Cars with the most high speed motors in the world. These 25 models of cars are in no way inferior to motorcycles in one very peculiar parameter - rotational speed. crankshaft engine on maximum speed. What are these cars that guarantee high revs and great sound? Yes, here they are:
Mazda MX-5
The MX-5 engine revs to breakneck speeds. True, it should be borne in mind that among competitors it is the least nimble.
131 l. With. at 7.000 rpm. Mazda engine MX-5 - (4-cylinder series, 1496 cc, 131 hp).
Lotus Evora
V6, 3.456 cc cm, 436 l. s.- 7.000 rpm. Lotus is known for high speed engines, not in last turn because of the company's history of participating in Formula 1 racing.
RenaultClio
Renault Clio 16V Gordini R. S. (four-cylinder in-line, 1998 cc and 201 hp). The little Frenchie makes 7.100 rpm.
Porsche 911
Carrera S (991.1, six-cylinder boxer, 3,800 cc, 400 hp). The noble sportsman can rotate crankshaft maximum 7.400 times per minute.
Even the 3.4-liter engine in the Cayman R (6-cylinder boxer, 3.436 cc, 330 hp) reached the 7400 rpm mark.
McLaren
The twin-turbo V8 under the bonnet of the 570 S Spider (V8-Biturbo, 3,700 cc, 570 hp) spins up to 7,500 rpm.
Ferrari 488
8,000 rpm in a Ferrari 488 GTB sports car (V8, 3,902 cc, 670 hp).
bmwM5
(body E60, V10, 4.999 cc, 507 hp). At 8,250 rpm, it creates an incredibly pleasant sound, addictive and full-bodied.
Audi RS5
RS5 S-Tronic (V8, 4.163 cc, 450 hp). The high-speed "RS5" series motors provide a whopping 8,250 revolutions.
FordMustang
IN technical passport Shelby GT 350 (V8, 5.163 cc, 533 hp) stands at a dizzying 8.250 rpm!
Lamborghini
The bull's heartbeat is frequent! (V10, 5.204 cc, 610 hp) spins up to 8.250 rpm.
BMW M3
Drivelogic (V8, 3.999 cc, 420 hp). An engine built more than five years ago creates a significant 8.300 rpm.
HondaCivic
Type R (FK 2, in-line four-cylinder, 1.996 cc, 310 hp). Rotates up to 8600 rpm. One of the most high performance in your class
AudiR8
Audi R8 V10 of the first generation (V10, 5.204 cc, 550 hp). The 5.2-liter engine revs up to 8,700 rpm. The successor was able to master "only" 8.500 revolutions.
Porsche 911
Porsche 911 GT3 RS (991st model, 6-cylinder boxer engine, 3.996 cc, 500 hp): 8.800 rpm makes it the real king of speed.
Ferrari
Ferrari F12TDF (V12, 6.262 cc, 780 hp). Its 6.3-liter V12 spins at an incredible 8,900 rpm. The technique left the race and moved into mass production.
HondaS2000
(4-cylinder in-line, 1.997 cc, 241 hp). The first generation was spinning like a Ferrari - 8.900 rpm. Since 2004 year Honda reduced the speed to 8.200 rpm.
Ferrari 458
(V8, 4.497 cc, 605 hp). Italian with a capacity of 605 Horse power and its 4.5-liter "eight" is capable of accelerating to 9,000 rpm!
Lexus
Lexus LFA (V10, 4.805 cc, 560 hp). Again, the technique came from racing, which means the Japanese will be able to surprise 9 thousand rpm.
MazdaRX-8
Another one in the Nine Thousand League. Mazda RX-8 rotary piston motor, 2 x 654 cu. cm, 231 l. s.) - a real exotic in the world of racing. Flexible and strong enough. And what a sound!
Porsche 911
Porsche 911 GT3 (991.1, six-cylinder boxer, 3,799 cc, 475 hp): The 3.8-liter boxer produces 9,050 rpm exactly. So he opens the Top 5.
Porsche 918Spyder
Once again Porsche, this time 918 Spyder (V8 + electric motor, 4.593 cc, 887 hp - general power). Gas engine accelerates to 9.150 rpm. The electric motor spins faster...
