The operation of the internal combustion engine presentation. Physics presentation "internal combustion engines"

The history of the creation of the first internal combustion engine The first truly
workable Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
appeared in Germany in 1878. But the history of creation
ICE has its roots in France.
In 1860 the French inventor Ethven Lenoir
invented
the first internal combustion engine. But this unit
was imperfect, with low efficiency and could not be applied
on practice. Another Frenchman came to the rescue
inventor Beau de Rochas, who in 1862 proposed
use four strokes in this engine:
1.Inlet
2.Compression
3. Working stroke
4. Release stroke
The first four-stroke ICE car was
three-wheeled carriage by Karl Benz, built in 1885
year.
A year later (1886) Gottlieb Daimer's version appeared.
Both inventors worked independently of each other.
They merged in 1926 to form Deimler-Benz.
AG.

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine

Modern car, most of all,
driven by an internal motor
combustion. There are many such engines.
a bunch of. They differ in volume
number of cylinders, power, speed
rotation, fuel used (diesel,
petrol and gas engines). But, fundamentally,
internal combustion engine device
Seems like. How does this device work and why?
called a four-stroke engine
internal combustion? About internal combustion
It's clear. Fuel burns inside the engine. A
why 4 stroke engine, what is it?
Indeed, there are two-stroke
engines. But on cars they are used
rarely. Four stroke engine
called because of the fact that his work can be
divided into four equal parts.
The piston will pass through the cylinder four times - two
up and down twice. The beat starts at
finding the piston in the extreme lower or
top point. For motorists-mechanics it is
called top dead center (TDC) and
bottom dead center (BDC).

First stroke - intake stroke

The first beat, he is the inlet,
starts at TDC (top
dead point). moving down
piston sucks into cylinder
air-fuel mixture. Job
this beat occurs when
open intake valve. By the way,
there are many engines
multiple intake valves.
Their number, size, time
being in the open
can significantly affect
engine power. Eat
engines in which
depending on the pressure on the pedal
gas, forced
increase in residence time
intake valves open
condition. It's made for
increasing the number
intake fuel, which
after ignition, increases
engine power. Automobile,
in this case, maybe much
accelerate faster.

The second stroke is the compression stroke

The next stroke of the engine is
compression stroke. After the piston
bottomed out, he starts
rise up, thereby squeezing
mixture that entered the cylinder on the beat
inlet. The fuel mixture is compressed to
combustion chamber volumes. What is this
such a camera? Free space
between the top of the piston and
top of the cylinder
piston at top dead
point is called the combustion chamber.
Valves, in this stroke of the engine
closed completely. The denser they
closed, the compression occurs
better. Great importance
has, in this case, the state
piston, cylinder, piston rings.
If there are large gaps, then
good compression will not work, but
accordingly, the power of such
engine will be much lower. Degree
compression - compression, you can check
special device. By size
compression, it can be concluded that
engine wear.

Third cycle - working stroke

The third measure is a working one, it starts with
TDC. It's called a worker
not by chance. After all, it is in this
tact is an action,
forcing the car
move. In this tact to work
the ignition system comes on. Why
is this system called? Yes
because she is in charge
ignition of the fuel mixture, compressed
in the cylinder, in the combustion chamber.
It works very simply - a candle
system gives a spark. Justice
for the sake of it, it is worth noting that the spark
issued on the spark plug for
a few degrees before reaching
top piston. These
degrees, in a modern engine,
automatically adjusted
the brains of the car. After that
as the fuel ignites, occurs
explosion - it increases sharply in
volume, forcing the piston
move down. Valves on this beat
engine operation, as in
previous, are in a closed
condition.

The fourth measure is the release measure

Fourth cycle of work
engine, the last
high school graduation. Reaching
bottom point, after
working cycle, in the engine
starts to open
Exhaust valve. Such
valves, as well as inlet,
there may be several.
Moving up, the piston
removes through this valve
exhaust gases from
cylinder - ventilates
his. The better it works
exhaust valve,
more exhaust gases
removed from the cylinder
thereby freeing
place for a new portion
fuel-air mixture.

