Tourist and recreational sphere of the region. Key problems of the tourist and recreational complex of Crimea International tourist market

25.01.2022

Ensuring a balanced development of the regional economy is a strategic task for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the conditions of increasing the independence of regions, the formation of a system of strategic management of their development, it becomes increasingly important to consider the object of management and its individual components from the position of strategic potential, which largely determines the prospective opportunities for the development of the region under certain external conditions. The study of individual sectors of the region's economy through the prism of the total potential and the degree of its use corresponds to a strategic approach or thinking, but requires serious analytical and evaluation work. This problem is especially relevant for those sectors of the region's economy that currently claim the role of "locomotives" of growth, in particular for the tourism and recreational sector, which is considered in most regions of the Russian Federation as a priority from the standpoint of long-term development.
At present, in the economic literature on regional tourism issues, a similar approach has developed to understanding the essence of the "tourist and recreational potential of the region" as a set of tourist and recreational resources that determine the possibilities for the development of certain types of tourism in the region. Despite the importance of the tourist and recreational potential for the development of the region's economy, today there is no single theoretical approach to its definition from the position of strategic management, and therefore a methodological justification is required for the formation of a strategic potential for the development of the tourist and recreational sphere of the region. To reveal this concept, let's consider its essence, based on the following logical chain: potential - tourist and recreational potential of the region - strategic potential for the development of the tourist and recreational sphere of the region.
In the general case, in the economic literature, the concept of potential is defined as the possibilities of society, the state in a certain area, field of activity. In the modern dictionary of foreign words, the term “potential” is interpreted as “the ability, the possession of sufficient power to manifest any action or activity; something that exists in a hidden form and can manifest itself under certain opportunities; as a degree of power in some respect, a set of means, capabilities necessary for something. As a rule, in the economic sphere, the concept of potential is most often used in conjunction with the adjectives "economic", "socio-economic". So "economic potential" is defined as a set of economic opportunities of the state that can be used to ensure its potential, the expression of the economic power of the country, the level of productive forces achieved, as well as the possibilities for their growth. In the economic encyclopedia, economic potential is defined as “the ability of the country's economy, its industries, enterprises, farms to carry out production and economic activities, produce products, goods, services, meet the needs of the population, social needs, ensure the development of production and consumption. The economic potential of a country is determined by its natural resources, means of production, labor and scientific potential, accumulated national wealth.
A number of authors interpret the concept of economic potential more broadly. So, considering the issues of complex development of complex socio-economic systems, Rokhchin V.E., A.O. Polynev rely on the concept of socio-economic potential, arguing his approach by the fact that the study of individual components of the economic potential will inevitably lead to the inclusion in the consideration of the social aspect, determined by the relationship between people in the process of its creation, maintenance and use.
Based on the opinions and approaches to understanding the essence, content and composition of the total socio-economic potential of the regional economy, its role and significance in the practice of regional management, available in the scientific literature, it can be defined as a set of all types of resources localized in a certain territory expressed in quantitative and qualitative terms. that are actually used in the economy or may be involved in economic turnover in the near or more distant future.
The study of the structure of the total socio-economic potential can be based on the resource-functional principle, which implies the allocation of structural elements of the potential in terms of the target functions that they perform within the tourism and recreational sphere of the region.
The strategic potential of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region should be considered both from the point of view of the resources available, and from the point of view of the possibility of their use and the ability to provide the highest possible level of production of the tourist product and tourist services to solve strategic problems. At the same time, the strategic potential reflects the limiting possibilities of the tourism and recreational sphere in achieving its strategic goals. In order for these opportunities to materialize, appropriate resources are needed, so the main feature of the strategic potential of the tourism and recreational sector is the reflection of its resource concept.
The concept of tourism and recreational potential is closely linked to specific goals, the production of certain types of tourism product, classified by types of specific tourism and recreational resources, that is, by types of tourism that are brought to the domestic and foreign markets. Thus, in tourism, the strategic potential is a category that reflects the relationship between the resource and product concepts of the tourism and recreational sector. It should be noted that we are supporters of the representatives of the school of strategies, which considers the process of forming a strategy based on a combination of resource and product concepts.
Solving the problem of decomposition of the total development potential of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region, it is necessary to take into account the existing scientific approaches to the study of the structure of the socio-economic potential of the territorial system, developed by foreign scientists M. Porter, T. Jenner and others. It is also necessary to take into account domestic developments within the framework of scientific schools of the St. Petersburg Institute for Problems of Regional Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Leontief Center, the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Council for the Study of Productive Forces, as well as L.S. Shekhovtseva, I.P. Danilov, A.N. Tatarkin and others. When studying this problem, the main methodological technique is the decomposition of the total socio-economic potential into blocks of components of private potentials according to resource, functional, reproductive criteria, as well as the importance of the potential for the purposes of regional development.
Considering the essence and structure of the tourist and recreational potential of the region, it is also necessary to note the general conceptual significance of specialized works on this issue by such scientists as N.S. Mironenko, R. Brymer, V.S. Bogolyubov, S.A. Bogolyubova, V.G. Gulyaev, I.V. Zorin, N.I. Kabushkin, V.A. Kvartalnov, V.M. Kozyrev, E.V. Kolotova, I.I. Pirozhnik and others. In Russia, the term "tourist and recreational potential" was introduced into circulation in the 70s. in the works of scientists of the school of recreational geography and to this day remains debatable. Table 1 systematizes the concept of "tourist and recreational potential" in accordance with some methodological approaches.

