This section will describe some really working (or able to work) engines that, by all appearances, correspond to pps. In fact, of course, they have nothing to do with rrsh. Hence the prefix "pseudo" - "not real, fake."
The secret of the work of some of them is now known, however, there are those that can be mistaken (or passed off) as rrsh, since it is not always easy to find and explain the reason for their movement.
These engines have been around for a long time. They are very diverse in structure; most often they were used to drive "eternal" clocks that did not need a factory, moving toys, car models, etc. common feature of such models is that they really work indefinitely, it would seem, for no apparent reason. For people who are not familiar with the principles of their action, they make a strong impression. For some supporters of "energy inversion", these toys even raise hopes as "prototypes" of rrsh-2. However, a completely scientific explanation is always found. But there are also such pseudo-ppm, the secret of which has not yet been discovered; information about one of them will be given below.
As far as is known, the first inventor who invented and implemented an engine that worked by extracting without the help of any foreign source the necessary energy from the environment was the Dutch engineer and physicist Cornelius Drebbel (1572-1633). This very famous man in his time, who is now undeservedly rarely remembered, was undoubtedly an outstanding researcher and inventor with an unusually broad outlook, exceptional even when compared with other luminaries of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Biographers wrote about him, for example, like this: "He was a man of high intelligence, sharp-minded and overflowing with ideas regarding great inventions ... He lived like a philosopher ...". Most of his work was done in England, where he served in the court of King James I.
His book in Latin with the characteristic title of those times, "Epistle to the most enlightened (sapientissimus) monarch of Britain - James - about the invention of a perpetual motion machine" was published in 1621 in Hamburg. How far he looked ahead can be seen from a brief enumeration of only some of his achievements.
Drebbel developed the first known thermostat in the history of technology - a device in which the set temperature was automatically maintained regardless of its changes outside. He himself made and adjusted all the necessary for this, speaking in a modern way, "an automatic control system." The idea of this thermostat was used in the incubator, the credit of which is also attributed to Drebbel.
Drebbel invented, designed, built and tested a submarine on the Thames, which successfully covered the distance from Westminster to Greenwich (about 12 km). It was something like an elongated diving bell. The boat was propelled by rowers (from 8 to 12), sitting inside on benches installed so that the people's feet did not reach the water level. The most interesting, perhaps, is the navigation aids and especially the life support system of the crew, which were also created by Drebbel.
The direction was determined in the traditional way - by means of a compass, but the depth of immersion - in a new way, by means of a mercury barometer. This was a fairly accurate device, since each meter of immersion depth corresponded to 76 mm of the mercury column.
To ensure the breathing of the crew, the inventor used saltpeter, which, when heated, released oxygen. Drebbel's talent (if not genius) can be assessed if we take into account that oxygen was discovered by the Swedish chemist K. Scheele in 1768-1773, that is, only half a century later. Drebbel was undoubtedly an excellent chemist. This is evidenced not only by his development of a chemical life support system, but also by other inventions - detonators for mines from explosive mercury Hg (ONC) 2, technologies for producing sulfuric acid by the action of nitric acid on sulfur (this was noted by D. I. Mendeleev in "Fundamentals of Chemistry" ), the use of tin salts to fix the color when dyeing fabrics with cochineal. If we add to all of the above that Drebbel was a specialist in optical instruments, the lenses for which he polished on a machine invented by himself, then this will be quite enough to appreciate his merits.
Drebbel also worked on a perpetual motion machine. However, a man like him couldn't go standard way, once again inventing weight wheels or water mills with pumps. It was completely clear to him that a perpetual motion machine could not be created in this way.
In 1607, he demonstrated to James I a "perpetual" clock (which he patented back in 1598), set in motion, of course, by an equally "perpetual" engine. However, unlike numerous other devices with the same name, it was indeed "eternal" in a certain sense. After being shown to the king, the clock was put on display at Atlhem Palace for everyone to see and caused a sensation among Londoners.
What was the secret of this watch (or rather, their engine)? Drebbel's perpetual clock was powered by a drive that used, like any other real engine, the only possible source of work is non-equilibrium (potential difference) in the external environment. We have already talked about them - the differences in pressure, temperature, chemical composition and others, retarded and uninhibited, on which all energy is based.
But the disequilibria that Drebbel used are of a special kind, different from those discussed in Chap. 3, although they are also associated with temperature and pressure differences. They can operate in a perfectly equilibrium environment, at all points of which the temperature and pressure are exactly the same. What is the matter here and where does the work come from?
The secret is that potential differences (pressures and temperatures) still exist here, but they manifest themselves not in space, but in time. This can be most clearly illustrated by the example of the atmosphere. Suppose that in the area where the engine is located, there are no significant differences in pressure and temperature in it1: everything is quiet and calm. But the general (at all points) pressure and temperature still change (for example, day and night). It is these differences that can be used to obtain work (in full agreement with the laws of thermodynamics). The entropy here, naturally, as in any equalization of the potential difference, will grow.
The simplest way to use fluctuations in the parameters of an equilibrium environment is to put a barometer or thermometer with movable elements in it and make them work - do something useful. That's exactly what Drebbel did. His watch contained a liquid "thermoscope" in which the liquid level rose or fell as temperature and pressure changed. To connect the float on the surface of the liquid with the clock drive was already a matter of mechanics, which the inventor mastered to perfection.
Drebbel explained the operation of his engine by the action of "solar fire". This was not only in the spirit of the time, but also absolutely correct from the modern point of view. Indeed, all changes in the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere are ultimately determined by solar radiation.
The drawing of Drebbel's atmospheric engine has not come down to us. However, its perpetual drive was repeated in various modifications and repeatedly used by other inventors. According to the descriptions of their devices, one can to a certain extent judge what the Drebbel engine could be.
Around 1770, the Englishman Cox proposed a barometric engine. On fig. 5.11 shows its schematic diagram. A vessel filled with mercury is hung on cables connected to the wheel rim. The vessel was balanced by a weight mounted on a rod rigidly connected to the wheel. A barometric tube fixed at the top is immersed in the vessel. With changes in atmospheric pressure, the height of the mercury column in the tube changed; accordingly, part of the mercury either poured out of the tube into the nozzles, of course, to neglect minor differences that have no practical significance.
Court (pressure drop), or pushed into it from the vessel (pressure increase).
In the first case, the vessel became heavier and sank down; in the second, on the contrary, it rose. This reciprocating motion caused the wheel to rotate alternately in opposite directions. Through the pawl mounted on it, the ratchet wheel was informed of a unidirectional movement.
This machine was quite large (there was about 200 kg of mercury in the vessel) and could constantly wind a large watch. Here is Ferguson's opinion of it in 1774: "There is no reason to believe that they will ever stop, since the motive force accumulating in them could ensure their movement for a whole year even after the complete removal of the barometer1. I must say with all frankness that, as a detailed acquaintance with this watch shows, in its idea and execution, they represent the most wonderful mechanism that I have ever seen ... ".
Just like pressure fluctuations, temperature fluctuations could be used to drive clocks. Very simple and
An ingenious engine of this kind was created by the Swiss watchmaker P. Droz (c. 1750).
He made a two-layer spring (Fig. 5.12), the outer part of which was made of brass, and the inner part was made of steel. Even then it was known that the coefficient of thermal expansion of brass is much higher,
This means that the power of this engine was much more than what was required for the operation of the watch.
What have become. Therefore, with an increase in temperature, the spring will bend (solid arrow), and with a decrease -
Straighten (dashed arrow) With the help of a system of levers, this multidirectional movement is converted into a unidirectional rotation of a gear wheel that lifts a load or winds a spring. Now the idea of Droz is widely used in a wide variety of thermal devices.
Subsequently, quite a few such baric or thermal engines were created, structurally more advanced, but essentially repeating the ideas of Cox and Droz. If you hide the entire mechanism of the engine under the casing, then it is almost impossible to prove that this is not a ppt.
It should be noted that such and similar engines, based on the use of fluctuations in temperature and pressure of the environment, are very economically beneficial due to their simplicity and practically unlimited resource.
Sometimes in the literature, including those devoted to perpetual motion machines, there are estimates of devices of this kind that can disorient the reader.
It is impossible, for example, to recognize correct calculations efficiency of the micromotor, which are given in. The author argues as follows: “... for a daily winding of an ordinary wrist watch, approximately 0.4 J is required, which is about 5 10 "6 J for every second of the watch. And since 1 kW is equal to 1000 J / s, then the power of the spring of our clockwork is only 5-10-9 kW.If the cost of manufacturing the main parts of such a device, acting on the principle of thermal expansion, is taken equal to 0.01 crowns, then for a machine with a power of 1 kW we would have to pay 2 million crowns (250 thousand . Rub.)". Hence the conclusion is drawn: "Of course, the creation and use of such expensive energy sources on a large scale is absolutely unprofitable."
Of course, you can't argue like that. Costs, especially in small technical systems, when compared with large ones, cannot be considered proportional to their size. (Then, for example, the railway
The style will be 10,000 times more expensive than a pin!). In this way, you can get absolutely fantastic numbers. In fact, daily (and seasonal) fluctuations, for example, in air or water temperature, can be successfully used with great economic effect to solve local energy problems. In addition to work, it is possible to obtain other useful results. In the general case, a possible useful effect is determined by the maximum work (exergy) that can be obtained by bringing some body into equilibrium with the medium twice: first, with one of its extreme parameters (Po. c "^ o. c)" and then with others ( r "o. with F Ro. o To. with F To. s) - if, for example, in winter at To. with stock up a large amount of ice with a temperature of, say, -10 ° C, then in summer at T "s \u003d 20 ° With 1 kg of ice (even taking into account only its heat of fusion) will have a large exergy. In the same way, soil heated to ambient temperature in summer can serve (and is already being used) for heat supply in winter.