FerrariLaFerrari
Same concept as the Porsche 918 Spyder, but Ferrari puts it in the LaFerrari (V12 + "E" - engine. 6.262 cc, total power 963 hp). Its 6.3-liter V12 spins up to 9.250 times per minute.
Classic from Honda
If a motorcyclist builds a roadster, then he will put engines with a top bar up to 9.500 rpm from a motorcycle under the hood of such a car. Model S 800 (inline-four, 791 cc, 67.2 hp) became the ticket to Europe for Honda /
Ariel Atom
Atom 500 (V8, 3.000 cc, 476 hp). It also has an engine that actually has motorcycle roots. The unit makes up to 10.500 revolutions per minute!
In everyday life, utilities, in any production, electric motors are an integral part: pumps, air conditioners, fans, etc. Therefore, it is important to know the types of the most common electric motors.
An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This generates heat, which is a side effect.
Video: Classification of electric motors
All electric motors can be divided into two large groups:
- Electric motors direct current
- Electric motors alternating current.
Electric motors powered by alternating current are called alternating current motors, which have two varieties:
- Synchronous- these are those in which the rotor and the magnetic field of the supply voltage rotate synchronously.
- Asynchronous. They have a different rotor speed from the frequency generated by the supply voltage magnetic field. They are multi-phase, as well as one-, two- and three-phase.
- Stepper motors are distinguished by the fact that they have a finite number of rotor positions. The fixed position of the rotor occurs due to the supply of power to a certain winding. By removing the voltage from one winding and transferring it to another, a transition is made to another position.
DC motors are those that are powered by direct current. They, depending on whether or not they have a brush-collector assembly, are divided into:
Collector also, depending on the type of excitation, there are several types:
- Excited by permanent magnets.
- WITH parallel connection connection and armature windings.
- With series connection of armature and windings.
- With their mixed connection.
Cross section of a DC motor. Collector with brushes - right
Which electric motors are included in the group "DC motors"
As already mentioned, DC motors make up a group that includes collector and brushless motors, which are made in the form of a closed system, including a rotor position sensor, a control system and a power semiconductor converter. Principle of operation brushless motors similar to the principle of operation of asynchronous motors. Install them in household appliances, such as fans.
What is a collector motor
The length of the DC motor depends on the class. For example, if we are talking about a class 400 engine, then its length will be 40 mm. The difference between collector electric motors and brushless counterparts is ease of manufacture and operation, therefore, its cost will be lower. Their feature is the presence of a brush-collector assembly, with the help of which the rotor circuit is connected to the circuits located in the stationary part of the motor. It consists of contacts located on the rotor - a collector and brushes pressed against it, located outside the rotor.
Rotor
These electric motors are used in radio-controlled toys: by applying voltage to the contacts of such an engine from a DC source (the same battery), the shaft is set in motion. And to change its direction of rotation, it is enough to change the polarity of the supplied supply voltage. Light weight and dimensions low price and the ability to restore the brush-collector mechanism make these motors the most used in budget models, despite the fact that it is significantly inferior in reliability to the brushless one, since sparking is not excluded, i.e. excessive heating moving contacts and their rapid wear when exposed to dust, dirt or moisture.
As a rule, a marking indicating the number of revolutions is applied to the collector electric motor: the smaller it is, the greater the shaft rotation speed. By the way, it is very smoothly adjustable. But, there are also high-speed engines of this type, not inferior to brushless ones.
Advantages and disadvantages of brushless motors
Unlike those described, for these electric motors, the movable part is a stator with a permanent magnet (housing), and the rotor with a three-phase winding is stationary.
The disadvantages of these DC motors include less smooth adjustment of the shaft speed, but they are able to gain maximum speed in a split second.
The brushless motor is placed in a closed case, so it is more reliable when adverse conditions operation, i.e. he is not afraid of dust and moisture. In addition, its reliability is increased due to the absence of brushes, as is the speed at which the shaft rotates. At the same time, the design of the motor is more complex, therefore, it cannot be cheap. Its cost in comparison with the collector is twice as high.
