Interesting end result. The perfect end result and a funnel of calves in triz

18.10.2020

Article last updated: 02/10/2019

Whatever type of activity you are engaged in, your body and mind strive for accuracy in completing tasks. Even if you don't realize it. The second attempt is likely to be more effective than the first, and the third is more effective than the first.

TRIZ— The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving describes this process with the help of such a law.

All systems develop in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality..

This law is one of the most important for understanding the whole theory and its applied application. I decided to write about the theory itself and algorithms for solving inventive problems, as I noticed that few people from my circle know such terminology. Although these developments of Heinrich Altshuller, as for me, are a real diamond and should definitely appear in school curricula over time. I will try to convey the main theses in the simplest possible way. The text is presented as a combination of clippings from the author's books and my thoughts.

Why understand and study TRIZ?

TRIZ is needed when a person cannot solve a problem using the methods known to him. That is, when you need to include creativity, creativity. Prior to this theory, it was believed that such a process of “inventing” a solution to a problem is always intuitive and largely depends on the genius of the inventor. But as the research of the author of the theory showed, there are absolutely logical algorithms for solving any creative problem. As for me, this is another example that there is no art that cannot be turned into science.

So, most often, the task is formulated by a person in an extremely general, vague form: to do something, to achieve something, to increase (or decrease) something. Trying to immediately find a solution, the inventor involuntarily begins to sort through all sorts of options without any system (what if you do this? ..). Thought is not directed, the search goes along random paths, and there are a great many such paths. The correct algorithm for solving the problem is to consistently, step by step, move from a general, very indefinite problem to specific questions and precise actions.

Let us introduce one more fundamental concept of TRIZ into our terminological apparatus.

RBI is the perfect end result

This term is the starting point of any intelligent activity.

The simplest formulation of the IFR can be expressed as follows: the system itself (at the expense of resources) performs the desired action and, at the same time, does not allow undesirable effects. When formulating the IFR, it is desirable to use the word "Sam" (Sama, Samo, Sami). Now you understand why laziness is the engine of progress?

Three main formulations of the RBI are commonly used:

"The system itself performs this function."
"There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources)."
"Function not needed."

The degree of achievement of the IFR demonstrates the coefficient of ideality, which should be as large as possible:

Ideality coefficient = Sum of useful functions / Costs + Undesirable effects.

That is why Henry Ford paid maintenance crews for the time they were NOT working. That is why one ancient philosopher said that the level of decline of the city can be determined by the number of lawyers and doctors in it - the more there are, the closer the city is to decline. As a lawyer by training, such a thesis once seemed offensive to me, but now I understand its truth. The value of many professions lies in their uselessness.

Therefore, I suggest that you simply innovate yourself and gradually improve your art of achieving RBI. What could be more exciting than creating self-regulating systems that perform a given function? Is that the creation of a system that will become smarter than the creator.

IFR funnel - if NOT, THEN ..

I have not seen such a concept in the books of Heinrich Altshuller. Although it is quite possible that he formulated it differently. This term came to my mind while working on the task of an online store. There is nothing revolutionary new in it, but its very wording and the right questions direct our attention in the right direction. So, the IFR funnel is a ladder of ideal outcomes(from major to less ideal). For example, how such a ladder might look like in an online store:

RBI 1. Each site visitor makes a transaction (if NOT, THEN..)

IFR 2. Each site visitor subscribes to company news (if NOT, THEN ..)

RBI 3. Each site visitor achieves a micro conversion that closely correlates with the completion of a transaction (if NOT, THEN..)

RBI 4. etc.

The formulation of such a chain in any system helps to most effectively approach the use of all incoming resources.

Algorithm for Solving Inventive Problems

So, the solution of a creative task is a completely logical process. This is a chain of logical operations in which one link naturally follows the other. Many years of practical development of the methodology by the author of the method led to the conclusion that the most rational division of the algorithm into 5 stages:

Set a task.
Imagine .
Define, what prevents achieve this result (i.e. find contradiction).
Define, why bother(find reason for the contradiction).
Define, under what conditions would it not interfere(i.e. find conditions under which the contradiction is removed).

Task— set up an analytics and reporting system for the owner of an online store, which will answer all his questions in one program.
Perfect end result- the owner in one program sees comprehensive, real-time updated information for making management decisions.
Technical controversy- there is no program that can create a general report from different sources of information.
Reason for the controversy— the necessary information is in different programming languages.
The condition for removing the contradiction- Bringing the collected data to one language will allow you to download and visualize them in one system.

