Today, the first-generation Kia Sportage SUVs that have already been discontinued are in fairly high demand in our secondary market. This is not surprising, because their cost, with comparable consumer qualities, is much lower than that of their classmates. And among the offers for used cars there are not only cars of Russian origin, but also more packaged “Americans” or purebred “Koreans” with rich equipment in their arsenal
The off-road model Sportrage from the Korean automaker Kia debuted in 1993. For that time, the car had not only an original and quite attractive appearance, but also a comfortable interior. Until 1995, the car was produced with one three-door body. However, this version, just like the version with a convertible body, is a very rare guest on the Russian market.
The most massive five-door modification appeared only in 1995. An interesting fact, but the assembly of this car for three years was carried out in Germany, after which it was transferred to the Avtotor enterprise in Kaliningrad. In 1999, the model underwent a slight external restyling, and the range of body modifications was replenished with the Grand version with an extended rear overhang and a significantly increased luggage compartment. After the second generation Kia Sportage appeared in 2004, thanks to the steady demand for the old model, its release, including in Russia, continued for another two years.
Body and interior
Already in the basic configuration, the car is equipped with a remote-controlled central lock, an immobilizer, power windows for the front and rear doors, vertical adjustment of the steering column, power steering, electric exterior mirrors and a digital clock.
Corrosion of the body of a frame car, in principle, is not so terrible, but the Sportage still rusts. The first foci appear in the fourth or fifth year of operation in the lower parts of the doors and at the rear arches. Often, rust is hidden under the plastic body kit, so beloved by Korean manufacturers.
There are almost no complaints about the quality of the interior, except that the front panel on many copies begins to rattle very strongly over time. Moreover, this annoying nuisance occurs both on cars produced before restyling and after. The main drawback of the cabin, which has a rather strong effect on the comfort of the crew, is poor sound insulation. This is mainly due to the lack of modern noise-absorbing materials in it. Due to an insufficiently thought-out interior ventilation system in wet weather, the rear, and often the front side windows, constantly fog up.
Engine
The vast majority of cars on the Russian secondary market are equipped with a four-cylinder 2.0-liter 16-valve gasoline engine with 118 or 128 hp. In addition, on cars manufactured before 1999 in Korea, an eight-valve gasoline engine with a displacement of 2.0 liters (95 hp) was installed. There were only two diesel engines - its own two-liter turbocharged unit (83 hp) and a 2.2-liter naturally aspirated engine borrowed from Mazda (63 hp).
Motors installed on American copies of 2000-2002 are designed for more stringent environmental standards and, accordingly, are more picky about fuel quality than options for the Russian market. Therefore, some problems may arise with the power supply system of machines that arrived from the North American market.
On all engines, the engine oil and oil filter are prescribed to be replaced every 12 thousand km. At the same mileage, it is recommended to change the engine air filter (when driving in very dusty conditions, with long periods of idling, or during constant operation in a metropolis, the frequency of this procedure should be reduced to 6-8 thousand km).
Based on the Russian specifics of car operation, service specialists strongly recommend replacing the toothed belt in the timing drive every 60 - 80 thousand km, and not after 100 thousand km, as indicated in the manufacturer's recommendations. Approximately to 100 thousand km of run, the hydraulic clearance compensators in the valve drive begin to tap. This malfunction is treated only by replacing them.
In order to avoid overheating of the engine (this is especially true for gasoline 16-valve engines), it is necessary to flush the radiators of the cooling system and air conditioning once every two years by dismantling the bumper and one of the radiators. In the event of frequent overheating, the coolant pump must be replaced. The replacement of the coolant itself must be carried out every 40 - 50 thousand km.
Spark plugs in gasoline engines regularly serve 50 thousand km, but it is better to reduce this period to 30 thousand km.
On diesel engines, every 60 thousand km, it is necessary to check the glow plugs and, if necessary, install new ones.
Transmission
Either a five-speed manual gearbox or a four-speed automatic was installed on the model. Both types of transmission are durable and sometimes do not require intervention for the entire life of the car.
The Kia Sportage uses an all-wheel drive transmission scheme with a hard-wired front axle. Due to the lack of a center differential, all-wheel drive can only be used in off-road or icy conditions. With high mileage, noise from the chain drive may appear in the transfer case. Most often, it does not progress over time and is considered safe.
