust. But this will require an increase in the thickness of the walls of the chamber and pumps. As a result, the complexity of the structure and its mass increase, and the energy gain turns out to be not so great. The game will not cost the candle.
That is, rocket engines have exhausted the resource of their development?
Petr Levochkin: Not really. Speaking technical language, they can be improved by increasing the efficiency of intra-motor processes. There are cycles of thermodynamic conversion of chemical energy into the energy of an outflowing jet, which are much more efficient than the classical combustion of rocket fuel. This is the detonation combustion cycle and the Humphrey cycle close to it.
The very effect of fuel detonation was discovered by our compatriot - later Academician Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich back in 1940. Realization of this effect in practice promised very great prospects in rocket science. It is not surprising that the Germans in those same years actively investigated the detonation process of combustion. But not quite further successful experiments they didn't make any progress.
Theoretical calculations have shown that detonation combustion is 25 percent more efficient than the isobaric cycle, which corresponds to fuel combustion at constant pressure, which is implemented in the chambers of modern liquid-propellant engines.
And what provides the advantages of detonation combustion in comparison with the classical one?
Petr Levochkin: The classic combustion process is subsonic. Detonation - supersonic. The speed of the reaction in a small volume leads to a huge heat release - it is several thousand times higher than in subsonic combustion, implemented in classical rocket engines with the same mass of burning fuel. And for us engine engineers, this means that with a much smaller detonation engine and with a small mass of fuel, you can get the same thrust as in modern huge liquid rocket engines.
It is no secret that engines with detonation combustion of fuel are also being developed abroad. What are our positions? We yield, we go at their level or we are in the lead?
Petr Levochkin: We are not inferior - that's for sure. But I can’t say that we are in the lead either. The topic is fairly closed. One of the main technological secrets is how to ensure that the fuel and oxidizer of a rocket engine does not burn, but explodes, without destroying the combustion chamber. That is, in fact, to make a real explosion controllable and manageable. For reference: detonation is the combustion of fuel in the front of a supersonic shock wave. There are pulsed detonation, when the shock wave moves along the axis of the chamber and one replaces the other, as well as continuous (spin) detonation, when the shock waves in the chamber move in a circle.
As far as we know, experimental studies of detonation combustion have been carried out with the participation of your specialists. What results have been obtained?
Petr Levochkin: Work was done to create a model chamber for a liquid detonation rocket engine. Under the patronage of the Foundation for Advanced Study, a large cooperation of leading scientific centers Russia. Among them, the Institute of Hydrodynamics. M.A. Lavrentiev, MAI, "Keldysh Center", Central Institute of Aviation Motors. P.I. Baranov, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University. We proposed to use kerosene as a fuel, and gaseous oxygen as an oxidizing agent. In the process of theoretical and experimental studies, the possibility of creating a detonation rocket engine based on such components was confirmed. Based on the data obtained, we have developed, manufactured and successfully tested a model detonation chamber with a thrust of 2 tons and a pressure in the combustion chamber of about 40 atm.
This task was solved for the first time not only in Russia, but also in the world. So, of course, there were problems. Firstly, they are connected with the provision of stable detonation of oxygen with kerosene, and secondly, with the provision of reliable cooling of the fire wall of the chamber without curtain cooling and a host of other problems, the essence of which is clear only to specialists.
Can a detonation engine be used in hypersonic missiles?
Petr Levochkin: It is both possible and necessary. If only because the combustion of fuel in it is supersonic. And in those engines on which they are now trying to create controlled hypersonic aircraft, the combustion is subsonic. And this creates a lot of problems. After all, if the combustion in the engine is subsonic, and the engine flies, say, at a speed of Mach 5 (one Mach equal to speed sound), it is necessary to slow down the oncoming air flow to sound mode. Accordingly, all the energy of this deceleration is converted into heat, which leads to additional overheating of the structure.