A similar task is solved by all analysts who work with Business Intelligence programs. In fact, such a decision process can take a fraction of a second in the head of a professional in any activity. But the purpose of the example is to show an approximate way of thinking.

conclusions

Heinrich Altshuller has several books that cover all these topics in detail (I have indicated them in). I have given the main approach in such a compact form that it is simple, interesting and understandable even to a schoolboy.

If you understand at least in a simplified version what a neural network is and how it works, then it will become even easier for you to understand the above algorithms. For example, such well-known social networks as Facebook and Youtube will improve their algorithm for an extremely simple IFR - all users on Earth must spend all their time in a particular social network 24 hours a day. And the entire output of information, the system of recommendations, alerts - the entire neural network works for this result. Or search engines. They also have a completely simple metric. Each user should receive comprehensive information on request from the first link that appears in the search results.

It is important to understand that these algorithms are applicable to absolutely any task: technical, managerial, economic - any. By applying such a simple thinking algorithm, your mind will gradually become an ideal machine for solving any professional problem, and new inventions will become a regular occurrence in life.

Price management in retail Lipsits Igor Vladimirovich

7.7 Significance effect of the end result

Significance effect of the end result

Often, a particular product is just one of the elements a customer needs to achieve the desired end result. For example, for a new owner of a garden plot, cement is only a small part of the set of building materials needed to build a house, that is, an intermediate value.

In such situations, we are faced with the effect of product evaluation through the end result , and this effect manifests itself in two ways: through the degree of determinism of the derived demand and through the dependence of purchases on the cost of goods of intermediate value in the total amount of costs for obtaining the final result.

Degree of determinism of derived demand characterizes the relationship between the significance for the buyer of the final result and its sensitivity to the prices of goods that must be purchased to achieve this result. As a rule, the more sensitive the buyer is to the total cost of achieving the final result he needs, the more sensitive he is to prices and those intermediate goods that he needs to purchase in order to obtain this result.

Example

AvtoVAZ for the production of Zhiguli buys metal sheets and blanks from Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises. While this car was in short supply and there was a queue behind it, the AvtoVAZ management was not too sensitive to the level of metal prices.

However, by the mid-1990s This company is facing a glut. Domestic buyers did not want to purchase Zhiguli at such high prices, which the plant was forced to charge due to the increase in production costs generated by inflation. In other words, the sensitivity of buyers to the level of the price of the final product (car] has increased. This, accordingly, has led to an increase in the sensitivity of the car factory to the total value of production costs, and hence to the prices of all components, raw materials and materials that determine these costs.

As a result, in 1995, the AvtoVAZ management was forced to gather its metallurgical suppliers for a meeting and conclude an agreement with them, according to which the metallurgists undertook, in particular, not to raise prices more often than once a quarter, and to warn the plant about this. The plant, for its part, promised not to allow non-payments for the metal supplied to it and to create, over time, a financial and industrial group to help metallurgists with investments.

If we now try to formulate a general pattern, say, for the markets of industrial goods, then it will look like this: the greater the shortage in the market of final goods, the less sensitive the manufacturers of these goods will be to the price levels of raw materials, materials and components used to manufacture these goods. final goods. Conversely, increased difficulty in marketing final goods leads to tighter price restrictions for suppliers of intermediate goods, as producers of final goods become more sensitive to the prices of purchased inputs.

Understanding this circumstance is very important for sales professionals. They need to constantly monitor what is the end result that is really most important to their customers now (for example, reducing the cost of production, the fastest increase in production volumes, a significant improvement in quality, etc.). It is this end result that will determine the reaction of buyers to the price levels of intermediate goods.

It is also necessary to take into account the second aspect - the dependence of the degree of price sensitivity of the buyer of an intermediate product on the share of costs for this product in the total cost of obtaining the final result. If we compare, say, an automobile plant and a furniture factory, then both enterprises need metal products to produce their final products. But if metal makes up a very significant share in the total cost of manufacturing a car, then metal hinges and screws make up a very small share in the cost of a furniture set. This means that if buyers of cars and furniture sets are equally sensitive to changes in prices for them, then for the manufacturers of these goods the picture is different. Obviously, a car manufacturer will be more sensitive to metal price changes than a furniture manufacturer. For the first, a change in the price of the metal will almost inevitably entail the need for a corresponding adjustment in the price of the final product (car). As for the furniture manufacturer, he may not immediately respond to such an increase in the price of metal, since the reduction in his profits will be insignificant enough to annoy buyers with a meager price adjustment because of this.

If we take the next step in the reasoning, it will lead us to the fact that the buyer will respond to an increase in the price of any intermediate product (in our example, metal) by the greater reduction in the volume of purchases, the greater the share of costs for this product in their total value and, accordingly, the more significantly this rise in price will affect the value of production costs, profits and sales volumes of the final product.

