The ZMZ-21 engine was installed on the bulk of the Volg M-21 and GAZ-21 produced.
It was an all-aluminum overhead valve lower engine with a working volume of 2.445 liters. Since it is structurally similar in many respects to the engines of the ZMZ-402.10 type (Volga, GAZelle), which are widely known in our time, it is easiest to describe the features of its design by contrasting it with this family.
The GAZ-21 engine was adapted to the use of lubricants with an extremely low level of quality available at that time in the USSR - the instruction recommended using "industrial-50 oil, SU machine oil, automobile M8B or autotractor AS-9.5", which was advantageous difference from foreign models. At the same time, the use of low-quality lubricants led to a decrease in the service interval (oil change every 3000 km with a significant reduction under difficult operating conditions) and a decrease in engine durability. Gasoline was also used in a very low, by European standards, grade - with an octane rating of at least 70 according to the motor method (in the version for the domestic market).
At the same time, in terms of durability, the Volga engine was at least as good as foreign engines of similar working volume - the resource guaranteed by the plant before the first overhaul was 200 thousand km, but in practice, with competent and careful operation, the engine could “depart” and 500 thousand. For by comparison, in the US, for much larger passenger engines, 140,000 miles (~250,000 km) before overhaul was considered a good indicator, and 400,000 km was considered an excellent indicator for a heavy class truck with a diesel engine. The high maintainability, which made it possible to carry out a major overhaul of the motor in artisanal conditions, without boring the cylinder walls that required sophisticated equipment, in fact made the Volgovsky motor practically “eternal”.
The main features of the ZMZ-21 in comparison with the "402" family are: a cylinder head with valves of a smaller diameter and a different location of the water pump (the pump was lubricated not with antifreeze, but with a grease gun through a grease gun with lithol); compression ratio for gasoline grades A-72 or A-80 (the latter should not be confused with the modern AI-80 / A-76; depending on the modification, it is normal or for export); two-stage oil purification system (two partial-flow filters - coarse and fine); rectangular intake manifold with mounting for a single-chamber carburetor; contact ignition system. It is essential that there is an upper plane on the cylinder block that fixes the sleeves (on the ZMZ-402, the sleeves are placed in an open block). There were other less noticeable differences as well. From the foregoing, it follows that, in general, the differences between the engines of the ZMZ-21 and ZMZ-402 families are insignificant. Volg carburetor engines of all families (-21, -24, -31xx) and GAZelles, except for engines of the 406th family, are, in principle, interchangeable as an assembly, but taking into account some minor modifications to the crankcase, transmission and attachments. The possibilities of detailed interchangeability are much narrower. The situation with UMP engines is much better in both respects.
The block was aluminum, cast in a chill mold. Sleeves - wet, replaceable, made of gray cast iron, planted in a block with an interference fit. Cast aluminum cylinder head with plug-in cast iron valve seats. Candles were screwed into it on the left. On the right side of the engine there was an intake manifold with a single-chamber carburetor and an exhaust manifold, a DC generator, a coarse oil filter and a drain cock. On the left were the starter, breaker-distributor, oil dipstick and fuel pump. Pistons - aluminum tinned, with three piston rings - two compression and one oil scraper. Piston pin offset 1.5 mm to the right to reduce engine noise. The crankshaft is five-bearing, cast iron, thin-walled, bimetallic (steel-babbit) liners. Valve diameters: intake - 44 mm, exhaust - 36 mm.
K-22I carburetors were used (on all cars of the first and second series and on part of the third series until the end of the 1960s), K-105 (on a small part of the early third series - 1962-1965) and K-124 (on the late third series), all single-chamber type. After the end of the production of GAZ-21, K-129 was produced as a spare part for it, very slightly different from K-124. All four models of carburetors are completely interchangeable as an assembly, and K-124 and K-129 are also in most parts.
Power ranged from 70 hp. and 80 hp (early modifications, standard and export configurations) up to 75 hp and 85 hp (late modifications) at ~4000 rpm. The increase in power on export modifications was achieved by reducing the height of the cylinder head, subject to the use of higher-octane fuel available abroad. The torque was 166.7 Nm on the base modification and was achieved in the region of ~ 2200 rpm. Thus, in terms of its characteristics, the engine is close to modern passenger diesel engines, and not gasoline engines.
