Name: Collection of basic rules for the morphology of the school course of the Russian language.
The reference manual includes all the basic rules of the school course of the morphology of the Russian language. The collection is compiled taking into account existing textbooks and is intended for widespread use by students.
The words of independent parts of speech have a lexical meaning. Nouns refer to things around us. Adjectives denote the attributes of these objects. With the help of numerals, you can count objects or indicate their order when counting. Pronouns, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, do not name, but indicate objects, their signs and quantities. Actions of objects are indicated by verbs. But the actions of objects have their own signs, which are called by such a part of speech as an adverb. The category of state as an independent part of speech denotes the state of nature, the environment, and the physical and mental state of a person.
MORPHOLOGY. PARTS OF SPEECH
Independent parts of speech 11
Special forms of the verb 12
Service parts of speech 12
Interjection 12
Noun. 13
Nouns animate and inanimate 13
Proper nouns and common nouns 13
Noun gender 14
Common nouns 14
Gender of inflected nouns
Changing nouns by numbers 15
Plural nouns 16
Nouns that have only plural form 16
Nouns that have only the singular form 17
Three declensions of nouns.... I17
Inflected nouns. ...... 19
Spelling is NOT with nouns. ... 21
Spelling of noun suffixes -chik, -schik 22
Spelling of compound nouns 23
Morphological analysis 25
Verb 26
Changing the verb by numbers. 26
Verb change by person 26
Spelling NOT c. verbs 27
Indefinite form of the verb 27
Spelling -teh and -ty:i
Spelling b after sibilants
Verb types 29
Verb tense 29
past tense 29
Present 30
Future tense - 30
Verb conjugation 31
Opposite conjugated verbs 32
Verbs transitive and intransitive 32
Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs 33
verb mood 33
And life-giving inclination 33
Conditional mood 33
Imperative mood
Impersonal verbs 35
Spelling of vowels in verb suffixes 35
Morphological analysis 36
adjective 38
Changing the name of adjectives by numbers 38
Changing adjective names by gender 38
Changing adjectives by case 39
Spelling of vowels in case endings of adjectives 39
Spelling short adjectives with stems in sibilant 40
Degrees of comparison of adjectives 41
Superlative adjectives 43
Ranks of adjectives 44
Qualitative, adjectives 44
Relative adjectives 44
Possessive adjectives 45
Spelling NOT with adjectives 46
Spelling -N- and -NI- with adjectives 47
Spelling of complex adjectives. . . 49
Morphological analysis 50
Pronoun 52
Ranks of pronouns 52
Personal pronouns 52
Reflexive pronoun self 53
Interrogative pronouns 53
Relative pronouns 54
Indefinite pronouns 54
Spelling of the prefix NOT in indefinite pronouns 55
Hyphen in indefinite pronouns. . . 55
Negative pronouns 55
Continuous and separate spelling NOT and NI in negative pronouns 5(5
Possessive pronouns 56
Demonstrative pronouns 56
Definitive pronouns 57
Morphological analysis 58
Numeral 59
Simple and compound numbers 59
Soft sign at the end and in the middle of numerals 59
Cardinal and ordinal numbers. Discharges. Numerals denoting integers 60
Fractional numbers 61
Collective, numerals 61
Ordinal numbers 62
Morphological analysis 63
Adverb 64
Semantic groups of adverbs 64
Circumstances 64
Defining adverbs 65
Classes of pronominal adverbs 66
Comparisons of adverbs 66
Comparative degree of adverbs 66
Superlative adverbs 67
Morphological analysis 67
Status category 67
Morphological analysis (IS
special forms of the verb. Communion 69
Declension of participles and rounding of their endings 70
Short and complete passive participles 71
Valid time brushes. Spelling of suffixes -usch-(-yush-), and ash-(-yash) 72
Vowels about suffixes of real participles, present tense 73
Real present participles 73
Passive present participles, Spelling of suffixes Vowels and suffixes of present passive participles 74
Passive past participles. Vowels before -I- and -ЯЯ- in participles 75
-I- and -ЯЯ- in suffixes of full participles and verbal adjectives ......... 76
-I- and -NI- in suffixes of short participles and verbal adjectives 77
Spelling NOT with participles 78
Letters E and Yo after participles hissing in suffixes 79
Morphological analysis 79
General participle 81
Commas with gerunds and gerunds 81
Spelling NOT with gerunds 82
Imperfect and perfect participles 82
Morphological analysis 83
Service parts of speech. Preposition 84
Derivative and non-water prepositions 84
Simple and compound prepositions 84
Spelling of derivative prepositions formed from adverbs 85
Continuous and separate spelling of derivative prepositions
Spelling -E at the end of derivative prepositions 8(5
Morphological analysis 87
UNION 88
Unions simple and compound 88
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. . 88
Spelling unions also, too, to 89
Morphological analysis 90
Particles 91
Particle discharges 91
Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles. . 91
Spelling of particles NE and NI 92
Morphological analysis 94
special part of speech. Interjection 95
Interjections derivatives and non-derivatives 95
Separation of interjections 95
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1. Unstressed vowel at the root.
