Problems of housing and communal services and ways to solve them. Documents and materials

Today I would like to talk about the main problems related to housing and communal services in our country.

When it comes to the situation with the housing and communal services, in recent years they have begun to say that Russia has not two, but three troubles (including the housing and communal services sector, which is in crisis). We have compiled a short list of the most pressing problems in this area, as well as ways to solve them.

1) Imperfection in the procedure for setting tariffs, non-transparency in the formation of prices / tariffs for services. Those. In fact, a person does not know for what exactly he pays. And, as a rule, no one goes to check whether the prices are set correctly and whether they “calculated correctly” in general.

2) Discrepancy between the amounts of payments for the use of housing and the actual costs of its maintenance. Here the consumer obviously overpays, and besides, he often pays for what he should not.

3) Poor manageability, uncontrollability, as well as the frankly low quality of the work of enterprises in the housing and communal sector and the services they provide. The lack of control by the state only leads to a deterioration in the quality of such work.

4) Imperfection of the current system of financing work related to the maintenance and modernization of the entire housing stock.

5) Dependent attitude of users to their own housing. And this, as you know, leads to its rapid physical and moral deterioration.

6) A high degree of regional differentiation in the state of provision and quality of the provision of housing and communal services.

7) Depreciation of fixed assets of the industry, obsolescence of technologies and, as a result, significant costs (water, heat energy, etc.) and low energy efficiency (it is known that about 70% of the country's housing stock was built before 1970, depreciation of fixed assets exceeds 60% , the energy intensity of services is 2.5-3 times higher than in European countries; if in the early 90s in Ukraine there were 30-40 accidents per 100 km of utility networks, in recent years this figure has reached 180 accidents per 100 km of water supply and 10-20 per 100 km of heat supply networks.

8) Non-compliance of the existing infrastructure capacities with the growing requirements and needs. In the conditions of Russian realities, this may one day turn into very deplorable phenomena.

9) The prohibitively high level of monopolization of the sphere of providing housing and communal services and the weak development of competition in this sector.

10) Imperfect legal regulation of the industry, primarily in the field of diversification of service providers.

11) Inefficient management system, often a merger between the customer and the contractor and at the same time a gap between the consumer and the customer of services.

12) Incomplete privatization of the housing stock in terms of associating homeowners in multi-apartment buildings into an association of co-owners (OSMD).

The list of problems is accompanied by solutions. For a long time, experts have identified areas for reforming these structures. Here are the main ones.

2) Form a state housing policy with the attraction of benefits and reductions in interest for loans to companies operating in this area.

3) Improve the system of financing housing and communal services, payment for housing and communal services and the system of social protection of the population, and implement an effective tariff policy for the population.

4) Demonopolize the housing and communal services, develop a competitive environment in the housing and communal services market.

5) Create a developed competitive environment in the housing maintenance market, including the introduction of a comprehensive reconstruction of quarters (microdistricts) of obsolete housing stock with the involvement of investors-developers on a competitive basis.

6) It is recommended to increase the efficiency of the use of energy carriers and other resources, radically reduce the energy intensity of production, increase the energy efficiency of buildings, create incentives and conditions for the transition of the economy to the rational use and economical use of energy resources.

7) To improve the organizational structures of management in the field of housing and communal services.

8) Technically re-equip the housing and communal services, bring the indicators of the use of energy and material resources for the production of housing and communal services closer to the requirements of the European Union.

In general, nothing complicated. It is enough to have the desire and a little political will to prevent the coming catastrophe in this area. When the leadership of the country will have the will and desire to solve these problems by simple and long-known methods is unknown.

To date, the problems of housing and communal services in Russia are one of the most important issues, because it is this area that is an indicator of the development of both a separate region and the country as a whole.

In addition, the housing and communal services sector and its sustainable functioning is also a guarantor of the social security of the population. Therefore, the provision of quality services by the housing and communal services sector is very important.