If these concepts are applied to retail price management, it can be predicted that customers will respond much more calmly to an increase in the price of condiments than, say, pasta, kitchen fittings than cement, dishwasher detergent than dishes. and so on.

The same effect makes it possible to increase the efficiency of sales of expensive goods, if it is possible, with the help of well-constructed advertising, to force buyers to look at these goods “through the prism” of the significance of the final result. For example, such advertising will focus not on the technical characteristics of air conditioners, but on “clean, allergen-free air for your babies”, not on the unique polishing characteristics of a new car polish, but on “the dazzling sparkle of your Mercedes”, and so on.

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Let us remind you that TRIZ is an obligatory part of classes at the Eidos Center. TRIZ is a theory of inventive problem solving. Formed by Heinrich Altshuller in the 70-80s of the last century. TRIZ is an applied science that requires constant practical use.

TRIZ helps to find STRONG solutions to the problem without trial and error, without a continuous enumeration of options. This solution is referred to as IFR (ideal end result).

The most effective solution to a problem is one that is achieved only at the expense of existing resources. In practice, the ideal end result is rarely fully achievable, but it serves as a guideline.

When looking for an IFR, you will definitely come across a CONTRADICTION.

Attempts to change in order to improve some parameters of the system lead to the deterioration of other parameters. For example, an increase in the strength of an aircraft wing can lead to an increase in its weight, and vice versa - lightening the wing leads to a decrease in its strength. There is a conflict in the system.

Example:

Geologists conducting research in Alaska complained about foxes that gnawed through the cables coming from the measuring instruments.

Contradiction: Foxes should not gnaw on wires, because. people are harmed by this, and foxes gnaw on wires (this is the reality).

An example of conflict resolution: Cayenne pepper is introduced into the sheath of the wires, the hottest variety known. And the attacks of foxes immediately stop.

We will talk more about the elimination of contradictions in the following articles.

Now try to solve a creative problem:

To wipe the nose of the customer or David?

In 1504, in Florence, Michelangelo Buanorotti was finishing work on a five-meter statue of David. Pierre Soderini, then mayor of the city, came to see how the work was going. He liked the statue. However, coming closer to her and looking up, where the master was working at that time, he said that David's nose, in his opinion, was too big. Michelangelo was at a loss: if you make corrections, the harmony of the sculpture will be disturbed, but if you don’t make it, you can quarrel with the customer and not get money. What should Michelangelo do?

But first, ask yourself these questions:

What parts does the system consist of, how do they interact?
- Which connections are harmful, interfering, which are neutral, and which are useful?
- Which parts and connections can be changed, and which cannot?
- What changes lead to the improvement of the system, and what - to the deterioration?

Many of us are intuitively familiar with the method that I want to talk about today. All of us have repeatedly imagined the ideal result of solving the problem over which we puzzle. Fantasized how it would be and that it would be perfect. It turns out that one of the basic concepts of TRIZ is called just that - the ideal end result, IFR.

Watch the wonderful clip of Alva Noto. Think about how it is related to the IFR?

No way. I just really like the work of Alva Noto.

IFR is a way to solve problems with minimal, almost zero, resource costs. This technique helps to overcome stereotyped thinking and formulate the best solution. For the rest, there is MasterCard.

Introduction

Several methods for solving creative problems at once appeared in the mid-40s of the last century in America and Europe: brainstorming, the method of focal objects, morphological analysis. But all of them were based on enumeration of options. This made it much more difficult to get a quick and guaranteed result.

And already in 1946, Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller, our compatriot, began work on creating his own theory of inventive problem solving, the purpose of which was to explore and describe the mechanisms for the development of technical systems and create practical methods for solving inventive problems. One of the basic concepts of TRIZ has become the "ideal end result" - a situation where the desired result or action occurs by itself without additional costs.

IFR in particular, and TRIZ in general, have become a breakthrough in the approach to solving creative, open-ended problems. TRIZ is not quite a science, but it's far from being an exhaustive list of options.

What is an ICR?

There are three main formulations of the IFR:

The system itself performs this function.
- There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources)
- Function not needed

How to use it?

Write down the task. Rest assured that you will find a solution. Turn on your imagination and don't be afraid that something may look stupid. It is better to look stupid and solve the problem than to look smart and not solve it. You will soon see my example.
Identify the main process (or several processes) of the task to be improved. Ideally, it should execute "CAM". We mean that the system or part of the system performs the required action at no cost, without an external resource. Or imagine that there is no system, but all its functions are performed! Everyone likes the ideal system, it is self-implemented and does not spoil anything.

Who to invite?