Thus, a collector motor operating on alternating and direct current is versatile, reliable, but more expensive. It is both lighter and smaller than an AC motor of the same power.
Since AC motors powered by 50 Hz (commercial power supply) do not allow high frequencies(above 3000 rpm), if necessary, use a collector motor.
Meanwhile, its resource is lower than that of asynchronous AC motors, which depends on the condition of the bearings and the insulation of the windings.
How a synchronous motor works
Synchronous machines are often used as generators. It works synchronously with the mains frequency, so it is with an inverter and rotor position sensor, it is an electronic analogue collector electric motor direct current.
The structure of a synchronous motor
Properties
These engines are not self-starting mechanisms, but require external influence in order to pick up speed. They found application in compressors, pumps, rolling machines and similar equipment, working speed which does not exceed five hundred revolutions per minute, but an increase in power is required. They are quite large in size, have a "decent" weight and a high price.
Run synchronous motor can be done in several ways:
- Using external source current.
- The start is asynchronous.
In the first case, with the help of an auxiliary motor, which can be a DC electric motor or an induction motor three-phase motor. Initially, DC current is not supplied to the motor. It begins to rotate, reaching close to synchronous speed. At this point, direct current is applied. After closing the magnetic field, the connection with the auxiliary motor is broken.
In the second option, it is necessary to install an additional short-circuited winding in the pole pieces of the rotor, crossing which the magnetic rotating field induces currents in it. They, interacting with the stator field, rotate the rotor. Until it reaches synchronous speed. From this point on, the torque and EMF decrease, the magnetic field closes, nullifying the torque.
These electric motors are less sensitive than asynchronous ones to voltage fluctuations, they have a high overload capacity, they keep the speed unchanged under any load on the shaft.
Single-phase electric motor: device and principle of operation
After starting, using only one stator winding (phase) and not needing a private converter, an electric motor operating from a single-phase alternating current mains is asynchronous or single-phase.
A single-phase electric motor has a rotating part - the rotor and a stationary part - the stator, which creates the magnetic field necessary for the rotation of the rotor.
Of the two windings located in the stator core to each other at an angle of 90 degrees, the working one occupies 2/3 of the grooves. Another winding, which accounts for 1/3 of the grooves, is called the starting (auxiliary).
The rotor is also a short-circuited winding. Its rods made of aluminum or copper are closed at the ends with a ring, and the space between them is filled with aluminum alloy. The rotor can be made in the form of a hollow ferromagnetic or non-magnetic cylinder.
Single phase motor, whose power can be from tens of watts to tens of kilowatts, are used in household appliances, installed in woodworking machines, on conveyors, in compressors and pumps. Their advantage is the possibility of using them in rooms where there is no three-phase network. By design, they do not differ much from three-phase asynchronous electric motors.
Usage: electric drive for various purposes. Essence of the invention: the rotor is made in the form of a pre-assembled and balanced unit, it contains permanent magnets, the central parts of the ends of which are connected by means of plates with a bushing. EFFECT: simplified design and weight reduction. 2 ill.