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Problems and solutions

Housing and communal services is a completely natural monopoly, which, with proper regulation by the state, is able to function at the highest level.

For more than one year, the country's leadership has been taking measures aimed at modernizing the housing and communal sector, but to date, the desired result has not yet been achieved.

The problems of housing and communal services in Russia are solved with the help of reforms at the state level, namely:

1. One of the meetings of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation was completely devoted to the issue of reforms in the housing sector.
2. A plan was developed for a comprehensive solution to the problems of housing and communal services in Russia.
3. The federal law “On the Fund for Assistance to Reforming the Housing and Utilities Sector” was adopted.

The emergency state of life support systems of citizens is due to such factors:

• moral and physical deterioration of service equipment;
• incorrect operation;
• personnel errors;
• untimely troubleshooting.
  

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The emergence of such factors is due to insufficient funding in this area, the closure of many enterprises due to bankruptcy, incorrect tariff policy and pricing. All this speaks of a deep crisis in the housing and communal services of Russia.

Problems today

Now Russia is pursuing a policy of attracting private business to the housing and communal services sector and creating good conditions for it, which could guarantee long-term cooperation. Tariff plans are also being reviewed and social support for vulnerable segments of the population is being carried out. The state is carrying out an artificial containment of prices for housing and communal services.

The implementation of projects to modernize the communal infrastructure will significantly improve the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the quality of services provided.

According to experts, at the moment the housing and communal complex requires investments in the amount of 1.456 trillion rubles. However, such a need for funds cannot be provided by the state in full. Therefore, it is worth considering the housing and communal complex as a large market that needs financial influence. Therefore, programs are now being carried out to form the financial attractiveness of the sphere and attract extra-budgetary funds.

“Another condition for the successful implementation of the plan for the modernization of the housing and communal services sector is full-fledged market relations in this area. It is the involvement of commercial firms that will create healthy competitive conditions and improve the quality of services provided. It is also necessary to create a legal and economic platform, thanks to which one could talk about a possible reorientation of the service market towards housing and communal services.”

At the same time, the state should share and take on some of the risks and difficulties in improving this area. Private firms will improve the quality of services and achieve their compliance with global quality standards.

This, in turn, will require the state to create and support systems and special programs for training and advanced training of personnel for this industry. Training programs can also be carried out in private firms and educational centers with government support.

Video: Basic problems of housing and communal services

The sector of housing and communal services is one of the most problematic in the Russian economy. By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 26, 2016 No. 80-r, the Strategy for the Development of Housing and Communal Services in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 was approved, the purpose of which is to solve the most pressing problems in this area.

When it comes to the situation with the housing and communal services, in recent years they have begun to say that Russia has not two, but three troubles (including the housing and communal services sector, which is in crisis). Saratov is one of the most disadvantaged regions in terms of the efficiency of managing the housing and communal services sector. Below is a small list of the most pressing problems in this area that require urgent solutions.

1) Imperfection in the procedure for setting tariffs, non-transparency in the formation of prices / tariffs for services. Those. In fact, a person does not know for what exactly he pays. And, as a rule, no one goes to check whether the prices are set correctly and whether they “calculated correctly” in general.

2) Discrepancy between the amounts of payments for the use of housing and the actual costs of its maintenance. Here the consumer obviously overpays, and besides, he often pays for what he should not.

3) Poor manageability, uncontrollability, as well as the frankly low quality of the work of enterprises in the housing and communal sector and the services they provide. The lack of control by the state only leads to a deterioration in the quality of such work.

4) Imperfection of the current system of financing work related to the maintenance and modernization of the entire housing stock.

5) A high degree of regional differentiation in the state of provision and quality of the provision of housing and communal services.

6) Depreciation of fixed assets of the industry, obsolescence of technologies and, as a result, significant costs (water, heat energy, etc.) and low energy efficiency (it is known that about 70% of the housing stock was built before 1970, depreciation of fixed assets exceeds 60%, the energy intensity of services is 2.5-3 times higher than in European countries).