The clutch in a transmission with a manual transmission lasts up to 150 thousand km. By the same time, the oil seal in the gear shift drive may also wear out. It is necessary to change the oil in all transmission units, regardless of its design, every 40 thousand km. By the way, it is recommended that the injection of the spline connection of the front driveshaft be carried out at each maintenance.
The clutches installed in the front wheel hubs on the Kia Sportage are of three types: mechanical (to connect the front axle, the driver must turn the clutch flag manually), freewheel (turn on and off automatically due to the difference in the angular speeds of the drive and the wheel) and vacuum (work for pressure change). The latter are considered unreliable - due to leaky seals, their bearings fail after 20 thousand km. At the same time, the seats of the needle bearings of the CV joints also suffer - where the shaft enters the hub. In this case, the assembly changes only as a whole, so it makes sense to replace the vacuum hubs with mechanical ones, which are considered more durable, at the first repair. It is also worth remembering that in order to completely turn off the front axle, transferring the transfer case selector to monodrive mode is not enough to ensure complete opening of the clutches, you need to stop and turn back a couple of meters. It is recommended to turn on the all-wheel drive mode only when the car is in a static state, otherwise the breakdown of the mechanism will be inevitable.
As a matter of fact, the car's cross-country ability is very modest, despite the relatively decent (200 mm) ground clearance and the presence of a lowering row in the transmission, the Sportage confidently overcomes only small hillocks and fords.
On parts of Korean-assembled cars with “automatic machines”, a limited slip differential was installed in the rear axle, into which special oil is poured. Cars with manual transmissions are usually equipped with axles without any blocking.
Chassis
The chassis of the Kia Sportage has a traditional design for most all-wheel drive vehicles. The front suspension is independent spring, the rear is dependent and also spring. The upper arm of the front suspension assembly with a ball joint is almost eternal. The lower one often has to be changed due to the soured axis of the stabilizer strut (the assembly is non-separable). The rack hinge serves about 150 thousand km. But the stabilizer bushings, as well as the rear shock absorbers, are barely enough for 40 thousand kilometers. The remaining parts of the chassis, with proper operation, easily survive the milestone of more than 100 thousand km, and the rear suspension arms - even 200 thousand. With frequent trips on broken roads with serious luggage in the trunk, the rear springs break along extremely thin coils, and the front ones sag. Tie rods are usually to be replaced after 100 thousand km. By the way, you have to be careful off-road: if the front suspension breaks down, the tie rod can simply break off! The steering is equipped with hydraulic booster, and the problem with it often occurs on instances before 1999 of release. The reason is the poor-quality manufacture of the "return" tube of the hydraulic booster, as a result of which the connecting elements between it and the hose break.
Brake system
The model is equipped with front disc and rear drum brakes. When replacing the front pads, it is necessary to clean and lubricate their guides, and at every second maintenance, remove the rear drums and check the operation of the auto-advance mechanism. Typically, the front brake pads wear out after a run of 30 - 40 thousand km. Brake discs require replacement by 60 - 70 thousand km, however, under unfavorable circumstances, they can be warped after 15 - 20 thousand km. On pre-styling cars with a run of 100 - 150 thousand km, a leak of the rear brake hoses could appear. In 1999, the assembly was upgraded and the defect disappeared. The fluid in the brake system must be replaced every 40 thousand km.
On some cars of the first years of production, a separate rotation sensor was installed in the rear axle gearbox, connected to the electronic control unit for the brake system. When the rear wheels were locked, the electronics relieved pressure in the rear circuit of the brake system - a cross between the ABS system and a mechanical pressure regulator (popularly referred to as a "sorcerer"). Later, the car got two additional sensors on the front wheels. Both options work smoothly and accurately, despite their age, but the sensor connector on the gearbox can be broken off the road, since nothing protects it.
electrical equipment
The electrics of the car are quite reliable, but it is better to keep the floor dry - under the feet of the front passenger is the engine control unit. On some modifications, due to the ingress of moisture under the trim of the front driver's door, a short circuit of the power window control unit occurred. Interior lighting and a regular immobilizer can refuse dampness. In order to restore the operability of electrical equipment for a short time, sometimes it is enough just to dry the interior. However, this does not help for long - most often the wet block still fails. High-voltage wires are subject to replacement at the onset of a run of 100 thousand km. With a high mileage, the contacts of the battery wires are oxidized, which leads to an increase in resistance and a voltage drop in the circuit. As a result, the terminals need to be replaced.