The use of such energy reserves can provide significant economic benefits (both on a small and large scale).
Another group of pseudo-pps is not associated with changes in environmental parameters. Their action occurs, at first glance, without the use of any potential differences.
Among them, the “self-running ball” and the “drinking duck”, which is sometimes called in our country “Hottabych duck”1, are especially famous.
The “self-running ball” is very simple (Fig. 5.13). A copper or bronze ball is placed on lead ring concentric "rails" of triangular cross section, the diameter of which is 2-3 times the size of the track. As soon as the experimenter lets go of the ball placed on the rails, it begins to roll along the rails for no apparent reason, describing non-stop one circle after another. If the ball is stopped and then released, it will roll again. This experience makes a great impression, since, at first glance, the reason for the movement of the ball is completely incomprehensible. However, the explanation here is very simple. The ball is preheated. The thermal conductivity of lead is relatively low. Therefore, the ball, in contact with the rails, heats up the contact points. Lead, expanding, forms small tubercles on the rails, from which the ball rolls; further such tubercles are formed
Why this toy was named after the old man Hottabych - the hero of the famous book by N. Lagin - one can only guess. Most likely because Hottabych could work all sorts of miracles. We have already seen that his name was even associated with rrsh-2 (“Hottabych structure”).
Continuously follow the movement of the ball and constantly push it further. By the time he returns to his original place, the rails have cooled down, and the formation of tubercles on them continues. So the ball will ride for a long time until its temperature and the temperature of the lead rings of the rails are almost equal.
This experience illustrates Carnot's principle very clearly. There is a temperature difference - there is movement; there is no temperature difference - there is no movement (and the internal energy in both the ball and the plate with rails is more than enough, almost the same as it was before the start of the movement; it was only distributed evenly).
"Duck Hottabych", the appearance and section of which are shown in fig. 5.14 does not need to be preheated, and it does not stop as quickly as a ball (or may not stop at all). She regularly swings around the horizontal axis, each time lowering her beak into the water to get drunk, and again raising her head up. These movements are repeated all the time for no apparent reason and continue as long as there is water in the glass. There is no temperature difference between this water and the surrounding air that could be used for movement: their temperatures are the same.
The reason for the movement of the duck becomes clear if you get acquainted with its device. The "head" of the duck is a vessel connected by a straight tube to the "body"—another large vessel into which this tube enters so that it reaches almost to its bottom. The inner cavity is filled with a low-boiling liquid - diethyl ether (H5C2-O-C2H5) so that in a horizontal position its level is approximately in the middle of the tube. To start a duck in motion, you need to dip its beak into the water. Then the cotton wool fixed on the head is moistened and after
Due to the evaporation of water, the head cools somewhat. This leads to some decrease in the vapor pressure inside the duck and a decrease in the temperature of the ether. In this horizontal position of the duck, the vapor spaces of the head and body are connected through a tube and the pressure in them becomes the same. Since the amount of liquid in the body is slightly larger, it outweighs, the head rises and the duck assumes an inclined position, shown in the figure with dashed lines. The fluid blocks the communication between the vapor spaces of the head and body. The liquid in the body is heated to ambient temperature, partially evaporates and the resulting steam pushes most of the liquid through the tube into the head, which outweighs, and the duck lowers its beak into the water again. Both cavities communicate again, the pressure equalizes, and the fluid again flows into the body. The process is repeated and can continue until there is water in the glass from which the duck drinks.
Many supporters of "energy inversion" are very fond of and advertise this toy. Indeed, why not a prototype of ppt-2? It acts by "extracting heat from the environment" and "concentrates" it, turning it into work. Often, the explanations given in popular literature, even those devoted to perpetual motion, are confusing, for example, phrases of this type: "The constant swinging of a duck occurs only because it takes heat from the surrounding air." The point, of course, is not only (and not so much) in this. No device, including a duck (even one belonging to Hottabych himself), could "take heat" from the surrounding air without expending any exergy received from outside. To do this, you need to have a potential difference between the environment and any body located in it. But
Where does exergy come from? Both temperature and pressure in the environment - air do not have any differences that could be used. The water that the duck “drinks” also has the same temperature as the air. However, there is still one difference, due to which the duck works. This difference is due to the difference in water vapor pressure above the water surface and in the air. Since the air is usually not saturated with water vapor (relative humidity cf.< 100 %), то на поверхности воды все время происходит ее испарение с соответствующим понижением температуры. В сосуде это не чувствуется - воды много, а поверхность испарения мала. Но вата на головке утки - другое дело: ее поверхность велика, а воды в ней немного. Поэтому она охлаждена всегда; ее температура ниже температуры окружающей среды. Эта разность температур и обеспечивает работу «утки Хоттабыча». Но она вторична и возникает как следствие разной упругости пара в окружающей среде (воздухе) и над поверхностью воды. Если накрыть утку колпаком, то воздух под ним быстро насытится влагой, испарение ее с головки прекратится и «извлечение тепла из окружающей среды» на этом закончится1.
Thus, the "duck Hottabych" lives and moves in full accordance with the second law. In this respect, it does not differ from an ordinary live duck.
Now we can move on to another group of devices, which, although not brought to the level of operating perpetual motion machines, can, according to some supporters of "energy inversion", become the basis for their design. Such devices create a temperature difference; it is obvious that, having it at your disposal, it is no longer difficult to make an engine - this is a matter of technology. That is why the dream of creating a temperature difference without the expenditure of work is one of the variants of the dream of rrsh-2.
The famous English physicist C. Maxwell invented
Trude prof. M. A. Mamontov, which we have already analyzed in this chapter, there are a few words about the “Hottabych duck”. Here is what it says: “The fact of the regular operation of the Hottabych system in the absence of any other sources of energy, except for the heat of the atmosphere, means that the Hottabych structure has a special property compared to an ordinary closed structure, which makes it possible to obtain work from natural heat.” Comments here, apparently, are not needed.
In 1879, for such dreamers, a special mystical figure - the so-called "Maxwell's demon". This demon had to do a very simple, at first glance, work - to separate molecules in a gas with high speeds ("hot") and low ("cold"). It is known that in any gas there are both; the total temperature of the gas is determined by some average value of all velocities.
The demon must be at the partition dividing the vessel with gas into two parts, and guard a small hole in it, opening and closing it so that only "hot" molecules pass in one direction, and only "cold" in the other. For others, the passage is closed. Then, after some time, the work of the demon-goalkeeper will lead to the fact that in one half of the vessel there will be hot gas, and in the other - cold. Goal achieved! In ch. 3 we have shown on the basis of statistics that such a separation cannot occur spontaneously. And here the “demon”, without spending work, received a division.
Maxwell's demon has caused a lot of controversy. It was clear to all serious thermodynamicists that such a demon could not exist; its "activity" would clearly violate the second law of thermodynamics. But strictly scientifically, it was not so easy to finish off this demon. Eventually it was done. It turned out that “just like that” the demon cannot work. The cost of its operation cannot be less than the work that both portions of gas are capable of giving when the temperature difference between them is equalized.
However, the dream of doing something like this remained with some opponents of the second law. And then a device appeared that revived their hopes. It was a vortex tube or Rank tube (named after its inventor, the French engineer J. Rank).
Here is what one of the propagandists of “energy inversion” writes about this device: “If the method of separating hot air components from cold ones (fast molecules from slow ones) with the help of Maxwellian demons, which open doors in the partition of the vessel in front of fast molecules, is apparently impossible, then with the help of vortex turbine ... this was done. It is a mouthpiece-like device that twists into a vortex the usual
Readers who are interested in "Maxwell's demon" can be recommended to get acquainted with him in literature, for example.
Air in such a way that two jets come out of it - hot and cold. This simple turbine with no moving parts has a great future.”
If we replace in this tirade the non-existent “vortex turbine”, which also “has no moving parts”, with a “vortex tube” and remove the words about “components” (air components are completely different), then everything will be correct. The vortex tube really separates the gas supplied to it into two streams - heated and cooled; it really has not only a great future, but has long been widely used in technology. All this is so. However, no "energy inversion", and consequently, no rrsh-2, can be created with its help.
Let's figure out what's the matter here. On fig. 5.15 shows the scheme of operation of the vortex tube and its internal structure.
The flow of compressed gas (for example, air) is supplied to the nozzle inlet located tangentially to the pipe wall. In the pipe, the gas is twisted into a spirally moving stream. The outer part 3 of this flow, which is released through the annular slot, is heated, and inner part 2, exiting through a hole in the diaphragm - cooled. By changing the position of the cone 5, it is possible to change the flow rates and temperatures of the hot and cold streams. However, in all cases, the temperature of the flow T2 is less than the incoming temperature Tb, and hot Tz is higher. The temperature differences T - T2 = DTx and Tz - T = ATg can be tens of degrees. This paradoxical, but quite understandable phenomenon arises as a result of complex gas-dynamic phenomena, which we cannot analyze here1. The final result is important for us - the occurrence of a temperature difference in the pipe without any
^neither are discussed in the relevant literature, for example in.
Either special heating or cooling. Can this difference be used to get a job? Undoubtedly yes. You can get a job. But is it necessary to get it in this way? Does such a transformation make sense?
Unfortunately no. It is easy to verify this by looking at the scheme of switching on the vortex tube in Fig. 5.16. After all, in order for it to work, you need to supply compressed gas to it, and to compress it, you need a compressor, and for the compressor to work, you need to bring work L "from the engine to it. So, if you compare this expended work L! with exer - gia, efficiency of hot and cold E2 gas flows, that it will be much larger: L! E2 + E ^. The difference L "- (E2 + £3) will give a loss D of exergy in this process. It turns out that at best it makes up 88-90% of the work done. In other words, the efficiency of the entire system will be no more than 12%.