BRIEF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Engine type: Four-stroke, carburetor, gasoline, overhead valve, four-cylinder
Cylinder arrangement: Vertical, in line
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke in mm: 92X92
Cylinder displacement in l: 2.445
Cylinder firing order: 1–2–4–3
Compression ratio: 6.7
Fuel: Gasoline A-72 (A-76, A-80)
Maximum power at 4000 rpm in l. p.: 75 (80, 85)
Maximum torque at 2000 rpm in kGm: 17 (18, 19)
Weight of the engine complete with gearbox, central brake and all equipment (without oil and water) in kg: 20
1 - lever for manual pumping of gasoline
2 - oil level indicator
3 - fuel pump
4 - crankcase ventilation exhaust pipe
5 - inlet pipe of the water pump
4 - fuel fine filter
7 - ignition distributor
8 - adjusting nuts of the octane corrector of the ignition distributor
9 - starter
10 - coarse oil filter
11 - drain cock of the water jacket of the cylinder block
12 - body heater radiator tap
13 - inlet pipe
14 - exhaust manifold
15 - carburetor
16 - air filter
17 - carburetor guard
18 - generator mounting plate
19 - generator
20 - oil pressure sensor
The ZMZ-21A engine was used on RAF minibuses and ErAZ vans; the latter were produced back in the 1980s. The Ulyanovsk Engine Building Plant based on it created its own version of the UMZ-451 engine, which was installed on UAZ vehicles for a long time. The differences between UMZ-451 and ZMZ-21A are minimal, especially in the first releases: at first glance, this is the same engine.
Classmates
The 414 engine is the next generation of the UMZ 451 power unit. The motor was installed on UAZ-469 and UAZ-452 cars. It was intended for import to warm and tropical countries.
Specifications
As mentioned earlier, the 414 power unit was developed on the basis of the UMZ 451. It has been modernized and refined, and therefore has greater technical characteristics than its predecessor.
The engine uses: a new design inlet pipe, a cylinder head with improved inlet and outlet channels, an increased performance oil pump, a closed crankcase ventilation system, parts and assemblies of increased reliability and wear resistance.
The products were awarded the State Quality Mark. UMZ-414 engines were produced until 1986.
Consider the technical characteristics of UMP 414:
Motor device
The design features of the motor differ slightly from the UMZ-451. Knots and parts have the same location. Consider the motor device:
1 - flywheel; 2 - mounting eye; 3 - heater valve; 4 - cylinder head cover; 5 - inlet pipeline; 6 - nuts of the studs for fastening the cylinder head; 7 - valve rocker; 8 - axis of rocker arms; 9 - crankcase ventilation pipe; 10 - cylinder head; 11 - valve springs; 12 - oil deflector cap; 13 - valve sleeve; 14 - oil filler cap; 15 - valve; 16 - cylinder head gasket; 17 - coolant pump; 18 - rod; 19 - pusher; 20 - fan pulley; 21 - camshaft; 22 - driven gear of the camshaft drive; 23 - torsional vibration damper; 24 - pulley hub; 25 - pulley; 26 - pulley bolt; 27 - cuff; 28 - camshaft drive gear; 29 - crankshaft; 30 - oil pan; 31 - cylinder liner; 32 - piston; 33 - oil drain plug; 34 - connecting rod; 35 - oil intake; 36 - oil pump; 37 - cylinder block; 38 - exhaust manifold; 39 - clutch housing.