To check an unstressed vowel in the root, you need to change the form of the word or choose a single-root word so that the stress falls on it.
G O ra - g O ry
B O rolled - b O retsya
Not accepted And rimy - m And R
2. Vowel alternation at the root.
in the roots mountains - gar the letter A is written under stress, without stress - O (zag A r - zag O relay)
Fundamentally zor - zar, the vowel that is heard is written under stress, without stress - A (z A revo, s A rnitsa, oz A ryat, s O rka)
Fundamentally clone - clan the vowel that is heard is written under stress, without stress - O (skl O thread, class A snuggle, snuggle O n, on O thread)
in the roots kos - kas the letter A is written, if there is a suffix A after the root, if this suffix is not present, then the letter O is written. (to A sled, prik O fell asleep)
in the roots lag - lies A is written before G, O is written before F (proposition A say, offer O live)
in the roots grow - grew before ST, U, the letter A is written. If there is no ST, U, the letter O is written (p A stet, por O sl) Exceptions: sprout, industry, Rostov, Rostislav.
in the roots Ber - bir, der - dir, mer - peace, per - fir, tertir, shine - blist, burn - burn, stel - steel the letter A is written if after the root there is a suffix A. (I will collect - collect, lay - lay)
3.Vowels O - E (Yo) after hissing and C in different parts of the word.
1.Fundamentally words after hissing under stress, the letter E (Yo) is written. (in related words and forms of this word, the letter E is written without stress (evening - evening, cheap - cheaper) Exceptions: seam, rustle, saddler, hood, gooseberry, glutton, thicket, major
It should be distinguished:
A) noun - burn, arson, verbs - burn, set fire
B) in words of foreign origin:
jockey, juggler, shock, highway, driver.
C) in proper names: Pechora, Pechorin, Shostakovich
2. After C, the letter o is written under stress in the root. unstressed
the vowel after C must be checked with an accent. (basement, whole -
whole)
3.In endings, suffixes nouns and
adjectives after hissing and C under stress, the letter O is written, without stress - E (chest, hut, big, red, jackdaw, wrestler, crimson)
4 .At the end of adverbs, the letter O is written under stress, without
accents - E (hot, ebullient)
5 .Under the stress, the letter Yo is written
a) in the endings of verbs (we save, bake),
b) in the verbal suffix -yovyva (shade)
c) in the suffix –ёr of nouns (conductor, trainee)
d) in suffixes -yonn, -yon of passive participles,
verbal adjectives, if they are formed from
verb on -it (completed - complete, stewed - stew)
e) in pronouns (about anything, nothing)
4. Vowels ы, and after Ц in different parts of the word.
1. At the root of the word after C, the letter I is written (number, circus) Exceptions:
gypsy, chick, chick, chick, chick)
2. In words ending on - tion letter i is written
(acacia, lecture, delegation)
3.In suffixes and endings the letter Y is written (birds, pages,
Sinitsyn)
5. Voiced and deaf consonants.
To check the spelling of paired consonants b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-sh, you need to change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel. (tooth - teeth, light - light)
6. Unpronounceable consonants at the root of the word. (combinations of vstv, ndsk, stl, stn, etc.)
The word must be changed or a single-root word chosen so that this consonant is heard clearly. (joyful - joy, whistle - whistle)
But: sn- miraculous - miracles.
7. Separating b and b
Kommersant
b
1. Before the letters E, Yo, Yu, I
after prefixes
into a consonant
(bypass, disengage)
1. Before the letters E, Yo, Yu, I, And
in roots, suffixes, endings.
(barrier, blizzard, fox, nightingale)
In compound words
(three-tier, inter-tier)
In foreign words:
adjutant, object, subject, etc. broth, battalion, signor, etc.
8. Soft sign after hissing.
b is spelled
b is not written
1. In feminine nouns
kinda (night, rye)
1. In masculine nouns (knife, rook)
2. In all forms of the verb
(write, ignite, smile)
2. In nouns, plural. numbers
(many clouds, near puddles)
3. In adverbs for Zh, Sh, Ch (jump,
entirely) Exceptions: already, married,
unbearable
3. In short adjectives (hot,
good, strong)
4. In particles (only, ish, bish)
9. Vowels Y-I after prefixes.
After consonant prefix a letter is written S, if the word from which it is formed begins with the letter I (unprincipled - an idea, sum up - a result, play out - a game)
After prefixes over-, sub-, trans-, inter- letter is written AND ( inter-institutional, superinteresting, sub-inspector).
10. Continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives.
Slitno:
1. Formed from a subordinating phrase (ancient Greek - Ancient Greece, wagon repair - repair of wagons)
2. Used as terms or expressions in bookish language (the above, the undersigned)
Through a hyphen:
1. Designate a shade of color (light pink, red-brown)
2. Formed from a hyphenated noun (southwest - southwest)
3. Between parts of the adjective, you can insert the union "and" (Russian-German - Russian and German, convex-concave - convex and concave).