The invention relates to electrical engineering, in particular to drives with an electric motor. Widely known and most common brushless asynchronous three-phase electric motors with squirrel-cage rotor. An asynchronous electric motor is excited by alternating current, which, as a rule, is supplied to the electric motor from an alternating current network having an industrial frequency of 50 Hz. Known AC motor containing a stator with a winding, a rotor with a short-circuited winding, made in the form of a squirrel cage, and a shaft with bearings (see ed. St. USSR N 1053229, class H 02 K 17/00, 1983). To control the speed of rotation of an asynchronous electric motor with a phase rotor, devices containing a direct-coupled frequency converter in the rotor circuit can be used. These devices have significant dimensions and weight. The closest analogue of the invention is an electric motor containing a rotor rotating around an axis and a stator mounted coaxially with the rotor. Several bipolar poles are placed along the circumference of the rotor and stator. The poles of the rotor are located inside, and the stator - outside the circle concentric with the axis of the rotor and lying in a plane perpendicular to this axis. A block connected to one of the pole groups controls the power supply to it to selectively magnetize the poles and create a rotating magnetic field. Each of the poles of the rotor has a magnetic core of E-shaped cross section, and the plane of the cross section is perpendicular to the plane of the circle on which the poles are placed. The open part of the cores faces this circle and has one central and two outer protrusions. At each pole of the rotor, at least one coil is wound around a central boss, connected to a control box to create a rotating magnetic field. This motor does not allow you to get high speeds and is difficult to manufacture, since it is difficult to balance it and perform electronic device control unit to create a rotating magnetic field. The purpose of the invention is to create high speed engine with revolutions up to 50,000 per minute, having simple design and low weight. The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that the rotor is made in the form of a pre-mounted and balanced assembly, including a bushing and at least two permanent magnet, the central parts of the ends of which are connected by means of plates with a bushing, the latter is pressed onto the power take-off shaft, while adjacent magnets are oppositely magnetized and their longitudinal size is greater than the inner radius of the stator, and the electronic device is made in the form of series-connected diode bridge, filter and thyristor converter. Figure 1 schematically shows a longitudinal section of a high-speed motor; figure 2 - transverse section A-A in Fig.1. A high-speed electric motor contains: a stator 1 with windings 2, a rotor 3 mounted in bearing supports 4, a power take-off shaft 5 with a bushing 6 pressed on it, connected by means of plates 7 with central parts ends of permanent magnets 8, located with a gap relative to the stator 1, and adjacent magnets are oppositely magnetized and their longitudinal size is greater than the inner radius of the stator, and the electronic device for creating a rotating magnetic field (not shown) is made in the form of a diode bridge connected in series (type D -245 or D-246), filter (RC type) and thyristor converter. The gap between stator 1 and rotor 3 is about 2 mm, an increase in the gap leads to a loss of power. It is desirable to use ceramic-based magnets 8, which avoids the appearance of dust and increases the service life. The magnets 8 can be made in the form of strips bent along cylindrical generatrices (as shown in Fig. 2), and the cross section can be round or rectangular. To ensure the operation of the electric motor at a speed of 50,000 per minute, the rotor 3 is pre-mounted and balanced by drilling its elements or installing balancing weights (not shown), which avoids vibration during operation and destruction of the bearing supports 4, and also ensures the constancy of the gap between the stator 1 and rotor 3. The proposed high-speed electric motor operates as follows. The current in the windings 2 of the stator 1 is supplied from the AC network through a diode bridge, a filter and a thyristor converter connected in series, which allows you to create a rotating magnetic field and regulate angular velocity(revolutions) of the rotor 3 of the electric motor due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the stator 1 and the magnets 8 of the rotor 3, while the adjacent magnets 8 are oppositely magnetized in the rotor 3.
Claim
A high-speed electric motor containing a rotor rotating around an axis and a stator installed coaxially with the rotor, an electronic device for creating a rotating magnetic field connected to a current source, and a power take-off shaft installed in the bearing supports of the stator housing, characterized in that the rotor is made in the form of a mounted and balanced unit, including a bushing and at least two permanent magnets evenly spaced in cross section, the central parts of the ends of which are connected by means of plates to the bushing, the latter is pressed onto the power take-off shaft, while adjacent magnets are oppositely magnetized and their longitudinal size is greater than the inner radius stator, and the electronic device is made in the form of a diode bridge, a filter and a thyristor converter connected in series.
When grinding small diameter holes, it takes a lot of high speeds rotation of the grinding spindles. So, when grinding holes with a diameter of 5 mm on a wheel with a diameter of 3 mm at a speed of only 30 m / s, the spindle must have a rotation speed of 200,000 rpm.
The use of belt drives to increase the speed is limited to the maximum allowable speeds belt. Belt-driven spindle speeds typically do not exceed 10,000 rpm, and the belts slip, fail quickly (after 150-300 hours) and create vibrations during operation.
High-speed pneumatic turbines are also not always suitable due to the very significant softness of their mechanical characteristics.