Modifications
In addition to the original power unit, there were several modifications with modifications:
| Engine designation according to design documentation | VDS descriptive marking | Characteristic features of the completeness and execution of the engine | Applicability on the car |
| Complete with carburetor | |||
| 414-1000400 | Automobile engine with a 1-chamber carburetor | UAZ | |
| 41417-1000400 | Automobile engine with screened electrical equipment and 1-chamber carburetor in export version | ||
| 4141-1000400 | Automotive engine with shielded electrical equipment and 1-chamber carburetor for domestic deliveries | ||
| 4142-1000400 | Automobile engine with a 2-chamber carburetor | ||
| 41436-1000400 | Automobile engine with screened electrical equipment and 2-chamber carburetor in export version | ||
| 4143-1000400 | Automotive engine with shielded electrical equipment and 2-chamber carburetor for domestic deliveries | ||
| 4144-1000400 | Automobile engine with a 2-chamber carburetor (compression ratio 8.2) | ||
Production dates:
- UMZ-414, 4141, 4142, 4143, 4144 start of production 01/16/1980
- UMZ-4147 start of production 10/14/1985 to 03/12/1993
- UMZ-4146 start of production 05/11/1986 to 03/12/1993
- UMZ-4149 start of production 08/19/1987 to 08/30/1989
Service
Servicing the engine is quite simple. So, scheduled maintenance is carried out every 15,000 km. Maintenance includes oil and filter changes. To change the oil, you will have to unscrew the drain plug and wait for the lubricant to escape. Then, the plug is twisted, and the oil is poured through the filler neck. The oil filter is changed when there is no oil in the engine.
Maintenance also includes a check of all systems, the absence of oil leaks and malfunctions. Every 30,000 km it is necessary to adjust the valves, and every 20,000 km the air filter element is replaced.
Conclusion
The UMZ 414 engine did not find mass application in the domestic market, since it was focused on imports. Low technical requirements and simplicity of design allow you to maintain and repair the power unit yourself.
The UMZ 451 engine was designed to equip off-road vehicles of the UAZ brand with a gross weight of 3.5 tons, such as the UAZ-469 and UAZ-452, and trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 1.5 tons.
Peculiarities. The UMZ 451 engine is practically an engine with minor changes. The crankshaft and camshaft are from GAZ-21, the main bearing caps are aluminum, the rear cover is molded integrally with the rear oil seal housing (packing is used). The water pump is installed on the cylinder head. The diameter of the inlet valve cap is 44 mm, the exhaust valve is 36 mm. In UMZ-451M, the crankshaft and camshaft from the GAZ-24 engine are already used (the same main liners).
Unlike and, UMP 451 has rectangular channels in the cylinder head, and the collectors themselves are also “square”. A single chamber carburetor is used. As well as on all UMP motors, a Zhiguli oil filter is installed on the engine. UMZ-451MIE - an engine with a shielded ignition system.
The resource of the UMZ 451 motor is about 150-200 thousand km.
Characteristics of the engine UMZ 451/451M UAZ-469, Loaf
| Parameter | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Configuration | L |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Volume, l | 2,445 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 92,0 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 92,0 |
| Compression ratio | 6,7 |
| Number of valves per cylinder | 2 (1-inlet; 1-outlet) |
| Gas distribution mechanism | OHV |
| The order of operation of the cylinders | 1-2-4-3 |
| Rated engine power / at engine speed | 51.5-55.0 kW - (70-75hp) / 4000 rpm |
| Maximum torque / at revs | 170 Nm / 2200 rpm |
| Supply system | Carburetor K-129V |
| Recommended minimum octane number of gasoline | 72, 76 |
| Environmental regulations | Euro 0 |
| Weight, kg | - |
Design
Four-stroke four-cylinder gasoline carburetor with a contact ignition distributor, with an in-line arrangement of cylinders and pistons rotating one common crankshaft, with a lower location of one camshaft. The engine has a closed-type liquid cooling system with forced circulation. Lubrication system - under pressure and splashing.
The cylinder block is cast from an aluminum alloy with wet type cast iron liners installed in it.
Service
Changing the oil in the UMZ 451 engine. The oil change interval is 10 thousand km. The oil volume of a dry engine with an oil cooler is different for UMZ-451 and UMZ-451M! The first has 6.2 liters, the second has 5.8. Please note that 0.5 to 1 liter of oil always remains in the lubrication system and radiator. The oil filter on the UMZ-451M from the VAZ 2101, on the UMZ-451 is the same as on the GAZ-21 (ratchet). The oil recommended by the manufacturer is M-8-B SAE 15W-20, M-6z / 12G SAE 20W-30, M-5z / 10g1, M-4z / 6B1 SAE 15W-30.
Adjustment of valves It is necessary to adjust the gaps every 15 thousand km.