4. Formed from a combination of a noun and an adjective, but with a rearrangement of these elements (literary and artistic - fiction)
5. Having at the end of the first base a combination -iko (chemical-pharmaceutical).
Apart:
Phrases are written separately, consisting of an adverb and an adjective. The adverb acts as a member of the sentence, indicating the degree of the sign expressed by the adjective (genuinely friendly, sharply hostile) or in what respect the sign is considered (socially dangerous, i.e. dangerous to society). Adverbs in -ski in the meaning of "similarity" (damn cunning).
11. Not with different parts of speech.
Slitno
Apart
Not used without NOT ( all parts of speech)
can't, hate, unseen
There is a contrast with the union "A" or it is implied (noun, adjective, adverb on O, E)
not true but false
Can be replaced by a synonym or a close expression ( noun, adjective, adverb in o,e)
untruth - a lie, unknown - someone else's)
There are words “not far”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, etc.
(adjective, adverb in O, E)
Not at all interesting, not at all beautiful
No dependent words and opposition with the union "A"
(participle)
unglued, unspoken
There are dependent words or opposition with the union "A" (participle)
not spoken in time
With verbs, adverbs
(didn't find it, didn't find out)
With adverbs not in -O, E (not comradely)
With negative and indefinite adverbs and pronouns (no one, a few, nowhere)
With negative pronouns, if there is a pretext (no one, no one)
12. One and two letters H in suffixes.
Parts of speech
HH
Nouns
Living room, worker, herbalist
At the junction of morphemes
Fifty dollars, window sill
adjectives
In suffixes -in, -an, -yan
Gus in th, leather en th
Excl.: pewter, wood, glass
1) in adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns with a stem on H (fog n th)
2) in adjectives formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -onn, -enn (arts enn th, aviation he N th)
Excl.: windy
Participles and verbal adjectives
1) in short passive participles (error corrected en A)
2) in full participles and verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs (crash en yy - no prefix and dependent word)
excl.: slow, desired, sacred, unexpected, unseen, unheard, unexpected)
1) if the word has a prefix other than non- (dried)
2) if they include dependent words (sown through a sieve)
3) if the word has a suffix -ova, -eva (zinc ovann th)
4) if the word is formed from a perfective verb yonn th - deprive)
Adverb
In adverbs, the same number of N is written as in the adjectives from which they are formed
(tuma nn o - fog nn oh, excited nn o - excited nn th)
23. Letters E, I in case endings of nouns.
1. nouns have 1 declension in the dative and prepositional cases (in the grass - 1 cl., p.p., on the road - 1 skl., d.p.)
1. nouns have 1 declension in the genitive case (near the river - 1 declension, R.p.)
2. nouns have 2 declensions in the prepositional case (in the house - 2 cl, P.p.)
2. nouns have 3 declensions (at mother, at night)
3. for nouns in -th, -th, -th, -me in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases
(attach to a stirrup (on - me)), pluck from an acacia (on - ia))
24. Conjugation of verbs, spelling of personal endings of verbs.
Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?)
II conjugation I conjugation
on -it on -et, -at, -ut, -yt, -ty, -who
except for: shaving, laying (1 ref.) except for:
drive, hold, hear, breathe
endure, twirl, offend, depend,
hate, see, look (2 sp.)
At the end, the letter is written And at the end, the letter E is written
beautiful it– red it count em - count ot, rut it–gn at(excl.)
when finding an indefinite form, take a verb of the same form (decorate - decorate)
Spelling prefixes.
1. Letters З-С at the end of prefixes.
In prefixes voz-vos, bez-bes, from -is, bottom -nis, once - races, through - through before voiced letters are written in consonants W, before deaf consonants - letter WITH.
(Ra h give - ra With bite, be h sonorous - be With cordial)
There are no prefixes Z: knock down, cut down, run away
In the words here, building, health there is no prefix.
In the prefix times (races) - roses (grew), the letter A is written without stress, the letter O is under stress. (break up - sledge, scatter - placer)
2. Prefixes pre-, pre-
Pre-
at-
1. It is possible to replace the prefix with the word very, very.
(very large - very large)
1. Spatial proximity
(about) - school, seaside
2. Approximation, joining,
addition (arrive, screw,
join)
2. Close to the meaning of "re"
(transform, block)
3. Incomplete action (slightly open)
4. Bringing the action to the end
(come up with)
Spelling of suffixes
1. Suffixes -EK, -IK of nouns
To correctly write a suffix, you need to decline the word (put it in the genitive case form). If the vowel drops out, then the suffix -EK is written, if it doesn’t drop out, then the suffix -IK should be written (lock - lock, finger - finger)
2. Verb suffixes -ova (-eva), -yva (iva)
If in the present or future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivay, then you need to write the suffixes -yva, -iva.