And in a detonation engine, the combustion process occurs at a speed of at least two and a half times higher than the sound speed. And, accordingly, we can increase the speed of the aircraft by this amount. That is, we are already talking not about five, but about eight swings. This is the currently achievable speed of aircraft with hypersonic engines, which will use the principle of detonation combustion.
Petr Levochkin: This is complex issue. We have just opened the door to the area of detonation combustion. There is still a lot of unexplored left outside the brackets of our study. Today, together with RSC Energia, we are trying to determine how the engine as a whole with a detonation chamber may look in the future in relation to upper stages.
On what engines will a person fly to distant planets?
Petr Levochkin: In my opinion, we will be flying on traditional LRE for a long time, improving them. Although, of course, other types of rocket engines are also developing, for example, electric rocket engines (they are much more efficient than rocket engines - their specific impulse is 10 times higher). Alas, today's engines and launch vehicles do not allow us to talk about the reality of massive interplanetary, and even more so intergalactic flights. So far, everything is at the level of fantasy: photon engines, teleportation, levitation, gravitational waves. Although, on the other hand, just a little over a hundred years ago, the writings of Jules Verne were perceived as pure fantasy. Perhaps a revolutionary breakthrough in the area where we work is not far away. Including in the field of practical creation of rockets using the energy of an explosion.
Dossier "RG":
"Scientific and Production Association Energomash" was founded by Valentin Petrovich Glushko in 1929. It now bears his name. Here they develop and produce liquid rocket engines for the I, in some cases II stages of launch vehicles. The NPO has developed more than 60 different liquid-propellant jet engines. The first satellite was launched on Energomash engines, the first man flew into space, the first self-propelled vehicle Lunokhod-1 was launched. Today, more than ninety percent of launch vehicles in Russia take off on engines designed and manufactured by NPO Energomash.
Detonation engine tests
FPI_RUSSIA / Vimeo
The specialized laboratory "Detonation LRE" of the Energomash Research and Production Association tested the world's first full-size detonation liquid-propellant rocket engine technology demonstrators. According to TASS, the new power plants run on an oxygen-kerosene fuel pair.
The new engine, unlike other power plants operating on the principle internal combustion, operates due to the detonation of the fuel. Detonation is the supersonic combustion of a substance this case fuel mixture. In this case, a shock wave propagates through the mixture, followed by a chemical reaction with the release of a large number heat.
The study of the principles of operation and the development of detonation engines has been carried out in some countries of the world for more than 70 years. The first such work began in Germany in the 1940s. True, the researchers failed to create a working prototype of a detonation engine at that time, but pulsating jet engines were developed and mass-produced. They were placed on V-1 rockets.
In pulsating jet engines, fuel burned at subsonic speeds. This combustion is called deflagration. The engine is called pulsating because fuel and oxidizer were fed into its combustion chamber in small portions at regular intervals.
Pressure map in the combustion chamber of a rotary detonation engine. A - detonation wave; B - trailing front of the shock wave; C - mixing zone of fresh and old combustion products; D - fuel mixture filling area; E is the region of the non-knocking burnt fuel mixture; F - expansion zone with detonated burnt fuel mixture
Detonation engines today are divided into two main types: impulse and rotary. The latter are also called spin. The principle of operation of impulse motors is similar to that of pulsating motors. jet engines. The main difference lies in the detonation combustion of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Rotary detonation engines use an annular combustion chamber in which the fuel mixture is fed sequentially through radial valves. In such power plants, detonation does not fade - the detonation wave “runs around” the annular combustion chamber, the fuel mixture behind it has time to be updated. Rotary engine first began to be studied in the USSR in the 1950s.
Detonation engines are capable of operating in a wide range of flight speeds - from zero to five Mach numbers (0-6.2 thousand kilometers per hour). It is believed that such power plants can produce more power, consuming less fuel than conventional jet engines. At the same time, the design of detonation engines is relatively simple: they lack a compressor and many moving parts.