7) Non-compliance of currently available infrastructure capacities with growing requirements and needs.

8) The prohibitively high level of monopolization of the sphere of providing housing and communal services and the weak development of competition in this sector.

9) Imperfect legal regulation of the industry, primarily in the field of diversification of service providers.

10) Inefficient management system, often a merger between the customer and the contractor and at the same time a gap between the consumer and the customer of services.

In addition, the housing and communal services sector is one of the most problematic in terms of economic crime. Despite the investment attractiveness of the housing and communal services sector in Russia, the problems of this industry are still of an acute social and economic nature.

The housing and communal services sector creates approximately 6-7% of GDP, it is a potentially interesting area for capital investment, which is due to its inherent properties: the obligatory payments of the population for supplied resources, the inexhaustible need for consumer services and capital construction. Social importance is due to the human right to housing, the need for comfortable living. The level of social services for citizens is becoming the main criterion for the effectiveness of the government of any state. At the moment, the industry has a number of problems, one of which is the withdrawal of financial flows into the shadow economy. In 2012, the prosecutor's office stopped 213 thousand violations of the law. In 2013, the prosecutor's office identified and stopped almost 320 thousand violations of the law in the housing and communal services, about 63 thousand guilty individuals and legal entities were brought to disciplinary and administrative responsibility .

One of the most non-transparent housing and communal services sectors is the activity of management companies: both in terms of the share of shadow business and in terms of fulfilling their obligations to homeowners. There are 278 operating organizations in Saratov, including 63 operating companies. According to the State Housing Inspectorate of the region, residents most often complain about violations of the technical maintenance of houses (46% of 10,700 requests) and the quality of public services (17% of the total number of requests).

In this regard, it is necessary to make changes in the procedure for spending by management companies of funds collected from homeowners for current repairs and maintenance of housing. For example, to oblige them to distribute the funds accumulated under these two items of expenditure through a procurement system based on a specially created online platform. Such a measure will reduce the share of the shadow segment of housing and communal services and increase the transparency of the activities of management companies. In addition, it is necessary to annually evaluate the performance of management companies, rank them and involve civil control institutions, which will allow the owners of the premises to influence the situation in this area.

Bibliography

1. Kryukova I. V. Financial flows of the shadow economy of housing and communal services (HCS) // Young scientist. - 2015. - No. 13. - S. 406-410.

Housing and communal services (housing and communal services of Russia) is a diversified complex, the main tasks of which are to ensure the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of engineering infrastructures of buildings for various purposes and the creation of comfortable conditions for a person to stay or live in them. Their solution is achieved by providing people with housing and communal services in a wide range.

Structure of housing and communal services

This is a rather complex and branched system. Starting from 11/01/13, the Gosstroy of Russia, which had previously dealt with housing and communal services, was transformed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation into the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, while maintaining the range of tasks to be solved.

A significant role in the uninterrupted and efficient functioning of the entire housing and communal services complex is played by a number of institutions that are not included in the list of bodies (OIB) of the executive power of the federal level:

• "Fund", created in pursuance of the law under No. 185-FZ, adopted on 07/21/07 (the current version is dated 06/02/16) and provides budget subsidies for the overhaul of the housing stock;
• JSC RKS, created in pursuance of the law of the Russian Federation under No. 209-FZ, dated July 21, 2014, in order to develop the IRS housing and communal services
• Supply of electricity, gas and heat;
• Organization of water supply and sanitation (sewage);
• Improvement of the territory of settlements, etc.

The main problems inherent in the structures of housing and communal services

1. The crisis of housing and communal services today is a nationwide problem that requires an immediate solution. One of the main reasons for this state of affairs is the long-term inefficient tariff policy and the financing of the industry on a residual basis, etc.

The level of payments by the population in recent years, during which the housing and communal services reform in Russia is taking place, for the provided services of housing and communal services has increased significantly and is approaching 70% of the costs of the producer of the mentioned services.