If it ends in -th, -th, then you need to write the suffixes -ova, -eva.
(conversations ova l, conversations ova t - conversations wow, story ywa l - story I am)
3. Suffixes of participles -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch.
If the participle is formed from the verb of the 1st conjugation, then the suffixes -usch, -yushch should be written.
If the participle is formed from the verb of the 2nd conjugation, then you need to write the suffixes -ash, -ash.
(stabbing - stabbing (1 ref.), coloring - dyeing (2 ref.))
4. Participle suffixes -EM, -OM, -IM
If the participle is formed from the verb of the 1st conjugation, then we write the suffix -EM, -OM, if from the verb of the 2nd conjugation, then the suffix -IM
(visible - see (2 ref.), burned - burn (1 ref.))
5. The letters O, A at the end of adverbs with prefixes -FROM, -TO, -C
If adverbs are formed from adjectives that do not have these prefixes, then we write the letter A.
If adverbs are formed from adjectives that have these prefixes, then we write the letter O.
(before dry - dry, before urgently - before urgent)
On muffled , V left (no prefixes -from, -to, -s)
6. Suffixes -K-, -SK- adjectives.
The suffix -K- is written:
1) in adjectives that have a short form (col To iy - kolok, elm To ii - knit)
2) in adjectives formed from some nouns with a base on k, h, c (German To ij - German, weaver To ii - weaver)
In other cases, the suffix -SK- is written (French sk y - French h)
7. Suffixes -CHIK-, -SHIK-
After the letters d - t, z - s, w, the letter Ch is written. In other cases, u is written. (cover Tchik, stone box- no letters d, t, s, s, g)
8. Vowels before -Н, -НН in participle suffixes, before the past tense verb suffix -Л-.
If the participle or verbal adjective is formed from the verb in -at, -yat, then the letter A, Z is written before H, HH (upsh A ny - vesh at).
If a participle or a verbal adjective is formed from verbs ending not in -at, -yat, then the letter E is written before H, HH
(zasuch e nny - zauch it, crush e ny - red it).
A hyphen between parts of words.
Hyphenated adverbs.
With a hyphen between the parts of the word, adverbs are written that have in their composition:
1) prefix in - and suffixes -om, -him, -and (in a new way, in a comradely way)
2) the prefix in-, in- and suffixes -s, -them (secondly, thirdly)
3) prefix something (somehow)
4) suffixes -something, -either, -something (colda-either, somewhere)
5) complex adverbs, which have the same roots (little by little)
Indefinite pronouns with a prefix something and suffixes something-, something are written with a hyphen (someone, some)
Compound words with half- are written with a hyphen if the second root begins with L, with a capital letter, with a vowel. In other cases, the floor in complex words is written together. (half moon, half watermelon, half Volga, half house,)
interjection, formed by repeating the basics (ooh-ooh)
Particles - something are attached to other words with a hyphen. (became something, take it)
Consolidated and separate spelling of homonymous independent and functional words.
Prepositions with other words are written separately. (on the river, on me, by five)
Derived prepositions, formed on the basis of adverbs, are written together (to go towards the delegates).
Derived prepositions are written together: in view of (= due to), like (= similar), about (= about), instead of, like, due to ( due to)
Talk about exams but to put money in the account (n.)
Derivative prepositions are written separately during, in continuation, according to
reason, for the purpose, on the part).
Unions also, too, to are written fluently. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way, the same as. In these combinations, the particles, however, could be omitted or rearranged to another place.
Mother studied at the institute. My father also studied there.
The same word, but not so to say.
Morphology(parts of speech).
Grammatical signs of independent parts of speech.
Part of speech
Gram. meaning
Question to the beginning form
Permanent signs
Non-permanent signs
Syntax
role in the proposal
Noun
Item
Who? What?
Odush.-indush., own. or common noun, gender, declension
Case, number
Subject
Addition
Adjective
sign
Which? Whose?
Qualitative, relative possessive; full - short, degrees of comparison
gender, number, case
Definition, predicate
(short adj.)
Numeral
Quantity, order when counting
How many? Which?
Simple-composite, quantitative, ordinal, collective
Case, number, gender (for ordinals)
As part of any member of the sentence, definition (ordinal)
Pronoun
Meaning of the part of speech instead of which it is used
Who? What? Which? How many? Which?
Rank, person (for personal)
Case (for some), number, gender
Any member of the proposal
Verb
action, state
What to do? what to do?
View, transitivity, conjugation, recurrence
Mood, tense, number, person or gender
Personal forms - predicate, n.f. - any part of the proposal
Participle
Sign of an object by action
Which?
Doing what? What has done? and etc.
Real or passive, time, type
Case, number, gender, full or short
Definition
gerund
Additional action
What do you do? Having done what?
How?