All detonation engines tested so far have been developed for experimental aircraft. Tested in Russia power point is the first designed to be mounted on a rocket. What type of detonation engine was tested is not specified.
The exploration of outer space is involuntarily associated with spaceships. The heart of any launch vehicle is its engine. It must develop the first cosmic velocity - about 7.9 km / s in order to deliver the astronauts into orbit, and the second cosmic velocity in order to overcome the planet's gravitational field.
This is not easy to achieve, but scientists are constantly looking for new ways to solve this problem. Designers from Russia went even further and managed to develop a detonation rocket engine, the tests of which ended in success. This achievement can be called a real breakthrough in the field of space engineering.
New opportunities
Why are detonation engines assigned big hopes? According to scientists, their power will be 10 thousand times greater than the power of existing rocket engines. At the same time, they will consume much less fuel, and their production is characterized by low cost and profitability. What is it connected with?
It's all about the oxidation of fuel. If modern rockets use the deflagration process - slow (subsonic) combustion of fuel at constant pressure, then the detonation rocket engine functions due to an explosion, detonation combustible mixture. It burns at supersonic speed with the release of a huge amount of thermal energy simultaneously with the propagation of the shock wave.
Development and testing Russian version the detonation engine was engaged in a specialized laboratory "Detonation LRE" as part of the production complex "Energomash".
Superiority of new engines
The world's leading scientists have been studying and developing detonation engines for 70 years. The main reason preventing the creation of this type of engine is the uncontrolled spontaneous combustion of fuel. In addition, the tasks of efficient mixing of fuel and oxidizer, as well as the integration of the nozzle and air intake, were on the agenda.
Having solved these problems, it will be possible to create a detonation rocket engine, which, in its own way, technical specifications overtakes time. At the same time, scientists call its following advantages:
- The ability to develop speeds in the subsonic and hypersonic ranges.
- Exception from the design of many moving parts.
- Lower weight and cost of the power plant.
- High thermodynamic efficiency.
Serially given type the engine was not produced. It was first tested on low-flying aircraft in 2008. detonation engine for launch vehicles was first tested by Russian scientists. That is why this event is of such great importance.
Working principle: pulse and continuous
Currently, scientists are developing installations with a pulsed and continuous workflow. The principle of operation of a detonation rocket engine with a pulsed operation scheme is based on the cyclic filling of the combustion chamber with a combustible mixture, its sequential ignition and the release of combustion products into the environment.
Accordingly, in a continuous operating process, fuel is continuously supplied to the combustion chamber, the fuel burns in one or more detonation waves that continuously circulate across the flow. The advantages of such engines are:
- Single ignition of fuel.
- Relatively simple design.
- Small dimensions and mass of installations.
- More efficient use of the combustible mixture.
- Low level of produced noise, vibration and harmful emissions.
In the future, using these advantages, a detonation liquid-propellant rocket engine of a continuous operation scheme will replace all existing installations due to its weight, size and cost characteristics.
Detonation engine tests
The first tests of the domestic detonation plant were carried out as part of a project established by the Ministry of Education and Science. presented as a prototype small engine with a combustion chamber with a diameter of 100 mm and an annular channel width of 5 mm. The tests were carried out on a special stand, indicators were recorded when working on various types combustible mixture - hydrogen-oxygen, natural gas-oxygen, propane-butane-oxygen.
Tests of an oxygen-hydrogen detonation rocket engine proved that the thermodynamic cycle of these units is 7% more efficient than that of other units. In addition, it was experimentally confirmed that with an increase in the amount of fuel supplied, the thrust increases, as well as the number of detonation waves and the rotational speed.
Analogues in other countries
The development of detonation engines is carried out by scientists from leading countries of the world. Designers from the USA have achieved the greatest success in this direction. In their models, they implemented a continuous mode of operation, or rotational. The US military plans to use these installations to equip surface ships. Due to their lighter weight and small size with high output power, they will help increase the effectiveness of combat boats.
A stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is used for its work by an American detonation rocket engine. The advantages of such an energy source are primarily economic - oxygen burns exactly as much as is required to oxidize hydrogen. Now the US government is spending several billion dollars to provide warships with carbon fuel. Stoichiometric fuel will reduce costs by several times.
Further directions of development and prospects
New data obtained as a result of testing detonation engines determined the use of fundamentally new methods for constructing a scheme for operating on liquid fuel. But for functioning, such engines must have high heat resistance due to the large amount of thermal energy released. At the moment, a special coating is being developed that will ensure the operability of the combustion chamber under high-temperature exposure.
Special place in further research is the creation of mixing heads, with the help of which it will be possible to obtain drops of combustible material of a given size, concentration and composition. To address these issues, a new detonation liquid-propellant rocket engine will be created, which will become the basis of a new class of launch vehicles.
Detonation rocket engines have been successfully tested in Russia. About whether it is possible to create hypersonic weapons on their basis, in an interview with RG, he told chief designer"NPO Energomash named after Academician V.P. Glushko" Petr Levochkin 19 January 2018, 10:48
Successful tests of the so-called detonation rocket engines were carried out, which gave very interesting results. Development work in this direction will be continued.
Detonation is an explosion. Can it be made manageable? Is it possible to create hypersonic weapons on the basis of such engines? What rocket engines will take uninhabited and manned vehicles into near space? This was our conversation with the Deputy General Director - Chief Designer of "NPO Energomash named after Academician V.P. Glushko" Petr Levochkin.
Petr Sergeevich, what opportunities do new engines open up?
Petr Levochkin: If we talk about the short term, today we are working on engines for such missiles as the Angara A5V and Soyuz-5, as well as others that are at the pre-design stage and are unknown to the general public. In general, our engines are designed to lift a rocket from the surface of a celestial body. And it can be any - terrestrial, lunar, Martian. So, if the lunar or Martian programs are implemented, we will definitely take part in them.
What is the efficiency of modern rocket engines and are there ways to improve them?
Petr Levochkin: If we talk about the energy and thermodynamic parameters of the engines, then we can say that ours, as well as the best foreign chemical rocket engines today, have reached a certain perfection. For example, the completeness of fuel combustion reaches 98.5 percent. That is, almost all the chemical energy of the fuel in the engine is converted into thermal energy of the outgoing gas jet from the nozzle.
Engines can be improved in many ways. This includes the use of more energy-intensive fuel components, the introduction of new circuit designs, and an increase in pressure in the combustion chamber. Another direction is the use of new, including additive, technologies in order to reduce labor intensity and, as a result, reduce the cost of a rocket engine. All this leads to a decrease in the cost of the output payload.
However, upon closer examination, it becomes clear that increasing the energy characteristics of engines in the traditional way is ineffective.
Using a controlled propellant explosion could give a rocket a speed eight times the speed of sound
Why?
Petr Levochkin: Increasing pressure and fuel consumption in the combustion chamber will naturally increase engine thrust. But this will require an increase in the thickness of the walls of the chamber and pumps. As a result, the complexity of the structure and its mass increase, and the energy gain turns out to be not so great. The game will not cost the candle.
That is, rocket engines have exhausted the resource of their development?
Petr Levochkin: Not really. In technical language, they can be improved by increasing the efficiency of intra-motor processes. There are cycles of thermodynamic conversion of chemical energy into the energy of an outflowing jet, which are much more efficient than the classical combustion of rocket fuel. This is the detonation combustion cycle and the Humphrey cycle close to it.
The very effect of fuel detonation was discovered by our compatriot - later Academician Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich back in 1940. Realization of this effect in practice promised very great prospects in rocket science. It is not surprising that the Germans in those same years actively investigated the detonation process of combustion. But they did not advance further than not entirely successful experiments.
Theoretical calculations have shown that detonation combustion is 25 percent more efficient than the isobaric cycle, which corresponds to fuel combustion at constant pressure, which is implemented in the chambers of modern liquid-propellant engines.