Finally, we can say that in the secondary market, the first generation Kia Sportage has a clear advantage over its competitors - this is the price!
Main technical characteristics of Kia Sportage| Modifications | Kia Sportage 5-door | Kia Sportage Grand | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS | ||||||||
| Length x width x height, mm | 4314 x 1764 x 1650 | 4435 x 1765 x 1695 | ||||||
| Wheel base, mm | 2650 | 2650 | ||||||
| Track front / rear, mm | 1440/1400 | 1440/1440 | ||||||
| Ground clearance, mm | 216 | 200 | ||||||
| Turning diameter, m | 11,2 | 11,2 | ||||||
| Entry angle | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| exit angle | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| ramp angle | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| Standard tires | 205/70 R15 | 205/70 R15 | ||||||
| TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS | ||||||||
| Modification | 2.0i 8V | 2.0i 16V | 2.0i 16V | 2.0TD | 2.2D | 2.0i 16V | 2.0i 16V | 2.0TD |
| Engine volume, cm 3 | 1996 | 1996 | 1996 | 1998 | 2184 | 1996 | 1996 | 1998 |
| Power, kW (hp) at rpm | 70 (95) at 5000 | 87 (118) at 5300 | 94 (128) at 5300 | 61 (83) at 4000 | 46 (63) at 4050 | 87 (118) at 5300 | 94 (128) at 5300 | 61 (83) at 4000 |
| Torque, Nm at rpm | 157 at 2500 | 166 at 4500 | 175 at 4700 | 195 at 2000 | 127 at 2500 | 166 at 4500 | 175 at 4700 | 195 at 2000 |
| Transmission | 5 MCP | 5 MCP | 5 manual gearboxes (4 automatic gearboxes) | 5 MCP | 5 MCP | 5 MCP | 5 MCP | 5 MCP |
| Maximum speed, km/h | 160 | 172 | 172 (163) | 145 | 130 | 172 | 172 | 145 |
| Acceleration time, s | 18,8 | 14,7 | 14,7 (15,0) | 19,4 | 20,5 | 14,7 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Fuel consumption city/highway, l/100 km | 16,2/10,2 | 14,6/9,0 | 13,6 (14,7)/8,3 (8,9) | 11,6/7,7 | 12,0/9,0 | 11,5/7,7 | 14,6/9,0 | 12,2/7,9 |
| Curb weight, kg | 1420 | 1440 | 1440(1485) | 1470 | 1465 | 1505 | 1505 | 1540 |
| Gross weight, kg | 1930 | 1930 | 1930 | 1930 | 1930 | 2060 | 2060 | 2090 |
| Fuel/tank capacity, l | AI-95/66 | AI-95/60 | AI-95/60 | D/53 | D/60 | AI-95/65 | AI-95/65 | D/65 |
Approximate prices for spare parts*, rub.
| SPARE PARTS | ORIGINAL | NON-ORIGINAL |
|---|---|---|
| Front wing | 4200 | 2300 |
| Front bumper | 5400 | 4200 |
| Farah | 3750 | 2800 |
| Windshield | 4750 | 3100 |
| timing belt | 1130 | 510 |
| Ignition coil | 640 | 500 |
| Spark plug | 100 | 70 |
| fuel injector | 3100 | 2300 |
| Wheel hubs (mechanical) | 8000 | 3000 |
| Tie rod end | 1400 | 900 |
| Front shock absorber | 3500 | 3500 |
| Front stabilizer | 1400 | 700 |
| stabilizer bushing | 80 | 50 |
| Brake pads front | 1150 | 730 |
| Brake pads rear | 1730 | 830 |
| Brake discs front | 4100 | 1600 |
| Brake drums rear | 4850 | 3200 |
* For modification of Kia Sportage 2.0i 5MKP
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Body kit installation in Moscow
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The unconscious purchase of the first generation Kia Sportage can be a fatal mistake for those who are looking for a comfortable and inexpensive SUV. In terms of its off-road capabilities, it is not inferior even to such cars as the Nissan Patrol or the Toyota Land Cruiser. However, Sportage with a rigid rear axle is not very comfortable and not very obedient. And in comparison with classmates - Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester or Toyota RAV-4 - it seems that such a parameter as control accuracy is completely absent.