The problem of creating high-speed spindles has special meaning for production ball bearings where high quality internal and groove grinding is required. In this regard, numerous models of so-called electrospindles with rotation speeds of 12,000-50,000 rpm and more are used in the machine tool and ball bearing industries.
The electrospindle (fig. 1) is a grinding spindle with three bearings and an integrated squirrel-cage high-frequency motor. The motor rotor is placed between two spores at the end of the spindle opposite the grinding wheel.
Less commonly used designs with two or four supports. In the latter case, the motor shaft is connected to the spindle by means of a clutch.
The motor stator of the electrospindle is assembled from electrotechnical sheet steel. It has a bipolar winding. The motor rotor at rotation speeds up to 30-50 thousand rpm is also recruited from sheet steel and is supplied with a conventional short-circuited winding. Rotor diameter tends to be as small as possible.
At speeds greater than 50,000 rpm, due to significant steel losses, the stator is provided with a jacket with running water cooling. The rotors of engines designed to operate at such speeds are made in the form of a solid steel cylinder.
Of particular importance for the operation of electrospindles is the choice of the type of bearings. At rotation speeds up to -50,000 rpm, high-precision ball bearings are used. Such bearings must have a maximum clearance not exceeding 30 microns, which is achieved by proper assembly. The bearings are preloaded with calibrated springs. The calibration of preload springs for ball bearings and the selection of their fit must be given great attention.
At rotation speeds greater than 50,000 rpm, plain bearings work satisfactorily when they are intensively cooled by flowing oil supplied by a special pump. Sometimes the lubricant is supplied in a sprayed state.
High-frequency electrospindles for 100,000 rpm were also built on aerodynamic bearings (air-lubricated bearings).
In the production of high-frequency electric motors, very precise manufacturing is required. individual parts, dynamic balancing of the rotor, accurate assembly and ensuring a strict uniformity of the gap between the stator and the rotor.
In connection with the above, the manufacture of electrospindles is carried out according to special technical conditions.
Fig.1. High frequency grinding electrospindle.
Coefficient useful action high-frequency motors are relatively small. This is due to the presence of increased losses in steel and friction losses in bearings.
The dimensions and weight of high-frequency motors are relatively small.
Rice. 2. Modern high frequency electrospindle
The use of electric spindles instead of belt-driven drives in the production of ball bearings increases labor productivity when working on internal grinding machines by at least 15-20%, sharply reduces rejection in taper, ovality and surface finish. The durability of grinding spindles increases by 5-10 times or more.
Of great interest is also the use of high-speed spindles when drilling holes with a diameter of less than 1 mm.
The frequency of the current supplying the high-frequency motor is selected depending on the required rotation speed n of the motor according to the formula
since p = 1.
So, at speeds of rotation of electrospindles of 12,000 and 120,000 rpm, frequencies of 200 and 2000 Hz are required, respectively.
To power high-frequency motors, special high-frequency generators were previously used. Now, for these purposes, static frequency converters on high-speed field-effect transistors are used.
On fig. 3 shows a three-phase current synchronous induction generator domestic production(type GIS-1). As can be seen from the drawing, the stator of such a generator has wide and narrow grooves. The excitation winding, the coils of which are placed in the wide slots of the stator, is fed with direct current. The magnetic field of these coils is closed through the teeth of the stator and the protrusions of the rotor, as shown in Fig. 3 dotted.
Rice. 3. High frequency induction current generator.
When the rotor rotates, the magnetic field, moving along with the protrusions of the rotor, crosses the turns of the alternating current winding placed in the narrow grooves of the stator, and induces a variable e in them. d.s. The frequency of this e. d.s. depends on the speed of rotation and the number of protrusions of the rotor. electromotive forces, induced by the same flux in the coils of the excitation winding, are mutually compensated due to the counter-connection of the coils.
The excitation winding is powered through a selenium rectifier connected to the AC mains. Both the stator and the rotor have magnetic cores made of sheet steel.
Generators of the described design are manufactured for rated power of 1.5; 3 and 6 kW and at frequencies of 400, 600, 800 and 1200 Hz. The rated rotation speed of synchronous generators is 3000 rpm.