It is clear that there is no "energy reversal" here; on the contrary, as in any real technical device, exergy is lost (and entropy grows). It is possible, of course, to obtain electricity L ", but this will inevitably result in the same deplorable result as with other "energy concentrators", for example, a heat pump: L "in relation to L" will be 10-12%. By the way, the author both ideas are one and the same person.
It is interesting to note that the idea that the vortex tube is the home of Maxwell's demon and that its action violates the second law occurred to many. Typical in this respect is an article by M. Silverman, published in 1982 in the journal of the European Physical Society under the intriguing title "Vortex Tube: Violation of the Second Law?" . Having analyzed the issue in detail on five pages, the author sadly comes to the conclusion that the second law of thermodynamics in a vortex tube is not violated.
Another, no less curious variant of "spontaneous
A well-known Soviet crystallographer, academician (then still a professor) A.V. Shubnikov, cited a well-known "obtaining" of the temperature difference in the article "Paradoxes of Physics". The author raises the question: is it possible to heat a liquid above 100°C with centigrade steam? He writes further: “This question was proposed 25 years ago by Professor of Physical Chemistry Krapivin to graduates of Moscow University, to whom the author of this note belonged. Since then, I have had to ask this question to ordinary physicists and chemists many times and there has never been a case when I would have received a correct answer. One of the prominent chemists was so offended by my question that he did not even want to continue the conversation on this subject, declaring that the very posing of the question could only testify to my deepest ignorance in physics; one must think that he ranked me among the crazy inventors of the perpetuum mobile. The matter ended with me having to trick an intelligent chemist into a laboratory, where an experiment had been prepared in advance, showing that a hundred-degree steam could heat a liquid to 110 ° C and much higher. The experience is very easy."
The experimental setup is described below. Water is poured into the Wurtz flask (Fig. 5.17, a); a cork with a thermometer is inserted into the neck of the flask, and the ball of the thermometer, as expected, is placed near the side vapor tube of the flask; the free end of this tube is immersed in a saturated saline solution, in which a second thermometer is placed. When the water in the flask is heated to boiling, the mercury of the thermometer in the flask, having risen to the mark of 100 ° C, will remain in this position while the water boils; the mercury of the second thermometer will rise until the salt solution also boils. The boiling point of a saturated salt solution is about 110°C. This temperature will be shown by the second thermometer. For greater credibility of the experiment, you can swap the thermometers; anyway, the thermometer will show that the salt solution has a temperature of 110 ° C! Consequently, water vapor having a temperature of 100 °C heated the brine to 110 °C. What about the second law of thermodynamics?
The experience is really interesting, and its results need to be understood. This must be done with great care, because, as we have already seen, any smallest inaccuracy can lead to big mistakes, including the next “perpetomobile”.
Let's start, therefore, as always in such cases, with terms. Let us note, before analyzing the question on its merits, one small but very significant inaccuracy in the very name of the experiment. Strictly speaking, the experiment does not "heat liquid to 110 °C and higher with centigrade steam", but something more complex.
To illustrate this, let's imagine the experiment in such a way that it exactly matches the name. Then the flask with the heated liquid would look a little different - as shown in Fig. 5.17b. Heating steam would have to be passed through the coil, not mixing with salt water in a glass, but only heating it through the tube wall. Then there would really be "heating with centigrade steam" of the liquid in the glass. And if, under these conditions, the liquid - salt water - heated up to 110 ° C, then the second law would immediately come to an end, to the delight of all inventors of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. But, alas, this will not happen; with such a device device, any liquid, including salt water, will never heat up above the steam temperature of - 100 ° C. Anyone can easily check this. It turns out that the “skeptical chemist” whom Shubnikov tricked into the laboratory was absolutely right in his indignation: it is really impossible to “heat” (in the exact sense of the word) “a centigrade steam” a brine to 110 ° C.
Now we can return to "Krapivin's experiment" and consider it exactly as it is described in the note. Here, not just heating takes place, but a mixture of water vapor with salt water. In this, as the reader probably already guesses, the whole “salt” of the question is contained. Vapor bubbles, as A. V. Shubnikov will explain quite correctly in the future, condense in a salt solution, diluting it all the time. In this case, the salt lying at the bottom of the vessel gradually passes into the solution, maintaining it in a state close to saturation. These two processes of dissolution - steam bubbles in the brine and salt in it - lead to the heating of the brine to a temperature significantly higher than 100 °C.
The thermal effect arising from the mutual dissolution of gases, liquids and solids is well known. Depending on the sign of the heat of dissolution, it can be accompanied by both cooling (for example, when mixing ice and salt) and heating (for example, when mixing ethyl alcohol and water).
Warming up the brine in the “Krapivin experiment” to a temperature above 100 ° C has nothing to do with the “reverse transfer of heat” - from a colder body to a warm one and, therefore, to a violation of the second principle. Here, no heat is transferred at all.
It's all about the heat of dissolution, which gives an additional heating effect, which is determined by two components. The first of them and the main one is the heat of dissolution of steam in a saturated salt solution, which leads to heating of the resulting solution. The second is the heat of dissolution of a solid salt in brine, which has the opposite sign and leads to cooling of the solution. But since the first value is much larger, as a result, a significant heating of the solution is obtained. As in any mixing process, the entropy increases.
The "Krapivin effect", as well as any exothermic (i.e., passing with the release of heat) reaction, is a phenomenon that in no way contradicts the second law of thermodynamics1. It is impossible to create ppt-2 on its basis.
There are many more phenomena that once again instill in the hearts of "energy inversionists" hopes for "bypassing" the second law, but each time scientific analysis mercilessly breaks them.
It is interesting to compare it with the "salt engine" shown in Fig. 1.27b.
In conclusion, one cannot fail to mention one more direction in the development of pseudo-rpsh - the creation of special toys or models that imitate perpetual motion machines. Their authors are well aware that it is impossible to create an RRS, but they use all the possibilities of modern technology, up to the use of microprocessors, to make such a model of the RRS in which the secret of its drive would be hidden as best as possible.
The device of some of these toys is described in detail in the literature. An example is the model of magnetic rrsh-1 with a ball rolling down a chute and again attracted by a magnet, described in Chapter 1 (see Fig. 1.18). Everything there is thought out and hidden so skillfully that a complete illusion of a working perpetual motion machine is created. However, the record in the creation of the current rrsh model was set by one Englishman who made it on the basis of a bicycle wheel (again a bicycle wheel!).
Every year the British Association for the Advancement of Science gathers its congress. In 1981, such a congress, dedicated to the 150th anniversary of this organization, was held in the city of York. Traditionally, an exhibition was organized there. Despite the abundance of various scientific exhibits, the working perpetual motion machine, presented by the editors of the New Scientist magazine, attracted the most attention. The car, built on the basis of a bicycle wheel without a tube and a tire, is enclosed in a hermetically sealed glass box. The wheel spins at a constant speed of 14 rpm non-stop, without any noise. A photograph of this engine is shown in fig. 5.18.
Everyone was invited to guess the secret of the movement of the wheel. A bonus was also established: an annual demon
paid subscription to the magazine plus a branded shirt with an emblem.
During the congress (and it lasted a month), the editors received 119 replies; none of them were correct. The most interesting thing is that 16 people considered the engine to be a real ppt and explained its operation accordingly! When the inventor of the model told them that his wheel was not a perpetual motion machine, they walked away very disappointed. “He deliberately deceives us to hide his secret,” one of them said.
There was even one desperate student who managed to steal the engine, rummaged through it and returned it in disgrace, never understanding what was the matter; the engine continued to run.
The inventor of this machine, Newcastle chemist David Jones, answered the questions of correspondents: “The only thing that distinguishes my machine from other perpetual motion machines is that a source of energy is hidden in it. I used principles known to all, but in a way that no reasonable person has hitherto thought of; I couldn't even imagine."
This interview ended, and the inventor categorically refused further explanations. So the mystery remained unsolved.
On this, the most mysterious of all ppm and the only one that works, we will finish our consideration of perpetual motion machines - "real" and false.
In conclusion, it remains to briefly touch on one more, last question - what is the connection between the search for ppt and real energy and can they give something useful for it, if not now, then at least in the future?
Human nature is such that from time immemorial people have tried to create something that works on its own, without any external influences. Subsequently, this device was given the definition Perpetuum Mobile or . Many famous scientists of different times unsuccessfully tried to create it, including the great Leonardo da Vinci. He spent several years creating a perpetual motion machine, both by improving existing models and trying to create something fundamentally new. In the end, having figured out why nothing works, he was the first to formulate the conclusion that it was impossible to create such a mechanism. However, the inventors were not convinced by his formulation, and they are still trying to create the impossible.
Bhaskara wheel and similar perpetual motion designs
It is not known for certain who and when was the first to try to create a perpetual motion machine, but the first mention of it in manuscripts dates back to the 12th century. The manuscripts belong to the Indian mathematician Bhaskara. In them, in poetic form, a certain wheel is described, with tubes attached to it along the perimeter, half filled with mercury. It was believed that due to the flow of fluid, the wheel itself would rotate indefinitely. Approximately on the same principle, several more attempts were made to create a perpetual motion machine. As usual, no luck.
Models built on the principle of the Bhaskara wheel
Perpetuum mobile from a chain of floats
Another prototype of a perpetual motion machine is based on the use of the law of Archimedes. In theory, it was believed that a chain consisting of hollow tanks would rotate due to the buoyancy force. Only one thing was not taken into account - the pressure of the water column on the lowest tank will compensate for the buoyancy force.