You can work with IFR on your own, or you can connect anyone to the solution. After all, if you understand the principle of formulating IFR, you can explain it even to a five-year-old child!

Tools

All elements of the system, carefully look at them and around (often the answer can be found in the supersystem, the one on top, or the subsystem, the one on the bottom)
head and fantasy
Faith and Patience

Real life example

A few floors above me lives a kind old woman who every morning at 6:30 am feeds pigeons with bread on her windowsill. All the pigeons of the district flock to our house, to visit the old woman, to have breakfast. On the seventh floor. Of course, they don’t eat very neatly and bread snow (as I call this phenomenon) flies from the seventh floor, gradually settling on all the window sills of the lower floors, including mine on the third. Pigeons fly after the grain rain, they still want to eat. They gleefully land on the tin window sills and stomp their claws, waking me and my family from their sleep too early for us to rejoice at their arrival. Here. This is my pain, my task.

As you can see, my system consists of: an old woman, pigeons, bread, a window sill, me and my family. There are also supersystems and subsystems, but I will start looking for IFR without their help.

Formulating the ideal end result:
- The old woman herself does not feed the pigeons on her windowsill - it didn’t work out, she doesn’t open the door, she doesn’t make contact
- Pigeons themselves do not fly to the old woman on the windowsill - I thought a lot, it’s not very humane to kill pigeons because of the old woman
- Pigeons do not want to eat grandmother's bread themselves - you can feed them earlier and in another place, for example on the ground! What, I have to get up at 6:00?!
- Bread does not fall on my windowsill by itself - putting a canopy over the window or a fan is too expensive and not ideal
- Pigeons themselves do not sit on my windowsill - a lot of thoughts about pigeons, but they are not to blame!
- The window sill itself does not allow the pigeons to sit on itself - slippery, drops, needles, stretch marks, dynamite - this is not humane
- The window sill itself does not make any sound - oh, you might think!
- My family and I do not wake up from the noise ourselves - it didn’t work out, we wake up

I may have missed a few more interesting RBIs, but there is already something. It is necessary to do something with the window sill so that it does not rattle. For example, cover with a rubber layer. Or get up at 6 in the morning and feed the pigeons so that they get used to it and stop flying to the 7th floor.

I want to disappoint you, I did not succeed in the IFR. Although the thoughts were interesting.

Alternatives

Try Anti RBI - this is the most undesirable and terrible situation that can happen. In my case - the old woman settles in my apartment! Think about how to get out of it. Try to turn harm into good. And then make a plan to avoid this situation.

And what does a car cost society? The answer to this question is as difficult as it is important.

At the dawn of motoring, there was a frantic struggle to increase the speed of the car. Immediately there was a problem of stability on the road, especially when cornering. The car became lower, longer, wider. The bearing part became heavier - the frame, the base of the body. In order to move faster and accelerate, an increasingly powerful engine was required - and the chassis was strengthened: gearbox, driveline, drive wheels.

The requirements for the reliability of brakes are growing - and the mechanical drive is being replaced by hydraulic, and then pneumatic. A compressor appears, and with it a whole pneumatic system ... The suspension is improved - springs, shock absorbers, level stabilizers. To ensure the safety of passengers in a collision, the body is made of thicker metal.

Again, the weight and dimensions are growing ... And all this to transport one or two, maximum 7-8 people!

It only seems that the car is on four wheels. In fact, it is an octopus with hundreds of thousands of hands. In the US, for example, one in six workers work for him directly or indirectly. Consider for yourself: approximately 10 million cars are produced annually.

They use hundreds of types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, non-metallic materials (plastics, leather, fabrics, etc.), radio engineering, varnishes, paints, glass, rubber, fuels, lubricants ...

The production of all this does not pass without a trace for the environment, it gives rise to a lot of environmental problems.

Design offices, laboratories, test benches and ranges. Automatic lines and robots for the manufacture of thousands of parts every second. Kilometer assembly lines. Computers and computers for CNC machines, for planning, collecting and analyzing information ... More? Please!

We need roads. In the United States, roads now occupy about 10% of the country's area. Their construction and maintenance require a huge fleet of special machines that can extract materials, pour them, fasten them, cover with asphalt and concrete, apply marking lines ...

A car, like any car, sometimes breaks down. You need equipment and tools for repairs. Thousands and thousands of auto repair shops. Gas stations, oil producing enterprises and refineries, a network of pipelines and giant oil tankers. Again, environmental issues.

The car must be stored somewhere. And huge areas of the territory of cities are allocated for garage complexes. It is necessary to maintain order on the roads, and a special national traffic police service is being created.