The UMZ 414 engine was equipped with UAZ-469 and UAZ-452 cars. Serial production began in 1978, while the production of the UMZ-451M engine continued. Since 1986, UMZ-4146 has been produced. Peculiarities. The UMZ 414 motor was a further development of the UMZ-451 motor. The 414th motor in terms of basic parameters does not have significant differences from the 21st. Its main difference from the GAZ-21 engine is the new design of the cylinder block of increased rigidity.
In addition, the front crankshaft oil seal received an external design. Oil filter from Zhiguli first model. The lubrication system itself differs from the 451st motor - oil enters the oil cooling radiator through a filter directly from the main bearing lubrication channel. The engine is equipped with an oil catcher for the crankcase ventilation system. We can say that the 414 engine is a transitional model between 451 and 417 motors. The compression ratio on the motor is 6.7:1. The power system uses a single-chamber carburetor K-131. The water pump is attached to the cylinder head. The motor resource of this engine was raised from 120 to 150 thousand km. UMZ 414 later served as the basis for UMZ 417, having received a different cylinder head (similar to the GAZ-24) and a compression ratio of 7.0: 1. This motor develops 92 hp.
Characteristics of the UMZ 414 engine
| Parameter | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Configuration | L |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Volume, l | 2,445 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 92,0 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 92,0 |
| Compression ratio | 6,7 |
| Number of valves per cylinder | 2 (1-inlet; 1-outlet) |
| Gas distribution mechanism | OHV |
| The order of operation of the cylinders | 1-2-4-3 |
| Rated engine power / at engine speed | 56.6 kW - (77 hp) / 4000 rpm |
| Maximum torque / at revs | 172 Nm / 2200 rpm |
| Supply system | Carburetor K-129V, K-131, K-131A |
| Recommended minimum octane number of gasoline | 76 |
| Environmental regulations | Euro 0 |
| Weight, kg | 165 |
Design
Four-stroke four-cylinder gasoline carburetor with a contact ignition distributor, with an in-line arrangement of cylinders and pistons rotating one common crankshaft, with a lower location of one camshaft. The engine has a closed-type liquid cooling system with forced circulation. Lubrication system - under pressure and splashing. Aluminum cylinder block with wet cast iron liners. Crankshaft and camshaft from the GAZ-24 engine. A packing is also used at the rear with a packing holder separate from the last main bearing cap. The intake valve has a diameter of 44mm, the exhaust valve has a diameter of 36mm. Collector with round channels and smooth bends for a single-chamber carburetor. It is worth noting that, depending on the carburetor model and the tuning of the exhaust, the engine developed power in the range of 77-80 hp.
1 - flywheel; 2 - mounting eye; 3 - heater valve; 4 - cylinder head cover; 5 - inlet pipeline; 6 - nuts of the studs for fastening the cylinder head; 7 - valve rocker; 8 - axis of rocker arms; 9 - crankcase ventilation pipe; 10 - cylinder head; 11 - valve springs; 12 - oil deflector cap; 13 - valve sleeve; 14 - oil filler cap; 15 - valve; 16 - cylinder head gasket; 17 - coolant pump; 18 - rod; 19 - pusher; 20 - fan pulley; 21 - camshaft; 22 - driven gear of the camshaft drive; 23 - torsional vibration damper; 24 - pulley hub; 25 - pulley; 26 - pulley bolt; 27 - cuff; 28 - camshaft drive gear; 29 - crankshaft; 30 - oil pan; 31 - cylinder liner; 32 - piston; 33 - oil drain plug; 34 - connecting rod; 35 - oil intake; 36 - oil pump; 37 - cylinder block; 38 - exhaust manifold; 39 - clutch housing.