Varieties of the internal combustion engine

Diesel internal combustion engine

Diesel engine - piston
internal combustion engine,
flammable
atomized fuel from
contact with compressed heated
air. Diesel engines running
on diesel fuel (colloquially -
"sunshine").
In 1890, Rudolf Diesel developed the theory
"economical thermal engine",
which, due to the strong compression in
cylinders significantly improves its
efficiency. He received a patent for his
engine February 23, 1893. First
a functioning example called the "Diesel Motor" was built by Diesel by early 1897
year, and on January 28 of the same year he was successfully
tested.

The principle of operation of the injection engine

In modern injection
engines for everyone
cylinder provided
individual nozzle.
All nozzles are connected to
fuel rail, where
fuel is under
pressure that creates
electric fuel pump.
Injected quantity
fuel depends on
opening duration
nozzles. Opening moment
regulates the electronic unit
control (controller) on
based on processed
them data from various
sensors.

In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered lighting gas and received a patent for the use and method of obtaining lighting gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance, primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon, in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, lighting gas was suitable not only for lighting. The inventors set about designing engines that could replace the steam engine, while the fuel would not burn in the furnace, but directly in the engine cylinder.

In 1801, Le Bon took out a patent for the design of a gas engine. The principle of operation of this machine was based on the well-known property of the gas he discovered: its mixture with air exploded when ignited, releasing a large amount of heat. The products of combustion rapidly expanded, exerting strong pressure on the environment. By creating the appropriate conditions, it is possible to use the released energy in the interests of man. The Lebon engine had two compressors and a mixing chamber. One compressor was supposed to pump compressed air into the chamber, and the other compressed light gas from the gas generator. The gas-air mixture then entered the working cylinder, where it ignited. The engine was double-acting, that is, the working chambers were alternately acting on both sides of the piston. In essence, Lebon nurtured the idea of ​​​​an internal combustion engine, but in 1804 he died before he could bring his invention to life.

Jean Etienne Lenoir In the following years, several inventors from different countries tried to create a workable engine using light gas. However, all these attempts did not lead to the appearance on the market of engines that could successfully compete with the steam engine. The honor of creating a commercially successful internal combustion engine belongs to the Belgian mechanic Jean Etienne Lenoir. While working at an electroplating plant, Lenoir came up with the idea that the air-fuel mixture in a gas engine could be ignited using an electric spark, and decided to build an engine based on this idea. Lenoir did not immediately succeed with a steam engine based on this idea. After it was possible to make all the parts and assemble the machine, it worked for quite a bit and stopped, because due to heating the piston expanded and jammed in the cylinder. Lenoir improved his engine by thinking over a water cooling system. However, the second launch attempt also ended in failure due to poor piston stroke. Lenoir supplemented his design with a lubrication system. Only then did the engine start running.

August Otto By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities had already been produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the company "Otto and Company" was created. In 1864, Langen

By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities had already been produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Otto and Company was soon established. 1864 by Langen At first glance, the Otto engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail connected to the shaft was attached to it. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They ignited with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston was raised, a special mechanism disconnected the rail from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the influence of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time. Otto engine

Since Otto engines were almost five times more efficient than Lenoir engines, they were immediately in high demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the gear rack was replaced by a crank gear. But the most significant of his inventions came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for a new four-stroke engine. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines to this day. The following year, the new engines were already in production. 1877 The four-stroke cycle was Otto's greatest technical achievement. But it soon turned out that a few years before his invention, exactly the same principle of engine operation was described by the French engineer Beau de Rocha. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court. The court considered their arguments persuasive. Otto's rights arising from his patent were significantly reduced, including his monopoly on the four-stroke cycle was annulled. Bo de Rocha Although competitors launched the production of four-stroke engines, the Otto model worked out over many years of production was still the best, and demand for it did not stop . By 1897, about 42 thousand of these engines of various capacities were produced. However, the fact that light gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of the first internal combustion engines. The number of lighting and gas plants was insignificant even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two of them - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors have tried to use liquid fuel vapor as gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene in this capacity. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product, gasoline. But in order for a liquid fuel engine to compete successfully with gas, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. , but he acted unsatisfactorily. Brighton 1872

Gasoline engine A workable gasoline engine did not appear until ten years later. Probably, Kostovich O.S., who provided a working prototype of a gasoline engine in 1880, can be called its first inventor. However, his discovery still remains poorly lit. In Europe, the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler made the greatest contribution to the creation of gasoline engines. For many years he worked in the firm Otto and was a member of its board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coldly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision in 1882, they left the Otto company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on their project.