Type, recurrence
No
circumstance
Adverb
Sign of action or other sign
How? Where? Where? When? For what? and etc.
Degrees of comparison
No
circumstance
Classes of adjectives.
Discharge
signs
Examples
quality
1. Answer the questions Which one? Which? Which?
2. denote various qualities of objects: color, internal qualities of a person, state of mind, age, size of an object; qualities perceived by the senses, etc.
3. may have diminutive suffixes –ist, -ovat, -enk, etc.
4. may have a short form and degrees of comparison
5. compound adjectives and adjectives are formed. With prefix not-
6. combined with adverbs very, extremely, etc.
nicer
sick
Too light light - light
difficult
relative
1.answer questions what? Which? Which?
2. designate the material from which the object is made; time, place, purpose of the object, etc.
3. have suffixes –an, -yan, -sk-, -ov-,
4. do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison
5. do not combine with adverbs very, too.
Wood
Nautical
Possessive
Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?
2. denote belonging to a person or animal
3. have suffixes –ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -й
Foxy, fathers, wolf
Classes of pronouns.
Discharge
Pronouns
personal
1st person: I, we
2nd person: you
3rd person: he, she, it, they
returnable
Myself
Possessive
Mine, yours, ours, yours, yours
Interrogative-relative
Who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much
Undefined
Someone, something, some, several, some, something, etc.
Negative
Nobody, nothing, none, no one, not at all, no one, nothing
pointing
That, this, such, such, such, so much
Determinants
Himself, most, everyone, all, each, any, other, other
Discharges of names of numerals.
By appointment
By structure
quantitative
Ordinal
Simple
Complex
composite
whole
Fractional
Collecting
Three,
Twenty five
One third,
one and a half
Two
Three
seven
third, thirty-fifth
fourteen, thirtieth
Five hundred, one hundred thousandth
One hundred seventy-three, three point eight
Mood and tense of the verb.
indicative
Conditional
imperative
Denotes an action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen.
Denotes an action that is possible under some condition (would read, would read)
Denotes an action to which the speaker encourages someone (advises, asks, orders)
present tense
Past tense
Future
What is he doing?
What did you do?
What did you do?
What will do? (future complex)
What will he do? (future simple)
Is reading
read, told
will read
Participle formation
From the stem of the present tense verb
From the stem of the infinitive
Present participles
Past participles
Valid
Passive
Valid
passive
1 ref.
2 ref.
1 ref.
2 ref.
Vsh
Enn
Hn
Usch, - yusch
Ash
crate
Eat
Ohm
Them
Ym
Bole Yusch uy
Creech ash uy
Ozar eat th
Storage them th
Skaka vsh uy
nes sh uy
Pulled out enn th
crowning nn th
vymy T th
Formation of gerunds
Imperfect participles
Perfect participles
Suffixes -a, -i
Suffixes
Vsh
Lice
lie down - lie down A
We sit - sit I
think - think V, thought lice
Get carried away - carried away shea camping
Classes of adverbs by meaning.
Class of adverbs
Questions answered by adverbs
Examples
Mode of action and degree
How?
How?
Fast, fun, new, often, great
Measures and degrees
How many? How many times?
In what degree?
To what extent? How much?
A little, a little, a little, five times, too much, completely, completely, twice
Places
Where?
Where?
Where?
Far, near, around, from within, from afar, everywhere
time
When?
How long?
Since when?
How long?
Now, soon, long ago, now, the day before, in the afternoon, at night, in the summer, early
Causes
Why?
From what?
For what reason?
Hastily, blindly, reluctantly
Goals
For what?
For what?
For what purpose?
On purpose, out of spite, on purpose
A special group is made up of pronominal adverbs:
Demonstrative adverbs - here, there, there, from there, then
Indefinite adverbs - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere
Negative adverbs - nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere
Interrogative-relative adverbs - where, where, when, why, why.
Lilac blossoms (when?) spring. (adverb)
beyond the spring(When? For what?) Summer will come. (noun)
Adverbs with prefixes must be distinguished from consonant combinations of nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions.
At first it was difficult. (when? - circumstance - adverb)
At first year (noun with a preposition, because there is a dependent word).
got sick, That's why and didn't come. (adverb why?)
That's why the bridge is closed to traffic. (adj., over the bridge (what?) - definition)
In the distance blue spinning sand. (in what? where?)
away the shepherd played importunately. (adverb where?)
Condition Category Words - denote the state of nature, the environment, living beings, humans (damp, cloudy, offensive, funny, joyful). They are used in one-part impersonal sentences and are predicates.
Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs .
Parts of speech
comparative
Superlatives
Simple
Composite
Simple
Composite
Adjective
Her(s)
She
Stronger
Earlier
less often
more…
less…
More strong
Less strict
Ash(y)
Yeish (yy)
the strictest
strongest
all (everyone)..
most…
least…
Deepest, highest quality
Adverb
Her(s)
She
Stronger, earlier, less
more…
less…
More strongly
Less strict
Aisha
eishe
Strictly
all (everyone)..
most…
least…
deeper than all
the highest quality
To distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective from the comparative degree of an adverb, you need to look at which word in the sentence the form of the comparative degree depends on. If it depends on the noun, then this is the comparative degree of the adjective (it is a predicate in the sentence) - person thinner, Class friendlier.