crank mechanism
Cylinder block cast, aluminum alloy with replaceable "wet" cast iron liners, liners with the addition of molybdenum. Aluminum crankshaft bearing caps, lock where the caps are on the block 4 mm and a head with OVAL windows and M11 studs. cylinder head cast aluminum alloy, with plug-in saddles and valve guides, common to all cylinders. The combustion chamber flat oval, located in the cylinder head. Pistons cast, from aluminum alloy, tin-plated, with steel thermostatic inserts poured into them, tin-plated. Piston rings: compression: 2, cast iron: top chrome plated, bottom tin plated. oil scraper: 1, steel, composite. piston pins steel, hollow, floating, fixed with two retaining rings. connecting rods steel, forged, I-section, with a bronze bushing pressed into the upper head. Crankshaft cast, cast iron, 5-support, with counterweights. The diameter of the main journals is 64 mm, the connecting rod journals are 58 mm. Main and connecting rod bearings with replaceable thin-walled steel-aluminum liners Thickness, mm: main bearing - 2.25; connecting rod bearing - 1.75; antifriction layer - 0.33. Flywheel cast, cast iron, with a pressed ring gear for starting the engine with a starter.Gas distribution mechanism (GRM)
Camshaft 5-support, steel, forged. Camshaft drive geared from the crankshaft by a pair of helical gears. Camshaft bushings rolled from steel tape filled with babbitt. valves located parallel to the axis of the cylinders intake tulip-shaped from heat-resistant steel 40X9C2. disc diameter 44 mm, seat angle 45°, valve lift 9.5 mm graduation poppet made of heat-resistant steel 55Kh20G9AN4 with surfacing of the working surface with EP616A alloy, plate diameter 36 mm, seat chamfer angle 45°, valve lift height 9.5 mm. Gas distribution phases, deg: opening of the inlet valve to v.m.t. 12 closing of the inlet valve after n.m.t. 60 exhaust valve opening b.m.t. 54 closing of the exhaust valve after v.m.t. 18 Sintered valve guides Valve lifters steel, plunger type, with hardfacing of special cast iron. push rods made of aluminum alloy, with pressed steel tips. Valve rockers steel, cast with a bronze bushing.The UAZ 469 car was developed for the Soviet army and was used mainly for servicing and transporting command personnel. In the post-Soviet space, this vehicle is quite common, and in the army of the CIS countries this car is still actively used, despite its age.
Specifications
On UAZ 469 vehicles, a 451MI engine was installed, which in many ways was similar to the Volgovsky ZMZ 402. The UAZ 469 engine replaced the outdated GAZ-69 as a modernized vehicle. During development, many design features were taken from the GAZ-21 and GAZ-24.
In parallel with this, a civilian version of the car was produced with the marking 469B, which was renamed in 1985 and received the marking - UAZ 31512.
Consider the main technical characteristics that the UAZ 469 engine has, as well as the device:
UAZ-451MI
UAZ-4178
ZMZ-4021.10
Service
Maintenance of the power unit on the UAZ 469 is carried out according to the standard scheme. So, the service interval is 15,000 km until the first overhaul. After restoring the engine, it is recommended to carry out maintenance every 10-12 thousand km in order to save the engine resource.
During maintenance, the engine oil and oil filter are changed. So, basically motorists like to pour mineral or cheap semi-synthetic oil into the engine. Moreover, if you take a mineral water, then it gets into the power unit of not the best quality.
Every second for the UAZ engine is a complex replacement of consumables. In it, the owner of the vehicle must perform the following technical work:
- Change oil and filter element.
- Fuel filter replacement.
- Carburetor cleaning.
- Replacing the air filter element.
- Checking spark plugs.
- Valve mechanism adjustment.
- Checking gaskets for breakdown.
tuning
Tuning the UAZ 469 engine with a volume of 2.5 liters is carried out by analogy with the engine produced by ZMZ 402. Since the designs are similar, tuning the power unit is quite simple.
To increase the power characteristics, it is necessary to bore the cylinder block to a size of 95 mm. At the same time, lightweight pistons and a crankshaft are placed in the engine. To ensure maximum effect, it is recommended to change the block head to an injection one and, accordingly, install an electronic fuel injection system.
Do not forget that lightweight valves and guide bushings should be installed in the new block head. All this will lighten the motor by several tens of kilograms.
To prevent the power unit from overheating during operation, a cooling system kit is installed, which includes a sports pump and silicone pipes for the engine cooling system.
Instead of a native copper radiator, it is required to mount a lightweight three-row aluminum one. Also, you will have to change the high-voltage wires and the ignition system. A separate item is the installation of a new clutch kit, as well as a change in the ignition box.
Conclusion
UAZ engines are considered one of the most reliable and quite common, both in the military industry and in civilian practice. Maintenance and repair of the power unit is carried out quite easily and simply with your own hands, thanks to the simple design. Recently it has become fashionable to carry out tuning of old Soviet vehicles. This moment did not bypass the engine for the UAZ 469.