The problem facing Daimler and Maybach was not an easy one: they decided to create an engine that would not require a gas generator, would be very light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to move the crew. Daimler expected to increase power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first incandescent gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot tube inserted into the cylinder of a gas generator. 1883 an incandescent gasoline engine of a hot tube

The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for an industrial stationary installation. The process of evaporation of liquid fuel in the first gasoline engines left much to be desired. Therefore, the invention of the carburetor made a real revolution in engine building. Its creator is the Hungarian engineer Donat Banki. In 1893, he took out a patent for a jet carburetor, which was the prototype of all modern carburetors. Unlike his predecessors, Banki proposed not to evaporate gasoline, but to finely spray it into the air. This ensured its uniform distribution over the cylinder, and the evaporation itself took place already in the cylinder under the action of compression heat. To ensure atomization, gasoline was sucked in by an air flow through a metering jet, and the constancy of the mixture was achieved by maintaining a constant level of gasoline in the carburetor. The jet was made in the form of one or more holes in the tube, located perpendicular to the air flow. To maintain the pressure, a small tank was provided with a float that maintained the level at a given height, so that the amount of gasoline sucked in was proportional to the amount of incoming air. engine power, usually increased the volume of the cylinder. Then they began to achieve this by increasing the number of cylinders. Cylinder volume At the end of the 19th century, two-cylinder engines appeared, and from the beginning of the 20th century, four-cylinder engines began to spread.XIX centuryXX

slide 2

Plan

History of the creation of internal combustion engines Types and principle of operation of internal combustion engines 2-stroke internal combustion engines Use of internal combustion engines

slide 3

The history of the creation of the internal combustion engine

In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered lighting gas. In 1799, he received a patent for the use and method of obtaining lighting gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon, in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, lighting gas was suitable not only for lighting.

slide 4

Jean Etienne Lenoir

The Lenoir engine is two-way and two-stroke, i.e. the full cycle of the piston lasts for two of its strokes. But this engine turned out to be inefficient. Although in 1862 Lenoir installed the engine on the carriage, used the steering wheel and even made trial trips near Paris. In 1863, he assured that his engine began to run on gasoline

slide 5

August Otto

In 1864, August Otto received a patent for his model of a gas engine, and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the firm "Otto and Company" was created.

slide 6

ICE types

An internal combustion engine (abbreviated internal combustion engine) is a type of engine, a heat engine in which the chemical energy of a fuel (usually liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels) that burns in a working zone is converted into mechanical work. Despite the fact that internal combustion engines are a relatively imperfect type of heat engines (high noise, toxic emissions, less resource), due to their autonomy (the necessary fuel contains much more energy than the best electric batteries), internal combustion engines are very widespread, for example, in transport.

Slide 7

Piston engines

A piston engine is an internal combustion engine in which the thermal energy generated as a result of fuel combustion in a closed volume is converted into mechanical work of the piston's translational movement due to the expansion of the working fluid (gaseous products of fuel combustion) in the cylinder into which the piston is inserted.

Slide 8

Petrol

Gasoline - a mixture of fuel and air is prepared in the carburetor and then in the intake manifold, or in the intake manifold using spray nozzles (mechanical or electric), then the mixture is fed into the cylinder, compressed, and then ignited with a spark that jumps between the spark plug electrodes. The main characteristic feature of the fuel-air mixture in this case is its homogenization.

Slide 9

Diesel

Diesel - special diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder at high pressure. A combustible mixture is formed (and immediately burns out) directly in the cylinder as a portion of fuel is injected. The mixture is ignited by the high temperature of the compressed air in the cylinder.