However, local authorities are far from fully fulfilling the requirements for differentiation of charges, which provide for new housing and communal services tariffs, taking into account the quality and completeness of the services provided, the location of housing, etc. Which leads to the emergence of social tension among the population with low incomes, in the first place.

State support for the reform

Support from the state concerns, first of all, reforming the management of housing and communal services in Russia, the purpose of which is to increase its efficiency and effectiveness.

The next, in terms of importance and urgency, is the attraction of resources from budgets of all levels for the priority financing of the most effective and priority projects implemented within the framework of the housing and communal complex.

A strategic direction can be considered the creation of effective financial mechanisms that increase the investment attractiveness of this sector for private capital, including the provision of guarantees from authorities at all levels. This set of measures has a long-term outlook for 2016 and beyond.

Changes to the Housing Management System

One of the most ambitious is the inclusion of a new structural unit, a single IRC, in the Russian housing and communal services. One of the priorities of the center was to improve the systems used to calculate payments for services rendered.

Unified RPIs make it possible to achieve a collection rate of 90%, which allows us to talk about the payback of such centers within a year from the moment they were opened. The ability for residents of apartment buildings to choose the method that will be used to manage their home has been implemented.

Important attention is paid to one of the most acute problems, ensuring the protection of the population in social terms during the transition to 100% payment for the services provided.

The article gives an idea of ​​the current state of housing and communal services in Russia; the main problems that arise in this area are indicated. A number of promising directions for increasing the efficiency of the development of the housing and communal services sector are proposed, which will make it possible to overcome the problems mentioned in the article.

• Regional programs to support small businesses
• Accounting for inventory in trade and the problems of reflecting them in accounting policies

Housing and communal services is one of the major sectors of the economy of every country, including our country. The main components of the Russian housing and communal services include the maintenance and operation of the housing stock, water supply and sanitation, heat and power supply, sanitary cleaning of cities, road and bridge facilities, maintenance and improvement of territories, etc. Approximately 25% of fixed assets are concentrated in the housing and communal services of the Russian Federation states, only communal energy consumes more than 20% of electricity and 45% of thermal energy. And therefore, the reform of housing and communal services seems to be a very difficult, socially important, painful process, since it affects all layers of people in the country. Along with this, the number and scale of existing problems in housing and communal services is a significant indicator of the current state of society.

The purpose of the study of this work is to study and identify acute problems in the housing and communal services and suggest the main ways to reform it. The reform of housing and communal services in cities and suburban areas can be confidently attributed to complex innovation processes with all the mandatory, inherent stages of their emergence and development. The launch of the process of effective reform in most cases is complicated by the unpreparedness and low adaptability to innovations of all participants affected by this process, including the inhabitants of the country themselves. Unfortunately, for many years the formation of a dependent attitude to the communal sphere has been deeply rooted in the minds of people, currently manifesting itself in the unwillingness to actively participate in the reform of housing and communal services. The main mistake in the process of reforming the housing and communal services is the lack of a full-scale experiment with bringing the idea of ​​reform to all segments of the population, with a demonstration of demonstrative objects that clearly confirm the feasibility of reforms and the reliability of the mechanism for their implementation.

It is no coincidence that the laws of formation of innovative processes do not recommend launching into mass production innovations that have not passed experimental tests. We assume that the implementation of the Russian reform of housing and communal services can be compared with the launch of passenger liners with passengers on board without conducting experimental flights. As practice shows, the idea of ​​involving civilized private business in the process of housing and communal services reform has completely failed for the same reason. Today, the sphere of relations in the field of housing and communal services between the state and the majority of the population of Russia is one of the main sources of social tension, and is often even perceived as a kind of violence on the part of the structures that are authorized to dispose of this area.

And also the transfer to a market basis of housing and communal services could not be successful due to the fact that the personnel involved in managing the process of reforming this industry did not meet the current qualification requirements and were not interested in the success of the reforms.

The consequences of managerial errors in housing and communal services, conniving attitude or negligence are disappointing and can even be dangerous for the life and health of the population.