If it depends on the verb, then this is an adverb (it is a circumstance in a sentence) - cut thinner, sing friendlier.
Service parts of speech.
Pretext - serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. There are simple and composite, derivatives and non-derivatives.
non-derivative
Derivatives from
Adverbs
noun
Participles
B, k, s, y, o, on, with, for, from, through, etc.
Along, opposite, ahead, according to, around
Due to, like, in continuation, during, in relation to, in contrast to, towards, in view of, in conclusion, over, in connection with, due to
thankfully, later, in spite of, in spite of, on the basis of
Union - serves to connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence. There are simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.
Ranks of unions by value.
writing
Subordinating
1. Connecting (both this and that): and, yes, also, also, not only…but also, like…and
1. Explanatory: what, as if to
2. Opposite (not that, but this): but, but, yes, but, however,
2. Circumstantial:
Time: when, just, while, barely , as soon as, after, before, only
Target: in order to, in order to, in order to, in order to
Comparison: as, as if, as if, exactly
Cause: because, since, since, for
Condition: if (if), if
Consequence: So
Concession: though, despite the fact that, let, let
3. Dividing (either this or that): or, either, neither ... neither, then ... that, either ... either, not that ... not that
Particle - conveys shades of meaning and serves to form certain forms of independent words. By meaning, there are formative, semantic. By category - simple, complex, compound.
(even, just, after all, just, hardly, no matter how, etc.)
Discharges of particles by value and function.
Semantic (express different meanings)
Form-building
(form word forms)
1. Negative: not, not
1. form of the conditional mood of the verb: would, b
2. Statement: yes, so, exactly, how, aha, uh-huh, definitely
2. form of the imperative mood of the verb: let, let, yes, let's, let's
3. Reinforcement: even, even and, already, and, already, yet, still, after all, well
3. form of comparative and superlative adjective: more, less, most
4. Question: is it really, is it, or something, but, what, how, well, how, and what if
Exclamation: what the, how, well
Doubt: hardly, hardly, maybe
7. Clarification: exactly, exactly, exactly, directly, a little, just, at least, at least, almost
8. Isolation, restriction: only, only, only only, almost, exclusively
9. Indication: here, here, out, and out, this
10. Relaxation of the requirement: -ka
Distinguishing He and Ni Particles
Particle NOT
Particle NI
Not - the meaning of negation
Misha Not went to the rink.
Not Misha went to the skating rink, and Yura.
Ni is a negative particle with an amplifying value:
A) strengthening denial
In the sky Not was neither one lumen.
No neither wind, neither sun, neither noise.
In the sky neither cloud.
Two particles NOT - the meaning of the statement
Not Can Not talk about this trip. - I must tell.
B) assertion strengthening
Where neither I look around, thick rye everywhere. (I'll look everywhere)
There may be words: no matter where, no one, no matter and etc.
Interjection - does not apply to either independent or official parts of speech. Interjections are used to express:
Feelings, emotions (fear, joy, doubt, surprise, sadness, delight, sadness, etc.): oh, yes, bravo, my God, wow, God is with you.
Speech etiquette (greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, etc.): thank you, thank you, goodbye, goodbye, sorry, please, all the best, hello.
Commands, orders, requests: on, face, shh, hello, bye-bye, stop, chick-chick.
Syntax.
phrase – several words related in meaning and grammatically.
According to the main word, phrases are nominal (the main word is an adjective, noun, pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb, participle, participle), adverbial (the main word is an adverb).
Types of connection of words in phrases (by dependent word).
Coordination
Control
adjoining
The dependent word is used in the same gender, number and case (adj., participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal number)
The dependent word is put in the case required by the main (noun, pronoun = noun)
The dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning.
(adverb, adverb)
prepositional
(with a suggestion)
Unprepositional (no preposition)
For an experienced teacher
Growing up on the road
Land development
Work passionately
Types of offers.
Offer types
Examples
By the nature of the expressed relationship to reality
Affirmative(Affirm the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it).
Negative(the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is denied).