Slide 10

Gas

Gas - an engine that burns hydrocarbons as fuel, which are in a gaseous state under normal conditions.

slide 11

gas-diesel

Gas-diesel - the main portion of the fuel is prepared, as in one of the varieties of gas engines, but is ignited not by an electric candle, but by an ignition portion of diesel fuel injected into the cylinder similarly to a diesel engine.

slide 12

2 stroke

Two-stroke cycle. Cycles: 1. When the piston moves up - compression of the fuel mixture in the current cycle and suction of the mixture for the next cycle into the cavity under the piston.2. When the piston moves down - Working stroke, exhaust and displacement of the fuel mixture from under the piston into the working area of ​​the cylinder.

slide 13

4 stroke

4-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine Strokes: 1. Combustible mixture suction.

Slide 14

Use of ICE

An internal combustion engine is often used in transport, and each type of transport needs its own type of internal combustion engine. So for public transport, an internal combustion engine is needed that has good traction at low speeds, in public transport a large-volume internal combustion engine is used that develops maximum power at low speeds. Formula 1 racing cars use an internal combustion engine that reaches its maximum power at high speeds, but it has a relatively small volume.

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Completed by a student

8 "B" class MBOU secondary school No. 1

Ralko Irina

Physics teacher

Nechaeva Elena Vladimirovna

Slavyanka 2016 .

• At present, the internal combustion engine is the main type of automobile engine.

• Internal combustion engine (ICE) is called a heat engine that converts the thermal energy released during the combustion of fuel into mechanical energy.

• There are the following main types internal combustion engines: piston, rotary piston and gas turbine.

Automotive internal combustion engines distinguish between: according to the method of preparing a combustible mixture - with external mixture formation (carburetor and injection) and internal (diesel)

Carburetor and injector

Diesel

They differ in the type of fuel used: petrol, gas and diesel

• crank mechanism;

• gas distribution mechanism;

• power supply system (fuel);

• exhaust system

• ignition system;

• cooling system

• Lubrication system.

The joint work of these systems ensures the formation of a fuel-air mixture.

The intake system is designed to supply air to the engine.

The fuel system feeds

engine fuel

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases that occurs during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture and ensures the movement of the piston in the cylinder.

• On intake stroke the intake and fuel systems provide the formation of a fuel-air mixture. When the intake valves of the gas distribution mechanism are opened, air or a fuel-air mixture is supplied into the combustion chamber due to the vacuum that occurs when the piston moves down.

• On compression stroke The intake valves close and the air-fuel mixture is compressed in the engine cylinders.

• Stroke stroke accompanied by ignition of the fuel-air mixture.

As a result of ignition, a large amount of gases is formed, which put pressure on the piston and force it to move down. The movement of the piston through the crank mechanism is converted into rotational movement of the crankshaft, which is then used to propel the car.

• At tact release the exhaust valves of the gas distribution mechanism open, and the exhaust gases are removed from the cylinders to the exhaust system, where they are cleaned, cooled and noise is reduced. The gases are then released into the atmosphere.

• The advantages of a piston internal combustion engine are: autonomy, versatility, low cost, compactness, low weight, the ability to quickly start, multi-fuel.

• Disadvantages high noise level, high crankshaft speed, exhaust gas toxicity, low resource, low efficiency.

• The first truly workable internal combustion engine appeared in Germany in 1878.

• But the history of the creation of the internal combustion engine has its roots in France. In 1860 the French inventor Ethwen Lenoir invented the first internal combustion engine. But this unit was imperfect, with low efficiency and could not be put into practice. Another French inventor came to the rescue Beau de Rocha, who in 1862 proposed the use of a four-stroke cycle in this engine.

• It was this scheme that was used by the German inventor Nikolaus Otto, who built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1878, with an efficiency of 22%, which significantly exceeded the values ​​obtained using engines of all previous types.

• The first car with a four-stroke internal combustion engine was a three-wheeled carriage by Karl Benz, built in 1885. A year later (1886) Gottlieb Daimer's version appeared. Both inventors worked independently until 1926, when they merged to form Deimler-Benz AG.

• for the presentation I took from electronic sites:
• euro-auto-history.ru
• http://systemsauto.ru