As for all-wheel drive, the Sportage is normally rear-wheel drive. The front axle is connected only manually. In return, we get a transfer case, and in some versions even a self-locking rear axle differential.
If you choose a Korean SUV consciously, being ready for certain "victims", then there will be no disappointment. Understanding motorists know how brave the first Sportage is off-road.
Typical malfunctions
Sportage I breaks down not often. However, one must be aware that the SUV debuted on the market in 1994, and the first copies are already over 20 years old. In the case of them, it is very difficult to talk about reliability, because about 80% of the components fail due to their advanced age. And yet the old Kia is a very hardy and reliable car. Although the off-road vehicle factory components are of good quality, cars with still factory parts are more prone to malfunction than those that already use quality replacements.
The weak points include the wheel bearings and the front axle coupling. The latter is used to forcibly "disable / enable" the front wheels. But the manufacturer also installed an automatic clutch. It all depended on the year of manufacture and the destination market. After restyling in 1997, all-wheel drive could be turned on while driving - with an automatic clutch. Determining the type of coupling installed is quite difficult. Everything was decided by one of the previous owners. An automatic clutch, as a rule, rarely takes care of more than 100,000 km. In machines often operated in "field" conditions, it serves even less - about 50-70 thousand km.
Thus, almost all specimens survived the replacement of the clutch. If the original was installed again, then theoretically the owner will have a new repair ahead. In practice, a failure occurs at the moment the front wheel drive is connected. You will have to replace it again - with a new automatic original, or with a high-quality manual replacement for $ 150-200. The latter option had its drawbacks. Usually, few people want to constantly switch the clutch. Therefore, there is a choice: either to move everywhere in 2WD mode, or with all-wheel drive constantly on. But then the fuel consumption will increase, and the transmission will make noise. On the other hand, the resource of the mechanical clutch is large enough to forget about the problem once and for all.
The transmission does a good job with a small, albeit not lightweight, SUV that weighs about a ton and a half. Long drive shafts, rear axle and front suspension arms. Thanks to the gearbox and gearbox. Although many may not like the need for regular maintenance (replacement and oil control in the gearbox and axles). But there are no claims to durability.
Another weak point is shock absorbers and springs. Shock absorbers are ineffective, and springs often break. In the event of a breakdown, it is better to use more powerful branded substitutes - they are more expensive, but they will relieve problems for a long time. Many people install larger (wider) wheels on the SUV, which accelerates the wear of the suspension components.
The braking system is not effective enough (50 meters from 100 km / h), so considering the Kia Sportage as a tug, you should consider using high-quality brake discs and pads.
Steering of an off-road vehicle of screw type. On the one hand, it practically does not provide any steering precision. At speeds above 90 km/h, the car behaves unpredictably. On the other hand, this type of control is very reliable and durable.
Another disadvantage and at the same time an advantage is the frame structure of the body. The frame protects the body from excessive torsional loads. However, it is subject to corrosion. Body rust attacks with less intensity.
Of the unpleasant little things, fogging of glasses can be noted, especially in winter. Therefore, it is very important to take care of the ventilation system and the technical condition of the air conditioner. After 1999, the problem was virtually eliminated.
Engines
Under the hood of the Kia Sportage I you can find one of three 2-liter engines: two petrol and one turbodiesel. Gasoline units of two types - with an 8-valve and 16-valve block head. Both have the same block design and develop 95 and 128 hp. respectively. The 8-valve does not strike with dynamics - 18.4 s to 100 km / h, but fortunately it breaks very rarely. The 16-valve is slightly faster at 14.7 s to 100 km/h, and has decent traction. True, the consumption is decent - an average of about 13 liters per 100 km, and in the city over 15 liters. The 4-speed automatic version is a little slower and even more voracious.
The Kia gasoline engine is modern for that time, but it is no longer simple and requires some maintenance. With regular changes of oil, belts, spark plugs and checking the condition of the cooling system, it does not cause any problems. With the exception of non-systemic failures of electrical elements of auxiliary equipment, typical for older cars. Nevertheless, none of these malfunctions is capable of immobilizing a car for several days, requiring large financial costs for repairs in return.