Perpetuum mobile, working according to the law of Archimedes
Another inventor of the perpetual motion machine is the Dutch mathematician Simon Stevin. According to his theory, a chain of 14 balls thrown through a triangular prism should start moving, because there are twice as many balls on the left side as on the right, and the lower balls balance each other. But even here the insidious laws of physics interfered with the plans of the inventor. Although four balls are twice as heavy as two, they roll on a flatter surface, so the force of gravity on the balls on the right is balanced by the force on the balls on the left, and the system remains in equilibrium.
Stevin's perpetual motion model and its implementation with a chain
Perpetuum mobile with permanent magnets
With the advent of permanent (and especially neodymium) magnets, the inventors of perpetual motion machines became active again. There are many variations of magnet-based power generators, and one of their first inventors, Michael Brady, even patented this idea in the 90s of the last century.
Michael Brady working on a permanent magnet perpetual motion machine in 2002
And the video below shows a fairly simple design that anyone can make at home (if you type enough magnets). It is not known how long this thing will spin, but even if you do not take into account the loss of energy from friction, this engine can only be considered conditionally eternal, because the power of the magnets weakens over time. But still, the spectacle is mesmerizing.
Of course, we have not talked about all the options for perpetual motion machines, because human imagination, if not endless, is very inventive. However, all existing models of perpetual motion machines have one thing in common - they are not eternal. That is why the Paris Academy of Sciences decided not to consider projects of perpetual motion machines since 1775, and the US Patent Office has not issued such patents for more than a hundred years. And yet in the International Patent Classification there are still sections for some varieties of perpetual motion machines. But this applies only to the novelty of design solutions.
Summing up, we can only say one thing: despite the fact that it is still believed that the creation of a truly perpetual motion machine is impossible, no one forbids trying, inventing and believing in the impossible.
- Perpetuum mobile of the first kind- an engine (an imaginary machine) capable of doing work indefinitely without fuel or other energy resources. Their existence contradicts the first law of thermodynamics. According to the law of conservation of energy
- Perpetuum mobile of the second kind- an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies (see Maxwell's Demon). They contradict the second law of thermodynamics. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure.
Story
An Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.
Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. It is no less difficult to name the first author of such an idea. The earliest information about Perpetuum mobile seems to be the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, as well as separate notes in Arabic manuscripts of the 16th century, stored in Leiden, Gotha and Oxford. At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: “A wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself.” The first projects of a perpetual motion machine in Europe date back to the era of the development of mechanics, around the 13th century. By the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of a perpetual motion machine was especially widespread. At this time, the number of projects of perpetual motion machines submitted for consideration to the patent offices of European countries was growing rapidly. Among the drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci, an engraving with a drawing of a perpetual motion machine was found.
Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history
Rice. 1. One of the oldest perpetual motion designs
On fig. 1 shows one of the oldest designs of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a cogwheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. As conceived by the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force.
However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.
Rice. 2. The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes
On fig. 2 shows the device of another engine. The author decided to use Archimedes' law to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on the chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.
The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out.
Patents and copyright certificates for a perpetual motion machine
Literature
- Voznesensky N. N. About perpetual motion machines. M., 1926.
- Ihak-Rubiner F. perpetual motion machine. M., 1922.
- Kirpichev V.L. Conversations on mechanics. Moscow: GITL, 1951.
- Mah E. The Principle of Preservation of Work: The History and Root of It. SPb., 1909.
- Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984.
- Ord-Hume A. Perpetual motion. The Story of an Obsession. Moscow: Knowledge, 1980.
- Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics . Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.
- Petrunin Yu. Why didn't the idea of a perpetual motion machine exist in antiquity?// Petrunin Yu.Yu. The ghost of Tsargrad: unsolvable problems in Russian and European culture. - M.: KDU, 2006, p. 75-82
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
perpetual motion machine
Famous "inventors" of perpetual motion machines
Orphyreus Perpetual Motion Project
Literature
- Voznesensky N. N. About perpetual motion machines. M., 1926.
- Ihak-Rubiner F. perpetual motion machine. M., 1922.
- Kirpichev V.L. Conversations on mechanics. Moscow: GITL, 1951.
- Mah E. The Principle of Preservation of Work: The History and Root of It. SPb., 1909.
- Michal S. Perpetuum mobile yesterday and today / Per. from Czech. I. E. Zino; Foreword A. T. Grigoryan .. - M .: Mir, 1984. - 256 p. - (In the world of science and technology). - 100,000 copies.
- Ord-Hume A. Perpetual motion. The Story of an Obsession. Moscow: Knowledge, 1980.
- Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.
- Petrunin Yu. Why didn't the idea of a perpetual motion machine exist in antiquity?// Petrunin Yu. Yu. Ghost of Constantinople: unsolvable problems in Russian and European culture. - M.: KDU, 2006, p. 75-82
Notes
see also
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:About "perpetual motion", "perpetual motion" is often spoken of both in the literal and figurative sense of the word, but not everyone is aware of what, in fact, should be meant by this expression. A perpetual motion machine is such an imaginary mechanism that constantly moves itself and, in addition, performs some other useful work (for example, lifts a load). No one could build such a mechanism, although attempts to invent it have been made for a long time. The futility of these attempts led to a firm conviction of the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine and to the establishment of the law of conservation of energy and - the fundamental statement of modern science. As for perpetual motion, this expression refers to continuous motion without doing work.
§ 1. Details
* Bed
* Bracket-beam
* Front-vertical damper (y+,y-;z+,z-)
* Horizontal damper (x+,x-)
* Rotor
* Drive accelerator 
§ 2. Materials used
* Bed - dielectric, non-metal (porcelain, carbon fiber);
* Bracket - beam - dielectric, non-metal (porcelain, carbon fiber);
* Calms - dielectric, permanent magnet;
* Rotor - magnet, lead;
* Drive accelerator - magnet, lead. 
§ 3. Description of details
* Bed - ensures the integrity of the structure, being a platform for the assembly and operation of the unit;
* Bracket-beam - mounted on the bed, fixes the front-vertical damper;
* Front-vertical damper - limits the movement of the rotor along the axes "y" and "z";
* Horizontal damper - limits the movement of the rotor along the "x" axis;
* Rotor - being in a space limited by magnetic fields along axes x,y,z, can perform rotational movement around its axis under the influence of the drive accelerator;
* Drive accelerator - sets the rotor in motion.
§ 4. Principle of operation
The rotor is set in motion by the drive accelerator, while being in a space limited along the coordinate axes, it has the ability to rotate only around its own axis. This is achieved through the action of sedatives. Permanent magnet acts on the plates of the opposite pole located on the teeth of the rotor. The magnetic field generated between these two poles causes the plates on the rotor to move away from the C.P., thereby causing the rotor to rotate. The shape of the teeth (angle of inclination, angle of attack) determine the direction (sign of the moment) and the speed of rotation of the rotor. Being in zero gravity, the force of attraction will not act on the rotor, and by placing the unit in a vacuum, the force of air resistance will not act on it. 
§ 5. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the operation of the unit
A necessary and sufficient condition eternal work aggregate is the presence of an airless environment (vacuum). The desirable condition is the absence of an attractive force. In theory, the ideal case is the location of the unit outside the Earth's atmosphere, in outer space.
* Be in the room where the unit operates without radio protection equipment;
* Touch live parts of the unit;
* Touching the rotor;
* Try to stop the rotor of the unit yourself.
The described project surfaced many times later in all sorts of modifications.
Published with abbreviations, read in full: http://www.lisenko.ru/handycraftindustry/information/perpetum
What are perpetual motion machines?
Question: What are perpetual motion machines?
Answer: None. But, despite this, there is a classification of perpetual motion machines.
Perpetuum mobile (perpetuum mobile) - is divided into perpetual motion machines of the first kind and second kind. The reasons why they cannot be constructed are called the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The realization that the creation of a perpetual motion machine is impossible prompted the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1775 to refuse to consider all such projects (the reason was something like this: there are no freebies).
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind was supposed to work without extracting energy from the environment.
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that reduces the energy of a thermal reservoir and completely converts it into work without any changes in the environment.
http://physkaz.8m.com/children/node15.html
PERPETUAL MOBILE IN HOURS
The French Academy of Sciences, which once refused to accept perpetual motion projects for consideration, thereby slowed down technical progress, delaying the emergence of a whole class of amazing mechanisms and technologies for a long time. Only a few developments have managed to break their way through this barrier.
One of them is a watch that does not require winding, which, ironically, is produced today in France. The source of energy is fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. A special hermetic container, depending on the change in the environment, slightly "breathes". These movements are transmitted to the mainspring, winding it up. The mechanism is thought out so subtly that a change in temperature of just one degree ensures the movement of the clock for the next two days. Provided that this mechanism is in good working order, it will function exactly as long as the Sun shines and the Earth exists, that is, almost forever.
http://www.prospekt.souz.sebastopol.ua/rio-vechnyi-dvigatel.htm
The State Duma has a perpetual motion machine and a depot of "flying saucers"
What do the voters-inventors bring to the deputies
Oh, how many wonderful discoveries the archive of the State Duma is preparing for us! How many fantastic things rest on its dusty shelves. Here you can see a perpetual motion machine and a secret superweapon, a spring power plant and a "flying saucer" depot, as well as many hundreds of other crazy projects of Russian voters-inventors.
I was led to this treasury of Russian thought by a document signed by Alexander Shishlov, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Science and Education. He seemed a little strange to me. I didn't even believe my eyes. On a Duma letterhead neatly registered by the office, the deputy dispassionately informed an unknown addressee: “Dear Alexander Ivanovich, In your letter to the State Duma you set out your hypotheses about the catastrophic changes that took place on Earth as a result of the fall of a giant asteroid. The question you raised is not included in the circle of questions referred by the Constitution to the jurisdiction of the State Duma".