Table 1
Methodological approaches to the content of the concept of "tourist and recreational potential of the region"

Definition approach	Authors	Definition content
1. Approach that identifies concepts	Litvinenko T.V.	The total potential of the region's tourism resources.
2. Effective approach	Kozyrev V.M. Zabaeva M.N.	The ability of the available tourist and recreational resources of the region to generate income for various economic entities in a certain period of time. The result of a market assessment of the potential income of production factors in tourism, possible to receive.
3. Resource approach	Skobkin S.S. Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Gulyaev V.G., Selivanov I.A. Burkatskaya I.L.	The totality of natural and man-made bodies and phenomena confined to the territory, as well as conditions, opportunities and means suitable for the formation of a tourist product and the implementation of relevant tours, excursions, programs. The totality of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic conditions and resources of the territory, which determine the possibilities for the development of various types of recreation and tourism, the implementation of various tourist and recreational activities. A set of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural, historical, cultural and other resources of the territory, as well as its tourist infrastructure, affecting the development of tourism and recreation. The ability of the tourism resources available in the region to attract the attention of tourists and ensure the fullest possible satisfaction of their needs during the trip.
4. System approach	Bogolyubov V.S. Sevastyanova S.A.	Synthesized regional potential (management potential acts as the central one), characterized by changing spatio-temporal boundaries, depending on the needs for potentials, having a subjective nature of formation, use and development. A set of interconnected and interacting potentials of the region that are used in tourism activities, as well as new ones formed in the process of this activity and using the factors of production of the region.