Of the diesel units, the old 2.2-liter aspirated was originally installed, which was used on the Mazda B2200 and Ford Ranger pickups. The motor from the 80s developed only 63 hp. It makes no sense to talk about some kind of dynamics. Later, a 2-liter turbodiesel with a return of 83 hp began to be installed. Such an SUV accelerates to 100 km / h in 20 seconds, and fuel consumption does not exceed 10 liters per 100 km.
The owner of the 2-liter diesel versions had to face serious problems: costly repairs to the block head and crank mechanism. In addition, there were malfunctions in the operation of the injection pump control unit. Some owners note difficulties with the launch.
The exhaust system of both engines is subject to corrosion, and the increased vibration of diesel engines accelerates its damage. Sometimes the immobilizer fails, less often the starter.
Operating costs
Maintenance costs, given the good reliability and durability of a gasoline-powered vehicle, should be relatively low. However, aspects such as operating conditions and mechanical damage must be taken into account. We should not forget that the Kia Sportage 1 is a real SUV, and therefore many use it for its intended purpose. Fuel costs will not be too high if the engine is converted to run on gas.
Spare parts prices are not high. Quite a lot of original parts can be purchased for a reasonable price. But you can use a fairly wide range of quality substitutes. Only the most unusual elements can be difficult, especially when it comes to attachments and electrical components. Car services can easily cope with the repair and maintenance of the first Sportage.
Market situation
There are several dozen ads for the sale of the first generation Kia Sportage on the secondary market. The most preferred specimens assembled after restyling in 1999. Their cost is from 4 to 8 thousand dollars. Cars of the first years of production had rather meager equipment. There are no familiar today: ABS, airbags and air conditioning. But even the basic versions had electric windows and power steering. After the update, both ABS and 2nd airbags appeared.
Among the proposals there are a small number of diesel versions and modifications with a gun. It is quite difficult to find an extended version of the Wagon with a trunk increased by 100 liters.
Conclusion
The first generation Kia Sportage should be chosen consciously as a small SUV for everyday use for its intended purpose, and not as a luxury crossover. Avoid versions with diesel engines and automatic.
Kia Sportage during restyling received a number of new design solutions, thanks to which the appearance of the model has become even more stylish and modern.
Spectacular exterior
With a masculine profile and muscular body panels, the car looks bright and dynamic.front of car
Rear optics
Also in the exterior it is worth noting the following elements:
- Head optics. The narrowed front optics with LEDs are organically complemented by new LED fog lamps and upgraded position lamps connected by an LED jumper.
- Rear view mirrors. Heated side mirrors with electric folding are equipped with turn signal repeaters.
- Front bumper. Along the updated front bumper is a narrow chrome strip.
- Wheel disks. The spectacular image is complemented by original alloy wheels 16” 17” or 19” depending on the configuration.
- Aerodynamic spoiler. On the roof is an aerodynamic spoiler with LED brake light.
Also, for the restyled model, 5 additional body colors are available.
Interior
The spacious and comfortable Sportage is equipped with advanced systems and electronic assistants that provide a high level of comfort for the driver and passengers.
Ergonomic interior
Comfortable front seats
Intelligent trunk opening system
Also in the cabin, the following interior elements attract attention:
- Dashboard. The instrument panel with bezel-less display and intuitive button layout is completely driver-oriented.
- Multifunction steering wheel. The updated multifunction steering wheel with leather braid and electric power steering is adjustable for height and reach.
- multimedia system. The Apple Carplay and Android Auto-enabled infotainment system is equipped with a 7” color touch screen, audio system with radio, RDS, USB and AUX sockets, Bluetooth and 6 speakers.
- Wireless charger. You can charge your phone using a wireless charger, putting it in a special niche under the center console.
- Convertible rear seats. The heated rear seatbacks fold 60:40 to optimize interior space.
Sales market: Russia.