Overwhelmed by a vague fear for the Earth and the Constitution, I flew like a giant asteroid (i.e. entered) into the above committee. There they told me: "Ha! We have such good things in bulk!" They showed chubby folders with letters from other thinkers, and asked not to worry about the asteroid. This voter A. Dubinin from the city of Rybinsk has finally solved for himself the mystery of the death of dinosaurs.
Dubinin, of course, decided to announce the discovery to the world with the help of the Duma. As a result, the Committee on Science was bombarded with letters that self-critically began with the epigraph "We sing a song to the madness of the brave" and ended with the proud signature "the academic degree and the title of" Wise ". (Meteor ita) happened during the day, - writes Dubinin, - then the Earth would have gone into interstellar space and turned into a wandering planet. If at night, the Earth would fall on the Sun and burn out. "Our planet was lucky: the blow fell in the region of the pole. True, there was an ambush here too - the planet began to sway, because of which" the south and north poles began to change places. "And they did it's three times."With such a swing, the water began to move, and everything that breathed and moved, everything that grew and bloomed, everything perished in the water abyss."
It's hard to work with them, - Mikhail Lobanov, an employee of the committee, sighs heavily, - fortunately, security does not let inventors into the Duma. We go to them ourselves. The main thing here is not to turn your back on them... There was a story in Moscow about twenty years ago, when one crazy inventor cut off the head of an innocent official. Sometimes you look at such a Kulibin and think: I wonder if he took a knife with him?
Perpetual motion machine on springs will replace Dneproges
Alas, the geniuses of the Russian land rarely indulge the Duma Science Committee with useful inventions. If the work is serious, the author is given the coordinates of the specialized institute. But most often the conversation with the inventor resembles a joke.
Somehow a person came to the committee, - says Mikhail Lobanov, - with the development of a superweapon. Presents an official paper that he was sent here by the FSB. We are, of course, terribly intrigued. We ask, where are the drawings? He wonders: why? I, he says, invented the red button. You press it - and all the enemy's nuclear weapons explode. We are curious: how to do it? The guest, akimbo, says: "I brought you an idea. And your task is to implement it."
The deputies are already accustomed to the ebullient energy and folk art. It is more difficult with the most legendary layer of creators - with numerous inventors of perpetual motion machines. For the most part, these people are quite sane, but the desire to deceive the laws of physics drives them into a frenzy. For example, a pensioner Pozdnyakov from Moscow is waging an unequal war with the whole world, defending his "energy converter" - a spring power plant that would provide more energy than the Dneproges at no cost. He sent the deputies his book "The Third Patent War" - a multi-page chronicle of the enemies of technological progress walking through the offices. It began like this: "In my thoughts, in my free hours, combinations of wheels, gears, springs were built ..." Now the pensioner's inspiration, which has visited "during free hours", has to be studied by the committee and written a thousand times that "energy converter and" is not included in the range of issues referred by the Constitution to the jurisdiction of the State Duma.
How aliens built a station on the moon
And yet, sometimes the deputies please the unfortunate inventors. For example, one of them sent an enthusiastic letter to the committee: "I received your response dated February 28, 2003. It was the first response from a government agency in thirty (!) years of my repeated appeals to them." And although further the Russian genius began to talk about aliens: “I remembered that an expedition to our solar system of our stellar neighbors built an interstellar communication station and a UFO depot on the Moon (after which, for sure, they will receive a paper from the Duma that “the UFO lunar depot is not included in the circle issues related to the Constitution..."), - for the first time in my life I was happy for the deputies. They can, when they want, please the voters.
But I still believe that the new Lomonosov will soon arrive in Moscow, - one of the committee members admitted to me. - Otherwise, why the hell would I start digging into these drawings and calculations!
And he pointed to a thick folder of inventions of Russian voters.
OPINION OF THE SPECIALIST
Alexander SHISHLOV, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Science and Education:
Inventions as such are not within our competence. The task of the Science and Education Committee is to develop legislation to help the inventor at the state level. For example, by adopting the new law "On Patents", we were able to protect intellectual property by giving priority to the inventor's right to the product he created. If we do not respect and support inventors, then we will simply put an end to science and industry in Russia.
Vladimir VORSOBIN
http://www.kp.ru/daily/23052/4394/
Perpetuum mobile
A perpetual motion machine, a perpetuum mobile (Latin perpetuum mobile, literally - perpetual motion), is an imaginary machine that, once set in motion, would do work indefinitely for a long time, without borrowing energy from outside. V. D. contradicts the law of conservation and transformation of energy and (see Energy and conservation law) and is not feasible. The ability of such a machine to work indefinitely would mean obtaining energy from nothing. The first drafts of military houses date back to the 13th century. (Villars d'Honnecourt, 1245, England; Pierre de Maricourt, 1269, France). The idea of creating a V. D. occupied not only self-taught dreamers who had little knowledge of the fundamentals of physics, but also some scientists. By the end of the 18 its creation, and from 1775 the French Academy of Sciences refused to consider VD projects. and in the subsequent time. In many projects, V. D. resort to the action of gravity. An example of such a project is shown in Fig. 1. In such mechanisms, a certain heavy body makes a closed path; when it is lowered, exactly the same amount of work is returned as was expended to raise it. Therefore, such mechanisms can perform work only at the expense of the initial supply of kinetic energy and reported to them at start-up; when this reserve is completely used up, V. d. will stop. More complex are wind turbine projects in which mechanical energy is converted into other forms of energy (electrical, thermal, etc.). In contrast to mechanical wind turbines, they are called physical wind turbines. The design of such a wind turbine is, for example, a combination of an electric motor and an electric machine generator (dynamo). But since it is impossible to increase its total quantity by any transformations of energy, such types of wind turbines are also unrealizable. The idea of the impracticability of VD often served as a starting point for important scientific conclusions. So, S. Stevin in his<Началах равновесия>(1587) considers a chain of 13 balls thrown over a trihedral prism (Fig. 2). If its right side of two balls were not balanced by the left of four, the chain would come by itself into perpetual motion, which is not actually observed. From here Stevin derived the law of balance of forces on an inclined plane. In addition to the above-mentioned V. D., called V. D. of the 1st kind, they also consider V. D. of the 2nd kind - an imaginary periodically operating machine that would completely convert into work the heat it extracts from the surrounding bodies (ocean, atmospheric air or other practically inexhaustible natural sources of heat). However, V. d. of the 2nd kind is also fundamentally unrealizable. Although it formally does not contradict the law of conservation of energy and, but it is in conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. From V. d. should be distinguished<мнимые>V. D. - mechanisms that work at the expense of natural energy reserves and (solar, nuclear, etc.). Such mechanisms can work for a very long time, but they have nothing in common with the idea of V. d.Lit .: Plank M., The principle of conservation of energy and, trans. from German., M. - L., 1938; Kudryavtsev P. S., History of Physics, part 1, M., 1956.
http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/004/637.htm
Russian scientists have created a prototype of the "perpetual" engine
In the Moscow Region Research Institute of Space Systems (NII KS) they are developing a "perpetual" engine that can be used both in space and on Earth. "The institute has been working on the so-called propulsion without reactive mass ejection for several years now," Valery Menshikov, director and scientific supervisor of the NII KS, said on Wednesday.
According to him, "scientists have already created a prototype of an unconventional type of engine." "The movement of the experimental apparatus occurs due to the movement of a liquid or solid working fluid inside it along a certain trajectory, reminiscent of the shape of a tornado," Menshikov explained. "At the same time, in the resulting motion effect, we may be observing an unknown phenomenon of the interaction of the working body with fields, the nature of which is little studied, such as, for example, a gravitational field," he added. “We have already managed to fix a thrust of up to 28 g on a prototype, but it has been observed for several minutes so far,” said Yury Danshov, head of the NII KS department. "It may seem that this value of thrust is extremely small, but if such a thrust acts on a satellite weighing 100 kg for 20 minutes, it will be able to raise its orbit by more than 2 km," the scientist noted.
The life of such an engine will be at least 15 years, according to its developers, maximum number inclusions - about 300 thousand. Solar energy is used to power the engine. In order to maintain the purity of the experiment when measuring the thrust of the model, experts believe, the device must be tested in space or dropped into a deep mine, where the effect of weightlessness is created when it falls. " official science compares research in this area with attempts to create a "perpetual motion machine", however, the largest Western firms are taking this problem very seriously and are investing heavily in development," said Menshikov. spacecraft and orbital stations."This ecologically clean engine in the future may find application in the air and land transport", - said Menshikov.
http://www.strana.ru/news/232242.html
Perpetual motion machine created
Today there are 20 devices operating in the world with a coefficient useful action 300-500 percent 20 perpetual motion machines provide more energy and than they consume, says Anatoly Akimov, director of the International Institute of Theoretical and Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. - Where do they get it from? From a vacuum. If the vacuum generates elementary particles, then for physics there is not even a question - is there energy there. There is, you just need to know how to take it.
The simplest device - Professor Potapov, on the test of which I was present at NPO Energi Ya. A vertical pipe, through which an electric pump drives water. At first the water is cold. After 40 minutes - 90 degrees, it is impossible to touch it with your hand. And there is no heater in the pipe.
Water rotates in a spiral. Of course, not everything is so simple: it is necessary to calculate the spiral itself, put a divider in a certain place, which turns water into a straight stream. Result: the electric motor consumes 1 kW of energy. The amount of energy released by water in the form of heat corresponds to 4 kW.
But these are toys. It is possible to extract energy from the vacuum and 10E81 times more than from the nucleus, which is the subject of thermonuclear physics. At the same time, if the best minds of mankind are unsuccessfully struggling with the problems of elementary particles, building giant accelerators tens of kilometers in diameter (it costs billions), then the first samples of "perpetual motion machines" are already working.