Accidents happen on the roads, people are killed or maimed. This means that we need medicines, first aid kits, ambulance stations, hospitals and sanatoriums. And funeral teams...

Not cheap, however, the car is very expensive!

Any system, be it a car or a fishing rod, is created and exists not for its own sake, but for the sake of performing some useful function for a person. So, the main useful function of a car is to move people and goods from place to place.

Strictly speaking, a person needs this function, and not at all the system that performs this function, giving rise to a mountain of all sorts of problems.

From this point of view, TRIZ has the concept of an ideal system:

An ideal system is a system that does not exist, but whose function is performed.

By the way, Pushkin's Baba Yaga had a vehicle close to ideal: her stupa moved “by itself”. But the stupa itself was still there, you had to get into it, you had to get out of it, so this vehicle is not one hundred percent perfect.

A completely ideal version of a car looks like this: there is no car at all, but you arrive at a given point at the right time.

And you don't need a rod. You need the function it performs. And what is its main function? Throw a worm, hook and pull out a fish that will swallow this worm.

Think about the question of the “ideal fish” for yourself. Just don’t think that such a fish should take off its own scales, gut and dive into the bowl with the fish soup. Indeed, in an ideal ear there should not be fish, but its smell, taste and nutritional value should be.

From all this follows one practically very important position:

All systems develop in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality.

In TRIZ, other laws of system evolution (ZRS) have also been identified, but this law - the law of increasing the degree of ideality of systems - is perhaps the most important among them.

When solving specific inventive problems, this law makes it possible to abandon many empty samples and immediately formulate the ideal answer to the problem - the ideal final result (IFR). As in the case of the worm. The ideal worm itself falls into the water, holds itself there, and itself extracts the fish that has eaten it from the water.

Sometimes this is enough to solve the problem.

Of course, in most cases it is not possible to obtain IFR in its pure form. The meaning here is somewhat different. Setting the IFR allows you to immediately choose the right direction of work, narrow the search area and concentrate efforts on finding strong solutions to the problem.

Let us illustrate the effect of the law of increasing the degree of ideality on the example of a technical system.

The serial car "Niva" weighs 1150 kg and has a 53 kW engine (about 70 hp). To participate in international auto racing, the Niva was modernized: a boosted engine was installed, which developed power up to 200 hp. with., and the weight of the entire car was reduced to 700 kg.

The numbers of absolute (arithmetic) change usually say little: it was - it became. Relative indicators speak much more. Previously, each engine horsepower carried 1150 kg: 70 hp. With. = 13.5 kg/l. With.

Now each “horse” carries only 700 kg: 200 hp. With. = 3.5 kg/l. With. Almost four times less!

Can city officials make a million out of nothing? Out of nowhere, unknown. And from zero - for sure, they can! The fact is that in Madrid, on one of the central squares, from where the mileage of roads in Spain is measured, a bronze zero is laid in the asphalt. Most of the tourists visiting the city are traditionally photographed at the Madrid zero. Naturally, for a fee that goes to the city treasury ...

Task 1. The fight against reckless drivers on the roads is an important task of the traffic safety service. Of course, in the presence of a traffic cop, all drivers strictly follow the rules, but on all roads and intersections you can’t put a traffic cop on. How to be?

This problem is solved in all countries. In Japan, for example, on one far from perfect day for local reckless drivers, the number of police officers on the roads has sharply increased. Seeing a policeman, the reckless driver had to quickly slow down and comply with all other traffic rules.

And only when they got closer, the drivers noticed with annoyance that most of the “cops” were dummies! But there were some real ones...

Replacing an object with its copy is one of the typical techniques used in TRIZ. But now we will pay attention to something else: there is no object (a living policeman), but its function (traffic control) is performed.

Here's another example.

Task 2. On the Crimean coast, it was necessary to fill up a new beach. It was supposed to be covered with pebbles - rounded pebbles, but only gravel was available - stones with sharp edges. What to do? Take out pebbles from other beaches? Invent a machine for processing gravel?

It was decided to use the gift power of the surf. Barges with gravel were unloaded directly into the sea, two hundred meters from the shore. The rest was done by the waves: they rolled over the sharp edges of the stones and carried them ashore.

As you can see, both examples illustrate the law of ideality well. When using this law to solve problems, it is important not to forget the word “self” (“self”, “self”). There is no trick or trick here. Remembering that the system itself, through the use of resources, achieves the required action, we immediately cut off a lot of weak and helpless solutions.

Indeed, the drivers themselves (without the presence of a living policeman) began to abide by the rules, the sea current itself (without the involvement of cars) ran around the edges of the stones, the tourists themselves (without insistence and requests) replenish the city treasury of Madrid ..