What are the main problems in the housing sector?

1. Rates. The most important topic for many residents of the country. Utility and housing fees are too high and always rising, becoming a significant cost item for the middle class and a very difficult burden for the poor. In addition to the high cost, residents are worried and indignant about the “opacity” of the process of setting prices and tariffs for housing and communal services. Even legally and economically literate citizens are rarely able to navigate the mechanism of charging fees. The complexity of the scheme creates favorable conditions for the flourishing of corruption. The amount of payments for the use of housing repeatedly exceeds the actual cost of its maintenance. There is no practice of setting personal tariffs for each individual house.
2. Quality and scope of services. Many residents are dissatisfied with the level of quality of services provided by housing and communal services and assume that it does not correspond to the cost. The main reason is the depreciation of housing stock and lack of capacity. Old communications (water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, electricity networks) operate inefficiently, with large energy losses, which are paid by residents. The growing needs of residents in energy carriers exceed the inherent potential of the grid capacity. A large load leads to malfunctions during operation and shutdowns. Another reason for the poor quality of housing and communal services is the frank lack of professionalism of workers. In order to save money, employees who do not have the appropriate qualifications are hired to perform electrical and plumbing work.
3. Uncontrollability of enterprises of the housing and communal sector. The country does not control the activities of housing and communal services organizations and the quality of services they provide to the residents of the country. There are no levers that affect such organizations: there is no liability for failure to fulfill obligations under contracts for the provision of housing and communal services. One form of association of owners is being implanted everywhere - a homeowners association (HOA). Homeowners associations are not a universal form of association for Russia, since most citizens are passive in organizational matters and have low legal literacy. Therefore, the results of the work of the HOA were the market captured by monopolists and the almost complete absence of competition. Unscrupulous persons got the opportunity for personal enrichment through the formation of fictitious HOA, and in addition, the implementation of corruption schemes. For example, one of the most common: the union of the customer and the contractor. A real consumer is forced to pay an artificially inflated cost for services that, in fact, he does not need. The lack of state control has led to the total corruption of this sphere: feeling complete impunity, swindlers and swindlers are actively operating within its framework.

Key ways to solve problems in the housing sector

1. State control.
   • We need to rethink the pricing system. It should be as simple as possible and focused on the inhabitants of the country;
   • Legal liability for dishonest activities of housing and communal services organizations, participation in corruption schemes, formation of fictitious HOAs, etc.;
   • We need state control over the quality of services provided to residents;
   • liquidate the monopoly in the market of housing and communal services, form and maintain a competitive environment.
2. Modernization of communal infrastructure. A complete upgrade of communications systems will increase work efficiency. To reduce energy losses, it is necessary to install an energy saving system in apartment buildings and improve metering devices. New more powerful sources will be able to meet the growing needs of the population in energy carriers. Their creation will pay off economically in less than five years - an attractive investment project.
3. public control. It is necessary to create public organizations to control the overhaul, assess the quality and cost of work, request specific services (extension of parking, playgrounds, landscaping, etc.).

There are serious problems in the field of housing services and we can always find solutions. Carrying out by the state of tough cardinal reforms in this area and their consistent implementation under continuous public control can change the dynamics in a positive direction

Bibliography

1. Grafov A.A. Directions for improving housing and communal services based on innovations // Economics and Management. - 2010. - No. 2.
2. Ivanova Yu.V. Public-private partnership in housing and communal services: the role of public-private partnership in the development of the housing and communal complex of the metropolis // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2008. - No. 11.
3. Kolomeytsev A.V. Certification is an effective management tool in modern conditions of reforming and modernizing housing and communal services // Main problems and mechanisms for implementing the subprogram "Modernization of communal infrastructure": materials of the scientific and practical conference. - Yaroslavl, 2008.
4. Sorokan Yu.V. Long-term investment planning and innovative activity in housing and communal services // http://www.g-k-h.ru/direct