- Why don't you sell the patent to industrialists and start mass production?
- The simplest samples are produced. And then they turned to us, offered money. We, in turn, offered to create an enterprise with shares of 50:50 and start production. This did not suit anyone. New technologies bury almost all the most profitable forms of business. There is a fear that patents will be bought not to be used, but to be shelved.
Non-existent perpetual motion machine
Before the law of conservation of energy was discovered and, for centuries, persistent attempts were made to create a machine that would allow more work than the energy expended. She had previously received the name "perpetuum mobele".
A perpetual motion machine is an imaginary but impracticable engine that, after starting it up, does work for an indefinitely long time.
Here is how the remarkable French engineer Sadi Carnot wrote about the significance of a perpetual motion machine for humanity: “The general and philosophical concept of “perpetuum mobile” contains not only the idea of motion, which after the first push continues forever, but the operation of a device or some collection of such, capable of developing a driving force in unlimited quantities, capable of consistently bringing all the bodies of nature out of rest, if they were in it, violating the principle of inertia in them, capable, finally, of drawing from itself the necessary forces to set the entire Universe in motion, to support and continuously accelerate its movement. Such would indeed be the creation of a driving force. If this were possible, it would be useless to look for a driving force in the streams of water and air, in combustible material, we would have an endless source from which we could draw endlessly. "
Perpetual motion machines are usually designed using the following techniques or their combinations:
- Lifting water with an Archimedean screw;
- The rise of water with the help of capillaries;
- Using a wheel with unbalanced weights;
- natural magnets;
- Electromagnetism;
- Steam or compressed air.
The idea of perpetual motion was very popular in the Middle Ages. Possession of such a secret of such an engine seemed more tempting than even the art of making gold from base metals. Many people dealt with this insoluble problem. Among them were even people with good education at that time. It is known that many of Newton's works contain perpetual motion designs. Several sketches of perpetuum mobile were also found in Leonardo da Vinci's notes.
The most common perpetual motion model based on the use of a wheel with unbalanced loads (Fig. 1). The machine consists of two wheels (pulleys) placed in the upper and lower parts of the tower filled with water. An endless rope with light boxes attached to it is thrown over the pulleys. The author of the project assured that the boxes on the right in the figure, floating up under the action of the Archimedean force, make the wheels rotate. To replace the pop-up boxes, others will enter the water, supporting the "perpetual motion".
Relatively few attempts have been made to create perpetual motion machines of the second kind. To operate a conventional heat engine, it is necessary to have a heater and a refrigerator. The task of creating a heat engine that could perform mechanical work using a heater seems very tempting.
It can be calculated that with the cooling of the world ocean only by one degree, it is possible to obtain energy sufficient to meet all the needs of mankind with modern level its consumption for 14,000 years.
Engines that operate due to the difference in energy that occurs in time and space appeared a long time ago. Some of them operate on a very simple and quite clear principle. But there are also those that can be mistaken for a perpetual motion machine of the second kind: it is not at all easy to figure out why they work.
It is believed that the first such device was made by the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel (1572 - 1634), a talented engineer and physicist. In 1598, he patented, and nine years later demonstrated to the English King James I<вечные>watches that did not require winding: their weights were lifted by constantly changing atmospheric pressure.
In the early 60s. 20th century a world sensation was produced by a toy that received the name in the USSR<вечно пьющая птичка>or<птичка
Хоттабыча>(Fig. 2).
A thin glass cone with a horizontal axis in the middle is soldered into a small container. The free end of the cone almost touches its bottom. A little liquid is poured into the lower part of the toy, and the upper, empty, is glued on the outside with a thin layer of cotton wool. A decorative beak, a paw-shaped stand and a feathered tail complete the look of a funny bird. A glass of water is placed in front of the toy and tilted, forcing<попить>. And then something amazing happens: without waiting for a second invitation, the bird begins to bend over and dip its head into the glass two or three times a minute. Time after time, continuously, day and night, the bird bows until the glass runs out of water.
The mechanism of this phenomenon is clear: the liquid in the lower container evaporates under the influence of room heat, the pressure rises and displaces the liquid into the tube. The upper part of the toy outweighs, it bends, and the steam goes into the head of the bird. The pressure equalizes, the liquid flows into the lower container. Now she outweighs and returns the bird to its original position. After some time, the process is repeated. At first glance, the second law of thermodynamics is violated here: there is no temperature difference,<птичка Хоттабыча>only takes heat from the air, i.e. works due to<монотермического источника>. But this is only at first glance.
It is not in vain that the bird dips its head into a glass. Water from wet cotton wool evaporates intensively, cooling the upper ball. There is a temperature difference between the upper and lower vessels, due to which<живёт>birdie. If evaporation stops (the cotton wool dries up or the air humidity reaches the dew point), the bird, in full agreement with the second law of thermodynamics, will stop moving, and even Hottabych will not help her.
Many unfounded hopes have also given rise to simple home appliances- air conditioners. Some of their models can not only cool the room, but also heat it, taking heat from the cold outdoor air. Studies show that for every kilowatt of electrical power supplied to such a device, 2.5 kW of heat is released in the room - much more than from a simple heater. But this does not mean that the air conditioner violates the second law of thermodynamics. It just works like<тепловой насос>, like a conventional refrigerator, which also<выкачивает>heat from the freezer to the kitchen.
And although electricity<тепловой насос>uses much more efficiently than a heater, at least half of it is still lost. The power of such<псевдовечных двигателей>very low: the temperature and pressure differences at which they operate are too small. Therefore, they cannot compete with traditional sources of energy and - power plants - and will not solve the world's energy problems.
A perpetual motion machine is a romantic dream of ascetics who tried to give mankind unlimited power over nature, a coveted source of enrichment for charlatans and adventurers; hundreds, thousands of projects never realized; cunning mechanisms that, it seemed, were about to start working, but for some reason remained immobile. There is some mystery in the very idea of a perpetual motion machine, something that makes people search and search for its secret.
http://tmn.fio.ru/works/72x/306/03/032.htm
Perpetuum mobile is not on a flat earth
Living forever - forever right.
Don Yuan.
In all Encyclopedias of the World it is written:
"It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine, since this contradicts the Law of conservation and transformation of energy and."
It was enough to miss one word and the above revelation turns everything upside down.
It is impossible to create a perpetual motion machine on a flat earth. Actually my interpretation. The law on the conservation and transformation of energy is interpreted as follows:
Is there only that which moves in the world? Galaxy, solar system. Earth: everything is in perpetual motion.
The "Earth - Moon" system serves as a clear confirmation of the essence of the Perpetual motion machine. The moon not only revolves around the Earth forever, but also performs on our planet a gigantic job of moving the waters of the oceans: high tide, low tide,
Artificial satellites of the Earth, the Sun, in principle, are perpetual motion machines created by the mind and hands of man.
It is hard to believe that a person living in an ever-moving world and realizing this (!), will suddenly begin to assert that the perpetual motion machine, i.e. There is no REALLY EXISTING WORLD, and there cannot be.
But the alternative to Chernobyl for Homo sapiens has always been and is. It is only necessary to recognize that the Perpetuum Mobile exists in nature and learn how to use its energy.
http://aids7miracles.narod.ru/vech_dvig.htm
Goodbye "perpetual motion machine". Long live free energy!
One cannot but agree that the expression "perpetual motion machine" in its modern interpretation has acquired the meaning of the luminaries' mockery of ignoramuses who do not know the basics of physics and dream of an abundance of energy and out of nothing. The expression "perpetual motion machine" is a sad example of creating an effective ingrained negative label in a skillful counter-propaganda disinformation work to enforce the necessary science and technology policy and contain technical information. Therefore, attempts to rehabilitate the concept of "perpetual motion machine" give only the opposite, negative result, instead of promoting the use of advanced scientific knowledge and technologies. Stop beating your forehead against the wall, defending and justifying the "perpetual motion machine"! It's time to change the "defensive" tactics imposed on scientists. Let official science now "justify" why it has brought modern theoretical physics to the point of absurdity, unable to explain anything, not to mention the technologies that ruin Nature and threaten the existence of Mankind on Earth! .
My "epiphany", understanding of the real state of affairs in science and technology was swift and shocking. This was preceded by acquaintance with the works of V.A. Atsyukovskiy, A. Chernetsky, R. Avramenko, V. Avramenko, A. Melnichenko and others. , create "perpetual motion machines", improve fundamental knowledge, and no one, not only in our country, but also abroad, "beats the timpani", does not "blow the fanfare". Our then ideological atmosphere did not even give rise to grains of doubt about the cause. There could be only one reason - "the blindness of bureaucrats from science", a firm faith in the "good gentleman" glimmered. Time passed, and "the gentleman still does not go" - this was already at least strange, especially since "perestroika" was in full swing. The shock came after gaining access to the world's scientific and technical information via the Internet.
It turns out that since the middle of the 19th century, along with traditional technologies and devices, there have been operating and patented most diverse (from mechanical to electrical) so-called self-supporting devices. Self-sustaining devices are devices that, after being put into operation, generated energy sufficient to carry out the technological process and maintain the operation of the device, i.e. not requiring additional energy and (fuel) from outside (Free Energy, Zero Point Energy, etc.). Moreover, the power expended to start the device could be many times less than the power received during its operation (devices with efficiency > 1 (overunity)) , which indicated exchange processes with a thin environment (ether, physical vacuum), a medium that is always real participant in the process, not a passive spectator. And it was on these exchange processes that these inventions were based - John W. Keely has these consonant ether waves (Sympathetic Vibration), Nikola Tesla, Thomas Moray, Bruce de Palma (Bruce DePalma) is Radiant Energy.