And what provides the advantages of detonation combustion in comparison with the classical one?
Petr Levochkin: The classic combustion process is subsonic. Detonation - supersonic. The speed of the reaction in a small volume leads to a huge heat release - it is several thousand times higher than in subsonic combustion, implemented in classical rocket engines with the same mass of burning fuel. And for us engine engineers, this means that with a much smaller detonation engine and with a small mass of fuel, you can get the same thrust as in modern huge liquid rocket engines.
It is no secret that engines with detonation combustion of fuel are also being developed abroad. What are our positions? We yield, we go at their level or we are in the lead?
Petr Levochkin: We are not inferior - that's for sure. But I can’t say that we are in the lead either. The topic is fairly closed. One of the main technological secrets is how to ensure that the fuel and oxidizer of a rocket engine does not burn, but explodes, without destroying the combustion chamber. That is, in fact, to make a real explosion controllable and manageable. For reference: detonation is the combustion of fuel in the front of a supersonic shock wave. There are pulsed detonation, when the shock wave moves along the axis of the chamber and one replaces the other, as well as continuous (spin) detonation, when the shock waves in the chamber move in a circle.
As far as we know, experimental studies of detonation combustion have been carried out with the participation of your specialists. What results have been obtained?
Petr Levochkin: Work was done to create a model chamber for a liquid detonation rocket engine. A large cooperation of the leading scientific centers of Russia worked on the project under the patronage of the Foundation for Advanced Study. Among them, the Institute of Hydrodynamics. M.A. Lavrentiev, MAI, "Keldysh Center", Central Institute of Aviation Motors. P.I. Baranov, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University. We proposed to use kerosene as a fuel, and gaseous oxygen as an oxidizing agent. In the process of theoretical and experimental studies, the possibility of creating a detonation rocket engine based on such components was confirmed. Based on the data obtained, we have developed, manufactured and successfully tested a model detonation chamber with a thrust of 2 tons and a pressure in the combustion chamber of about 40 atm.
This task was solved for the first time not only in Russia, but also in the world. So, of course, there were problems. Firstly, they are connected with the provision of stable detonation of oxygen with kerosene, and secondly, with the provision of reliable cooling of the fire wall of the chamber without curtain cooling and a host of other problems, the essence of which is clear only to specialists.
Can a detonation engine be used in hypersonic missiles?
Petr Levochkin: It is both possible and necessary. If only because the combustion of fuel in it is supersonic. And in those engines on which they are now trying to create controlled hypersonic aircraft, the combustion is subsonic. And this creates a lot of problems. After all, if the combustion in the engine is subsonic, and the engine flies, say, at a speed of Mach 5 (one Mach is equal to the speed of sound), it is necessary to slow down the oncoming air flow to the sound mode. Accordingly, all the energy of this deceleration is converted into heat, which leads to additional overheating of the structure.
And in a detonation engine, the combustion process occurs at a speed of at least two and a half times higher than the sound speed. And, accordingly, we can increase the speed of the aircraft by this amount. That is, we are already talking not about five, but about eight swings. This is the currently achievable speed of aircraft with hypersonic engines, which will use the principle of detonation combustion.
Detonation engines are called engines in the normal mode of which detonation combustion of fuel is used. The engine itself can be (theoretically) anything - internal combustion engine, jet, or even steam. In theory. However, until now, all known commercially acceptable engines of such fuel combustion modes, commonly referred to as "explosion", have not been used due to their ... mmm .... commercial unacceptability ..
Source:
What gives application detonation combustion in engines? Grossly simplifying and generalizing, something like this:
Advantages
1. Replacing conventional combustion with detonation due to the peculiarities of the gas dynamics of the shock wave front increases the theoretical maximum achievable completeness of combustion of the mixture, which makes it possible to increase Engine efficiency, and reduce consumption by about 5-20%. This is true for all types of engines, both internal combustion engines and jet engines.