Kia Sportage, which appeared in 1993, became the first model of the South Korean company in the off-road segment and was on the Kia conveyor until 2004, having survived restyling in 1999. Close cooperation with Mazda allowed the developers to use the Mazda Bongo family of minibuses and light trucks as the basis for the Sportage, from which the chassis, engine and transmission elements were borrowed. The Kia Sportage line was provided with different versions: a standard 5-door model with a body length of 4245 mm and an extended (Grand or Wagon) version with a rear overhang increased by 120 mm. There is also a three-door version with a short base (2360 mm) and a removable soft top (Soft Top), which was positioned as an inexpensive beach SUV - with an eye on youth and mainly for the American market. For some time, Sportage in five-door bodies was assembled in Russia at the Avtotor Kaliningrad plant - here it lasted until 2006. It was equipped with both petrol and diesel two-liter "fours" (83-128 hp). Transmission - mechanical 5-speed or 4-speed automatic. The drive is full, with a hard connection of the front axle and a two-stage transfer case.
The interior of the 1993 Sportage is quite comfortable, although not so spacious. The front panel looks quite simple, but functional - there was even a handle for the passenger and a built-in digital clock, wood-like inserts are required in more expensive trim levels. Already in the basic configuration, the car had a hydraulic booster, vertical adjustment of the steering column, central locking, power windows for the front and rear doors, and electric exterior mirrors. The main difference between the Grand version is that the trunk is much larger here and the spare wheel moved into it, which found a place under the floor, and not on a separate bracket outside, like the regular version. After restyling, both the appearance of the model and the interior were refreshed. For example, the front panel received a different design and became more consistent with the style of a modern passenger car, the clock moved to the climate control unit, the shape of the air ducts changed, the instrument panel was updated, the car also received a new steering wheel and other changes.
The Kia Sportage powertrain lineup included two options for gasoline engines - the base 2.0-liter SOHC with 95 hp. (removed after modernization) and a more powerful 16-valve DOHC with a return of 128 hp. The diesel 2.0-liter engine has a power reserve of 83 hp. Standard Sportage was equipped with a 5-speed manual transmission, and a 4-band "automatic" was offered for a surcharge. Kia Sportage cannot boast of high dynamic performance. Even in the most powerful version with a 128-horsepower petrol engine, it takes 14.7 seconds to accelerate from standstill to 100 km / h, and even more time for the diesel version - 21.7 seconds. The maximum speed is 172 km/h and 145 km/h respectively. In terms of consumption, the efficiency is also not high. Gasoline Kia Sportage fuel consumption in the combined cycle is 10.2-12.6 l / 100 km, diesel - 9.1-11 l / 100 km. The volume of the fuel tank is 60-63 liters.
The first generation Kia Sportage has an independent front suspension with MacPherson strut struts, the rear suspension of all cars is dependent, with a continuous axle. A powerful spar frame gives increased reliability to the chassis design. Kia Sportage has a plug-in front axle (optionally with a self-locking differential) and a two-speed transfer case. However, there is no center differential in the car, so all-wheel drive can only be used temporarily on off-road or slippery roads. A clearance of 200 mm more than covers the needs necessary for everyday use. The overall dimensions of the five-door Kia Sportage are: length - 4245 mm (for the Grand - 4435 mm), width - 1730 mm, height - 1650 mm. The wheelbase has a size of 2650 mm. The minimum turning radius is 5.6 m. The luggage compartment for the standard 5-door modification is 373 liters, for the Grand version - 483 liters.
The range of first generation Kia Sportage security systems may differ depending on the model year and trim level. So, in the cars of the initial phase of production, the anti-lock braking system was installed only for a surcharge, and there were no airbags at all. The situation changed after the restyling of the model in 1999 - the ABS system became standard for all versions, as well as the presence of two pillows (for driver and passenger). The level of passive safety leaves much to be desired - in the ANCAP crash test, the car received one star out of five.
Kia Sportage, which appeared on the Russian market in the 90s, favorably differed from domestic cars (it acted as an alternative to the Chevrolet Niva) with a higher level of equipment and build quality. Plus the presence of a frame, general unpretentiousness and simplicity of design. However, at the moment, most of the used Kia Sportage are far from being in the best technical condition, and the availability of spare parts is already coming to the fore, which may cause problems. The car also has characteristic drawbacks, such as short-lived vacuum clutches (hubs) for turning on and off the front-wheel drive, which usually change to mechanical reinforced structures. The body is subject to corrosion, and the owners often note that the frame is also rusting (it happens that the number on it may become unreadable).
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