Sad long evening in October. (I. Bunin)
No, I don't treasure rebellious pleasure. (A. Pushkin)
By the number of grammatical bases
Simple (consist of one grammatical basis)
Complex (consist of two or more grammatical bases)
A breeze rushes along the narrow, clean street. (N.Rubtsov)
Dawn says goodbye to the earth, steam falls at the bottom of the valley. (A. Fet)
According to the nature of the grammatical basis
Bipartite(the grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate)
One-piece(the grammatical basis consists either only of the subject, or only of the predicate)
I loved late autumn in Russia. (I. Bunin)
It's already quite light. (K. Fedin)
By the presence of secondary members
Common(have in their composition a grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence)
Uncommon(have only grammatical basis)
Two drops splashed into the glass. (A. Fet)
The lake was white. (I. Bunin)
According to the context and speech situation
Full(all necessary members of the proposal are present)
Incomplete(one or more sentence members omitted)
The whole city lay in darkness. (A. Fadeev)
Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing. (A. Pushkin)
Types of predicate.
simple verb expressed in one verb form
composite
verb auxiliary be able, wish, want, start, continue, end or short adj. Glad, ready, able, must, intend+ infinitive
Nominal
linking verb to be, to become, to become, to appear, to become, to appear, to be called+ nominal part: noun, adj., numeral, place, short adverb, adverb
Changed in childhood rainbow rain. (S. Marshak)
The monkey decided to work. (I. Krylov)
The gold of the cross became white. (S. Marshak)
Secondary members of the sentence.
Definition
(what? what? what? what? whose? whose? whose? whose? whose?) is underlined by a wavy line
Addition
(whom? What? To whom? What? Whom? What? By whom? What? About whom? About what?) is underlined with a dotted line
Circumstance
(where? When? Where? Where? Why? Why? How?)
underlined with dotted line
Agreed
(adjective, participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal)
Direct (vin. case without preposition)
Mode of action (how? In what way?)
inconsistent
(noun)
Indirect (indirect cases or wine case with a preposition)
Places (where? Where? From?)
Time (when? Since when? Until when? How long?)
Reasons (why? For what reason?)
Measures and degrees (To what extent? To what extent?)
Goals (why? For what purpose?)
Conditions (under what condition?)
Concessions (against what?)
Types of one-part sentences and ways of expressing the main member of the sentence.
Nominal
Verbs
denominative sentence (the main member of the sentence is the subject, the noun in I.p.)
Midnight. Mist and wind.
Definitely personal(verb 1,2 person, singular, plural; indicative, imperative mood)
I'm going. Will you go for a walk? Come with me.
Indefinite-personal(verb 3rd person, plural, present, weekday; plural past tense)
Vitya was given a player.
Impersonal(impersonal verb, personal verb in the meaning of the impersonal, infinitive, words of the category of state, short participle, word No)
It's getting dark. It's cold outside.
generalized-personal(verb 2 persons, singular; 3 persons plural present or bud.; 2 persons led inclinations)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
Types of definitions.
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Characterize the object on the one hand (between them you can put the union And)
They characterize an object from different sides, for example, by color and size (a big red ball), you cannot put a union between them And)
Depend on one word and answer the same question
They explain each other, that is, one of the definitions depends on the phrase, which includes the defined noun. and another definition (red ball Which? big)
They are interconnected by a compositional connection, i.e. do not depend on each other
Lacking enumerative intonation
Pronounced with enumerative intonation
Separate members of the proposal.
I. Separate definitions .
Any definitions in the form of a phrase (adjective turnover, adjectival phrase) or individual words are separated by commas on one side or on two (inside a sentence) if:
Relate to personal pronoun
Exhausted, dirty, wet we have reached the shore.
They come after the noun they define.
Forest, finally shaking off the remnants of the darkness of the night stood up in all its glory. (B. Polevoy)
Before the noun being defined, if they express the reason.
Driven by spring rays, from the surrounding mountains the snow had already fled in muddy streams to the flooded meadows. (A. Pushkin)
II. Standalone Applications .
Applications in a letter are separated by a comma or two commas within a sentence if:
They refer to the personal pronoun
Us, doctors, this truly boundless patience is amazing. (N. Ostrovsky)
Common applications after the noun being defined.
A pineapple,wonderful gift of the nature of the tropics , looks like a large cedar cone weighing two to three kilograms.
Applications before the noun being defined, if it has a causal meaning.
native sailor, Voropaev first saw the sea as an adult. (P.Pavlenko)
ІІІ Separate circumstances.
1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are always separated by commas in writing.
Suddenly she ran past me singing something else.
The waves are rushing thundering and sparkling, alien stars look from above.
2. Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition despiteIn houses,despite the early hour , lamps lit.
Note:
do not separate
Germs with the meaning of adverbs. Yazykov covered his face with his palm and satnot moving . (not moving = still)
Set combinations and phraseological units, which include gerunds. He workedtirelessly .
IV. Separate clarifying members of the sentence.
An additional question can be posed to the clarifying isolated member of the sentence Where exactly? How exactly? Who exactly? When exactly?
1. Circumstances of place and time: Left,at the dam , knocked axes.
2. Definitions: It was dominated by brown,almost red , the color of the soil and the unbearably blue hue of the sea.
3 . Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using conjunctionsthat is, or, as well as words especially, especially, even, mainly, in particular, for example .
He's pretty good even with some special pronunciation , spoke Russian .