Thus, it turns out that for more than a hundred years Mankind cannot introduce technologies based on free energy and, i.e. not requiring the extraction and transportation of fuel, using the energy of the subtle matter of the environment - ether, physical vacuum.
One of the fundamental laws of the universe is the law of freedom of choice. We all know its role and consequences in everyday life, but it plays no less, and perhaps even more important role in the development of science, when at the starting point of history, science faces a choice of which path of development to follow. Official science has made its choice - it has proclaimed that Einstein's relativistic concept of empty space is the only true and unshakable one. In 1964, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR issued a closed decree forbidding all scientific councils and journals, scientific departments to accept, consider, discuss and publish works that criticize Einstein's theory. It was already open to forbid publishing articles on "perpetual motion machines", such a prohibition is contained in the open provisions of most physics journals and scientific councils, because The decision of the French Academy of Sciences (1775) on the ban on the consideration of any type of models of the so-called "perpetual motion machines" has not been canceled to date.
But we, armed with the principle of "take nothing for granted, only what you pass through your consciousness," let's go back to the starting point of history and analyze whether this is really so.
John Worell Keely (1827-1898), an outstanding American naturalist of the 19th century, when he was told that he was wasting his energy trying to build a "perpetual motion machine", was frankly perplexed and answered: "Look around. In nature, there is an endless (perpetual) movement everywhere "The planets are constantly rotating, life is tirelessly reborn and flourishing, molecules are constantly vibrating, exciting countless vibrations of subtle media around them. How this is done and how it is maintained is a special question, and one must turn to the Creator for explanations. But such is the actual state of affairs. And therefore, it is quite natural and legitimate to strive to master these eternal movements and put them at the service of suffering humanity. Keely's words can be heeded, because he not only defended such views, but also achieved amazing results regarding their practical application. Keely mastered such elusive movements of ethereal media and built many mechanisms that work at the expense of unknown and still hidden from our understanding of the deep energies of the universe.
Keely's laboratory was filled with numerous and completely incomprehensible constructs with strange names, such as: Librator, Sympathetic Transmitter, etc. They included musical instruments (zither, oboe, etc.), as well as tuning forks, large and small organ pipes, hollow spheres, cones and discs, to which thin needles of gold and platinum were attached here and there. Separate and, apparently, independent blocks of this unthinkable design were connected by freely hanging silk threads, and one of them (the longest one) stretched across the entire laboratory to a large (one-ton weight!), Also not very clear mechanism, with wheels, cylinders and gears. . Kili sat down at his workplace and touched the strings with a bow or fingers, extracting the first sound. The whole system, which, apparently, was a complex and finely tuned acoustic resonator, responded, began to sound, and suddenly - lo and behold! - a huge mechanism in the corner of the laboratory began to move by itself: wheels were spinning, pistons were knocking, etc. Keely awakened unknown energy and made it work!
In those days, no one doubted the existence of the ether. It was conceived as a luminiferous substance and was considered absolutely necessary simply for the very existence of light (electromagnetic) vibrations.
John Keely believed that any material formation ("molecular aggregate"), no matter how small it may be, is in a state of continuous internal vibrations and excites something similar to sound vibrations in the space surrounding it. In addition, each such formation is capable of responding to incoming vibrations from outside, and in a different way, depending on whether or not this external vibration is consonant with its own tone. If the vibrations of two bodies are consonant with each other, the bodies attract, but if there is dissonance in their sound, they avoid each other. All physical forces arise as a result of a certain agreement (or mismatch) of the wave characteristics of the vibrational fields that unite everything that exists. Vibrations play the role of everything organizing and controlling everything. Moreover, the beginning is not energetic. Vibrations do not transfer energy, but only a stimulus to absorb or release it - that is, to transform it from latent forms into explicit forms. The energy itself is present everywhere in the space surrounding us and penetrating us, moreover, in unlimited quantities. Perpetual motion occurs everywhere and always. Energy reserves in nature are limitless. We do not create this energy and do not spend it, but we can, having learned the laws, transform it into forms convenient for us. To do this, you just need to coordinate the actions of individual "molecular aggregates", and this can be achieved by achieving their consonance.
As we can see, using the example of John Keely, at the point of choosing the path of scientific and technological development, there were plenty to choose from! 
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - "Electric Prometheus", the "forgotten genius" as he was called, also used the energy of the environment with the help of electrical devices.
“Our task,” Tesla wrote, “is to develop means of obtaining energy from reserves that are eternal and inexhaustible, to develop methods that do not use the consumption and consumption of any kind of “material” carriers. Now I am absolutely sure that the implementation of this idea is not beyond the mountains. "The possibilities of developing this concept, which I am working on, lie precisely in using the pure energy of the surrounding space for the operation of engines at any point on the planet" (1897) .
Tesla also had to "fend off" the omnipotence of the "perpetual motion" label!
To understand Nikola Tesla's principles of using energy and the environment, it is necessary to go back to the historical roots of electrical science. From Franklin's time until the early 20th century, electricity was thought of as a liquid that flows through conductors and, like the steam that drives modern steam engines, can condense out of this medium. Condensers of our day were then literally understood as refrigerators for storing cooled vapor in accordance with those views.
Until the latest scientific paradigm shift, physicists believed that all matter was composed of some primordial substance. This primary substance was the ether of Maxwell and Kelvin, which filled the environment.
With regard to temperature, Tesla wrote that "in the light of present knowledge, we can liken the electric potential to temperature." The creation of an area of lower temperature in a relatively higher environment means the creation of a stable lower electric potential a. Relative to the environment, the device that creates this area of reduced voltage (pressure), relative to the surrounding space, can be considered as a self-cooling apparatus.
In his Century magazine article, Tesla raises the issue of thermodynamics in a section entitled: "The Possibility of a Self-Sustaining Engine ... Stationary Yet Capable of Extracting Energy from the Environment." Tesla disputes the claim that refrigeration machines cannot be powered by heat drawn from this environment with a simple thought experiment.
If two metal rods are stretched from the earth into outer space, the temperature difference between the ends of the rods will cause them to electricity, which could actuate Electrical engine. You will get a device that cools the environment and works from the heat of this environment.
With this example, Tesla does not refute the Second Law of Thermodynamics, but shows the narrowness of its popular understanding. He does not deny the most basic condition, according to which energy flows from a warm environment to a cold one, from a high state of energy to a lower state. What Tesla is really showing by this is that a good design can make a device work using changes in the movement of energy and from a higher energy state to a lower one, without creating a "perpetual motion machine". Those. rational use of natural energy gradients and. His understanding of free energy and he began with this. Nikola Tesla proposed to use the Earth's natural electrical potential gradient (US Patent N685958).
Let's consider this question in more detail. What is meant by the term perpetual motion machine? How is he criticized?
"Perpetual Motion" is a self-sustaining system (device), i.e. which does not require, after the application of a one-time effort, for its launch to maintain additional energy from the object that launches it for a long time.
It is clear that the word "eternal" immediately emotionally cuts off all systems, because we cannot guarantee (support) anything for half a year, not to mention Eternity! Those. this expression is a clear "swamp". And examples of such a class of devices and systems, a thinking person himself will name quite a few, from a simple pendulum to the rotation of the Earth and wildlife. The second part is energy costs. The calculation of energy costs is deliberately not considered, or when considered, it is replaced by the law of conservation of energy and, forgetting that this is the energy of the system (environment), and not the additional energy of the "starter", the key word here is the impossibility of "eternal".
The second technique, "perpetual motion" - the impossibility of devices with an efficiency greater than 1, they say, the conservation law is violated.
In this case, there is a balancing act on manipulating the concept of efficiency in the right direction (again, they replace the environment that "starts" the energy). Let me remind you that efficiency is a simple technical concept that characterizes the efficiency of a device (system). Efficiency is the ratio of the useful power of the device (Np) to the expended power (Nz), or in other words, useful work to work expended. The key word here is - useful, i.e. minimal participation in the processes of the "launching" object, and this is exactly what is forgotten.
Here are some of the simplest and most obvious examples for perception.
The hydraulic ram is a simple and ingenious water-lifting mechanism. Using insignificant natural potential gradients a - liquid level difference (for example, from the slope of a riverbed), a hydraulic ram raises liquid to a height of several tens of meters, without using an engine and additional energy for its work.
The operation of a hydraulic ram is based on the so-called water hammer - a sharp increase (gradient) of pressure in the pipeline, when the water flow is instantly blocked by a damper. The hydraulic ram works as follows: from the reservoir, under the influence of a natural hydraulic slope (pressure gradient), when starting, water enters the device through the pipe and flows out through the baffle valve. The flow velocity increases, its head increases and reaches a value exceeding the weight of the valve. The valve instantly blocks the flow, and the pressure in the pipeline rises sharply - a water hammer occurs. The increased pressure opens the pressure valve, through which water enters the pressure cap, compressing the air in it. The pressure in the pipeline drops, the pressure valve closes, and the baffle valve opens, and the cycle repeats again. The air compressed in the cap drives water through the pressure pipe to the upper tank to a height of up to 50 meters.
The first hydraulic ram was built in the city of Saint-Cloud near Paris by the brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier in 1796, 13 years after their famous balloon.
As we can see, the principle of operation of a hydraulic ram is simple - obtaining a potential gradient a when interacting with an obstacle, while the constant natural pressure gradient (in space) of the reservoir is transformed into a pressure gradient in time, and since the duration of the flow interaction with the obstacle is very small (water hammer ), then the resulting induced (secondary) pressure gradient in the pulse reaches very large values compared to the primary triggering natural pressure gradient.