2. The combustion rate of a portion of the fuel mixture increases by about 10-100 times, which means that it is theoretically possible to increase the liter power for an internal combustion engine (or specific thrust per kilogram of mass for jet engines) by about the same number of times. This factor is also relevant for all types of engines.
3. The factor is relevant only for jet engines of all types: since the combustion processes take place in the combustion chamber at supersonic speeds, and the temperatures and pressures in the combustion chamber increase many times, there is an excellent theoretical opportunity to multiply the jet flow rate from the nozzle. Which in turn leads to a proportional increase in thrust, specific impulse, efficiency, and / or a decrease in engine mass and required fuel.
All these three factors are very important, but they are not revolutionary, but, so to speak, evolutionary in nature. Revolutionary is the fourth and fifth factor, and it applies only to jet engines:
4. Only the use of detonation technologies makes it possible to create a direct-flow (and, therefore, on an atmospheric oxidizer!) universal jet engine acceptable mass, size and thrust, for the practical and large-scale development of the range up to -, super-, and hypersonic speeds 0-20Max.
5. Only detonation technologies make it possible to squeeze out of chemical rocket engines (fuel-oxidizer steam) speed parameters required for their wide application in interplanetary flights.
Items 4 and 5. theoretically reveal to us a) cheap road into near space, and b) the road to manned launches to the nearest planets, without the need to make monstrous super-heavy launch vehicles weighing over 3500 tons.
The disadvantages of detonation engines stem from their advantages:
Source:
1. The burning rate is so high that most often these engines can be made to work only cyclically: inlet-burn-out. Which at least three times reduces the maximum achievable liter power and / or thrust, sometimes depriving the idea itself of meaning.
2. Temperatures, pressures, and rates of their rise in the combustion chamber of detonation engines are such that they exclude the direct use of most of the materials known to us. All of them are too weak to build a simple, cheap and efficient engine. Either a whole family of fundamentally new materials is required, or the use of design tricks that have not yet been worked out. We do not have materials, and the complication of the design, again, often makes the whole idea meaningless.
However, there is an area in which detonation engines are indispensable. This is an economically viable atmospheric hypersound with a speed range of 2-20 Max. Therefore, the battle is on three fronts:
1. Create an engine diagram with continuous detonation in the combustion chamber. Which requires supercomputers and non-trivial theoretical approaches to calculate their hemodynamics. In this area, the damned quilted jackets, as always, took the lead, and for the first time in the world they theoretically showed that a continuous delegation is generally possible. Invention, discovery, patent - all things. And they began to make a practical structure from rusty pipes and kerosene.
2. Creation constructive solutions making possible applications classic materials. Curse the quilted jackets with drunken bears, and here they were the first to come up with and make a laboratory multi-chamber engine that has already been working for an arbitrarily long time. The thrust is like that of the Su27 engine, and the weight is such that 1 (one!) grandfather holds it in his hands. But since the vodka was scorched, the engine turned out to be pulsating for the time being. On the other hand, the bastard works so cleanly that it can even be turned on in the kitchen (where the quilted jackets actually washed it down between vodka and balalaika)
3. Creation of supermaterials for future engines. This area is the tightest and most secret. I have no information about breakthroughs in it.
Based on the above, consider the prospects for detonation, piston internal combustion engine. As you know, the increase in pressure in the combustion chamber of classical dimensions, during detonation in the internal combustion engine, faster speed sound. Remaining in the same design, there is no way to make a mechanical piston, and even with significant bound masses, move in a cylinder with approximately the same speeds. The timing of the classic layout also cannot operate at such speeds. Therefore, a direct conversion of a classic ICE to a detonation one is meaningless from a practical point of view. The engine needs to be redesigned. But as soon as we start doing this, it turns out that the piston in this design is simply extra detail. Therefore, IMHO, a piston detonation ICE is an anachronism.