Additions with prepositions except for, in addition to, instead of, excluding, except for, along with, beyond, etc..
Everyone has , with the exception of the Commissioner, things were going well.
Introductory words and sentences.
Groups of introductory words by meaning
example
Different degrees of certainty:
a) a high degree of certainty (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, indeed, etc.)
b) a lesser degree of certainty (seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps)
Mountain air, without any doubts, has a beneficial effect on human health.
Seems, your story there made a lot of noise.
Various feelings (fortunately, to the general joy, unfortunately, to surprise)
Fortunately, our horses were not exhausted.
Source of the message (according to someone, according to someone, in someone's opinion)
According to the doctor The patient will be discharged from the hospital in a week.
The order of thoughts and their connection (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, therefore, so, vice versa, for example, etc.)
Firstly you have to learn the rule.
So, one desire for good made me print this passage. (M. Lermontov)
Remarks on the ways of shaping thoughts (in a word, in other words, it is better to say, etc.)
In a word, this person had a desire to create a case for himself. (A. Chekhov)
Introductory words and sentences should be distinguished from other members of the sentence (introductory words are not a member of the sentence, they are not grammatically related to other words, they can be removed from the sentence).
Printout pages:
13,14 15,12
11,16 17,10
9,18 19,8
7,20 21,6
5,22 23,4
3,24 25,2
1,26
COLLECTION
RULES
IN RUSSIAN
M.: Astrel, 2005. - 94s.
Visual, convenient and compact presentation of all the basic rules of punctuation and spelling.
Format: pdf/zip
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SPELLING
Checked unstressed vowel in the root of the word 8
Unchecked unstressed vowel in word root 8
Alternation of unstressed vowels in the root of a word 8
Checked consonants in the root of the word 12
Unchecked consonants at the root of a word... 12
Letters I, A, U after hissing 13
Spelling of vowels and consonants in prefixes 13
Letter I - after prefixes 13
Spelling of prefixes on -3, -С 14
Spelling prefixes pre-, pre- 14
Letters I - Y after C 16
Dividing b and b 17
Spelling words with half-, half- 17
Declension of nouns 18
Spelling O - E after hissing and C in noun endings 20
NOT with nouns 21
Suffixes -chik-, -schik- nouns. . 21
Spelling of noun suffixes -ek-, -ik- and -ets-, -its- 22
O - E in noun suffixes after hissing 22
Vowels -I-, -E-, -O- in noun suffixes 23
Spelling of compound nouns. . 24
Spelling of vowels in case endings of adjectives 26
Continuous and separate spelling NOT with adjectives 27
Letters O - E after hissing and C in suffixes and endings of adjectives 29
Spelling of suffixes -k-, -sk-in adjectives formed from nouns 29
Н- and -НН- in adjective suffixes. . thirty
Н- and -НН- in short forms of adjectives 33
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of compound adjectives 33
Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs 34
Spelling NOT with 36 verbs
Spelling -tsya and -tsya in verbs 36
Spelling b after sibilants in verbs 36
Spelling of verb suffixes 37
Spelling of numbers 38
Spelling b in complex numbers. . 38
Number Declension 39
Spelling of indefinite pronouns 41
Spelling of negative pronouns 41
Participle Declension 42
Vowels in present participle suffixes 43
Real Past Participles 43
Present Passive Participles 44
Vowels in present passive participle suffixes 44
Passive past participles 44
Continuous and separate spelling NOT with participles 45
НН- and -Н- in passive past participle suffixes 46
The difference between short forms of participles and short forms of adjectives 47
Letters E and Yo after passive past participles hissing in suffixes 48
NOT with gerunds 48
Continuous and separate spelling of NOT with adverbs in -O, -E 49
Spelling NOT and NI in negative adverbs 50
H- and -HH- in adverbs for -O, -E 50
Letters -O, -E after adverbs hissing at the end 50
Spelling of vowels at the end of adverbs 51
Hyphen between word parts in adverbs 52
Spelling of prefixes in adverbs formed from nouns and cardinal numbers 53
Spelling b after sizzling adverbs 53
Spelling of prepositions 54
Differences of prepositions from other parts of speech 54
Groups of unions and their spelling 55
Particle Spelling 57
Spelling of particles NOT and NOR 58
Spelling of interjections 59
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation marks between homogeneous members 60
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 61
Punctuation marks for generalizing words in sentences with homogeneous members 62
Punctuation when addressing 63
Punctuation marks for interjections 64
Participle turnover 65
Separate definitions and applications 66
The participle and participle turnover. Punctuation marks with them 68
Special circumstances 69
Separation of clarifying members of the proposal 70
Punctuation marks in direct speech 72
Indirect speech. Replacing direct speech with indirect 76
Quotes. Punctuation marks with them 78
Complex sentences. Punctuation marks in them 80
Absence of a comma in a compound sentence 82
Complex sentences. Punctuation marks in them 82
The absence of a comma in a complex sentence 85