So, regulation of the interaction time of a flow with an obstacle - the creation of short dynamic impulses of interaction, providing the formation of very high pressure gradients in the impulse, makes it possible to increase the interaction force (pressure) many times over, i.e. amplify the power of the natural flow. This is exactly what was needed in the competition with energy-intensive technologies - high power devices!
Now you can return to the efficiency of such a device.
If we need to raise water from the river to the height we need, and in our natural channel, due to the natural pressure gradient, the water flow of the river simply flows out, does it do our useful work for us to raise water? No!
If we put a hydraulic ram on this stream and it can raise a part of it (Q) to a height (H), we can use this part of the water, for which we do not spend any power (Nz = 0), to use it in the required quality, to benefit. In this case, nothing supernatural happens, all conservation laws work, but we get useful work from useless (or harmful, if it is flooding).
And since the efficiency of the pump is defined as the ratio of useful power (Np) to the power expended (Nz):
Efficiency=Np/Nz=rgQH/ Nz=rgQH /0=?
Then its efficiency is much more than unity, it tends to infinity. This indicator is not very informative. And if we consider such a device as a power amplifier, then the ratio of the allowable fluid flow rates with the pressure provided by the hydraulic ram to the natural flow rate would be more informative. The gain of such a device can reach several tens of times.
With such an unbiased approach to efficiency, you yourself can easily find many more examples around us.
For example, a siphon is a device for pumping water - in order for it to do useful work, you only need to spend work on filling it with water, then it works (does useful work) by itself, without additional intervention. You will immediately remember about the level difference (pressure), but the level difference existed before the siphon was launched and will exist (if the water does not run out) and after, but it was a useless factor that was not used to good use. Only in a siphon, it allows you to raise the liquid to the desired height in order to overcome the obstacle without applying additional power, using only natural to good use.
Or for example jet pump, pendulum, wheel inertia, etc.
Let me remind you once again that if we are talking about efficiency, we should not replace it with conservation laws, as is always done, but see only the usefulness of using the system, its energy capabilities in our own interests.
Systems of this kind can, with a clear conscience, be called free-energy devices.
Wildlife uses this energy with might and main for its own benefit and it does not have a ban on "perpetual motion", and scientists from such a ban only shrug their hands in surprise why the cockchafer flies or there is a paradox with fish that develop power more than theoretically possible.
That is, free energy is the rational use of energy and the system (environment).
So, by adjusting the interaction time of the flow with the obstacle, by changing the dynamics of interaction, it is possible to provide a significant increase, an increase in the voltage gradient (and hence the power) of the process. If we increase the natural gradient of the system, then this is already a "free" energy, i.e. "eternal", as long as there is a natural voltage gradient, the engine. This principle can be implemented in devices that use any other fluid instead of water, which has natural flows (voltage gradients in the environment) - air, temperature, electrical, biofield, etc.
So starting with the use of the Earth's natural electrical potential gradient (US Patent N685958), Nikola Tesla, 100 years after the advent of the hydraulic ram, created its electrical analogue - known as the Tesla transformer (US Patent N1119732).
We know that between different points of the Earth's atmosphere, located on different height, there is a difference in electric potentials s. On average, near the earth's surface, the change in potential a with height is about 1.3 V/cm. Therefore, Nikola Tesla proposed to place one metal plate as high as possible above the ground, the second to be buried in the ground. By connecting these plates with conductors to opposite capacitor plates, the capacitor can be charged. By connecting an arrester and a primary coil to the capacitor, it is possible to adjust the arrester so that an electric discharge occurs between its electrodes and a current flows through the coil in one direction, which, after the rapid discharge of the capacitor, stops and the capacitor starts charging again. Process: charge - discharge - the current pulse is periodically repeated. If a secondary multi-turn coil is placed inside the primary coil, one end of which is connected to a grounded plate, and the other to a spherical electrode (terminal) or load, then the current pulse in the primary coil induces (induces) an amplified high-voltage electric current pulse in the secondary multi-turn coil.
Comparing the work of the Tesla transformer and the hydraulic ram, we can now see that they are completely analogous:
- - The discharger - the breaker valve.
- - Discharge in the arrester - water hammer.
- - Secondary coil - pressure manifold.
- - A constant natural low potential difference between the air electrode and earth in the primary circuit is converted into a short-term, but high electrical potential in the secondary circuit. Those. again, on the basis of the natural free potential difference s (pressure gradient), obtaining a high power impulse of force!
And so on in all spheres, you only need to look at everything more widely from the Unified positions, and not blind your eyes with the patterns and prohibitions of "perpetual motion machines" imposed on us "from above".
To replace the concept of "perpetual motion" it is necessary to introduce new visual concepts supported by real examples from practice, for example, self-organizing, self-sustaining, living systems. A vivid example of which are objects of wildlife and vortex technologies - the work of Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958). The bottom line is that the flow, if it is properly organized in the form of a dynamic structure (an example of which can be atmospheric vortices, tornadoes, Langmuir vortices in water bodies), can simultaneously act as a pump that increases the energy of the flow that generates it, given that both electricity and heat and light are flows of matter, then hydraulic models may well help us in understanding such "perpetual motion machines". A clear and irresistible example of such devices can be a simple trout, which in a mountain stream, the speed of which is tens of meters per second, can stand almost motionless! And no one noticed this paradox, but Viktor Schauberger noticed and developed a new direction in technology - vortex technologies, covering devices from power supply to flying saucers and ecology. Besides trout, such anomalous energy manifestations are known as Gray's paradox, which, having determined the energy capabilities of a dolphin and comparing them with the power necessary for its movement, came to the conclusion that the required power is seven times greater than the possible one! As well as cockchafer and similar beetles, which theoretically cannot fly. A technical example of our days is the Potapov heat generator and the like, sold here and abroad.
Why does it happen that non-volatile technologies are little known and no one needs?
And all because inventors, scientists, science as a whole are hostages of the financial, political, social interests of the haves and the hostages of money in general. A prime example here is Nikola Tesla. A brilliant scientist, on whose patents all electrical devices were actually introduced, from transformer substations of two-wire power lines to electric motors alternating current, having sold his patents for these developments, even before the completion of their implementation, he developed the basics of energy supply on the principles of not requiring devices for transmitting electricity and by wire, developed a number of methods and devices for generating electricity at any point in space using self-sustaining devices. But, alas, the flywheel of knocking money out of the funds invested in the electrification of countries has already begun to spin, the taste of power over energy-dependent peoples has borne fruit. Nikola Tesla failed to implement his free energy devices and, fuelless generators. The possibility of free use of energy did not suit those in power, and his talent was directed to solving secret military programs. And the total brainwashing of science, its classification and misinformation began. Dissenters were intimidated or destroyed physically. As a rule, these developments were transferred to the department of the military under the pretext of the country's national security, and their civilian use became impossible or was of a purely militaristic nature.
All this made it possible to slow down the process of introducing environmentally friendly technologies that do not require the extraction and transportation of fuel for almost a hundred years, to polarize society into the poor and the rich, exacerbating social contradictions and bringing the Earth's ecology to the brink of the abyss.
And science, like a hundred years ago, is still standing at the same fork and must start all over again, taught by bitter experience.
If the expression "perpetual motion machine" is a propaganda label, then the 2nd law of thermodynamics is, figuratively speaking, a "gendarme" that reinforces the imposed official dogmatism, the "rut". Real vortex self-organizing and living systems have negative entropy, i.e. according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, they do not have the right to exist, but for some reason no one concludes that the law is wrong! Because the use of incomprehensible mathematical concepts that need to be disposed of is also a method of disinformation. After all, what does positive or negative entropy mean in physical language? Just a system that disperses or concentrates matter, but it is more difficult to impose a ban on the concentration of matter than to cancel the existence of systems with negative entropy that are incomprehensible to anyone! So they are looking for a defect in the device or explain it as a miracle of Nature. But, as Blessed Augustine rightly noted: "A miracle is not something that contradicts the laws of nature, but something that contradicts our knowledge of these laws."
In the meantime, all living things fell into the category of a "miracle" or an exception to the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Judge for yourself, according to A. Leninger: "... living organisms are open systems ... They are characterized by the so-called stationary state, which is such a state of an open system in which the rate of transfer of matter and energy from the environment to the system is precisely balanced the rate of transfer of matter and energy from the system.Therefore, the molecular logic of the living includes the position that the cell is a non-equilibrium open system, a machine for extracting free energy from the external environment and (a useful form of energy utilized by the cell), resulting in an increase in the entropy of the environment ".
Schrödinger, said that "a living organism is in a state of negative entropy - therefore, it can maintain its internal structure only by drawing energy from its environment ... The existence of life in general contradicts the second principle of thermodynamics, according to which the sum of energies in a closed the system remains unchanged... In living systems, negative entropy always occurs, the value of which is precisely a measure of the orderliness and organization of the structure... The state of entropy appears in living organisms only from the moment of their death ". Further, he noted that this contradiction is apparent, it is removed if we consider the organism in the cosmic system.
Apparently, the organism cannot be considered a closed system; it is characterized by autonomy, which provides for exchange with the external environment. The thesis about the equality of the transfer of matter and energy from the environment into the body and back is questionable. On the contrary, the body is able to accumulate energy and substances of the external environment, for example, in the form of fats and carbohydrates, constantly spend them on updating its structure, while releasing energy into the external environment in the form of heat, radiation and waste products. Finally, the organism "calculates" with the environment only after death.
It's time to listen to the words of I.Prigozhin, expressed in a lecture at his Nobel Symposium: "Classical thermodynamics, in essence, is the theory of" structure destruction "?
And take seriously the propaganda and consideration of ideas about the dynamic shaping of matter, which can raise science to a qualitatively new unifying level of knowledge and get out of the crisis.
Vladimir Berdinsky
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