The content analysis of the content and structure of the tourist and recreational potential of the region within the framework of the noted approaches allows us to conclude that the specific (natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic) resources of the region are of priority importance for the realization of the tourist potential, as well as the high elasticity of the impact of changes in resources on results of tourism activities. It should be noted that in a theoretical context, the tourist resources of the region should be considered, taking into account their spatial, temporal and sectoral specificity, namely: tourist resources are localized territorially and are unique in terms of quantitative and qualitative parameters; differ significantly in terms of dynamic indicators of the volume and structure of resources in individual regions of the Russian Federation, as well as within the region, and have functionality for limited types of activities.
The combination of resources and the results of their use at the regional level are determined by entrepreneurial activity and the quality of the institutional environment (absence / presence of rules, procedures, institutional forms for the implementation of entrepreneurial activity), the level of technological development and other dynamic components.
As a rule, in the specialized literature, tourist and recreational resources are classified according to the following criteria: by composition (by forming factors and elements, their functional suitability); according to the estimated parameters of the quality of tourist resources (suitability, comfort, aesthetic appeal, significance); for other characteristics not related to estimated indicators.
Summarizing the existing approaches to the classification of tourist and recreational resources and taking into account their specificity, primarily subject, we can distinguish the following structure of resources used in tourism activities:
- natural resources, including medical and resort facilities and territories, resources of ecological tourism, as well as fishing, hunting and other types of active tourism;
- cultural and historical resources, including the resources of pilgrimage, educational and excursion tourism, having both material and intangible forms (ceremonies, traditions, customs);
- socio-economic resources, including investment, educational, skilled labor, as well as production resources, represented by a wide range of enterprises and organizations directly or indirectly engaged in the production of tourist services and the formation of the tourist offer of the region.
The identified structural elements of tourist and recreational resources are due to the specificity of the tourist and recreational sphere, its high dependence on natural, cultural and historical resources, which constitute a timeless component. The presence of natural and cultural-historical resources creates a stable basic tourist and recreational potential of the region, while the variable, dynamic one is associated with the socio-economic resources of the territories. This group of resources reflects the process of involvement in regional reproduction processes and their transformation into competitive advantages.
Thus, the potential for the development of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region can be represented by the following particular types of potential and resource opportunities that can be involved by economic entities in economic activities in their own interests and the interests of the region as a whole:
- natural and recreational potential, including the advantages and benefits of the economic and geographical position, as well as various types of natural resources used for tourism and recreational purposes, as well as the possibilities and conditions for their economic use;
- cultural and historical potential, including various types of tangible and intangible resources, as well as the possibilities and conditions for their economic use;
- production potential, including the availability of appropriate capacities and capabilities for the production of specific types of tourism services, the available fixed production assets, their condition and efficiency of their use (capital productivity), the possibility of cooperation, combination and concentration of tourism production;
- labor potential, which includes the level of provision of the tourist and recreational sphere of the regional economy with labor resources, highly qualified personnel, their quantity and quality composition, the possibility of increasing labor potential due to natural population growth and migration processes (parameters of expanded reproduction of personnel potential);
- investment, financial and economic potential, including financial resources and flows, namely: funds from the regional and municipal budgets related to the tourism and recreational sphere; funds of enterprises and organizations engaged in tourism activities in the region; funds of the population employed in tourism activities;
- scientific and educational potential, including educational institutions (especially secondary vocational and higher educational institutions located within the region) involved in the training of tourism personnel, the number of innovative developments and products;
- a regional infrastructure potential, including life support systems (enterprises and infrastructure of housing and communal services and municipal services); objects and elements of transport infrastructure (roads, railways, transport terminals, service stations, etc.); objects of the general production infrastructure (energy facilities, water supply and sanitation facilities, etc.).
The identified components of the development potential of the tourist and recreational sphere of the region do not fully exhaust its content. However, in our opinion, taking into account the capabilities of the information base, it is these components that together in the most complete form characterize the territorial differentiation of the competitive advantages of the tourism and recreational sector available in individual subjects of the Russian Federation. The use of various types of potential in the tourism and recreational sphere must be considered from the point of view of combining the managerial powers of regional and local governments, their rights to conduct economic activities, which allows at the level of the subject of management to effectively use the regional tourism and recreational potential and contribute to its development and increment.
Considering the tourist and recreational potential of the region from the position of strategic management, we note that, in the general case, the strategic potential of the management object is formed:
firstly, from the production potential, understood as a combination of resources and competencies that creates conditions for the use of external favorable opportunities;
secondly, from the market potential, which is mainly the demand potential, which is not satisfied by the market supply.
Market chances may emerge as a result of an analysis of the likely actions of competitors, as well as an analysis of the capabilities of consumers. The transformation of strategic potential into strategic success factors is the main prerequisite for long-term success and the basis for strategy formation. It is also necessary to note the limited nature of the influence of the subject of strategic development on the market potential. At the same time, the market potential cannot be considered in isolation from the production and resource potential. The problem is to identify the market potential with the help of a kind of strategic means of "early detection", while the possibilities of its use depend on the competencies and resources of the subject of economic relations.
In this regard, we can conclude that the development of the total socio-economic potential of the object under study is impossible without focusing on the market situation that is developing at a certain point in time.
The possibilities of effective use of the strategic potential are determined by the nature of the impact and the combination of various external and internal factors. Identification of the main elements of the external environment in order to determine the market potential of the tourist and recreational sphere of the region can be based on two basic principles:
- branch principle, which involves the allocation of elements and factors of the external environment that have a specific impact on a certain subsystem and elements of the internal environment of the tourist and recreational sphere;
- the principle of the nature of influence, which involves the allocation of elements and factors of the external environment in terms of the nature of their influence (direct or indirect) on the tourism and recreational sphere, as well as the level to which they relate (international, national, regional). In this case, the distinguished elements and factors of the external environment of the tourist and recreational sphere can be divided into factors of the external microenvironment (i.e., those factors that, one way or another, are amenable to influence from the tourist and recreational sphere) and the external macroenvironment.
Summarizing all of the above, under the strategic potential for the development of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region, we mean a generalizing quantitative and qualitative characteristic of the presence and possibilities of using all specific natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic resources localized in the region that are actually used or can be involved in tourism. recreational activities, to achieve strategic goals in a specific period of time.
Taking into account the competitive nature of the modern economy, when analyzing the strategic potential of the tourist and recreational sphere of the region, it is necessary to consider it as a competitive socio-economic potential. The competitive potential does not include those who are not employed in the economy, are of working age, fixed assets not used in tourism and recreational activities, land, water, forest resources, etc. In this regard, the competitive potential is defined as a set of components of its socio-economic potential that can actually be used in the process of tourist and recreational activities.
Considering the existing approaches to assessing the strategic tourism and recreational potential of the region, including qualitative and quantitative assessment, we note that the most commonly used method for this purpose is the popular SWOT analysis method, which makes it possible to qualitatively assess the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment, threats and opportunities of the external environment, without attracting additional resources and searching for the necessary analytical information. Such an assessment of the strategic and market potential of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region is carried out from the point of view of developing a development strategy to counteract adverse environmental factors, however, certain “hidden” opportunities and factors are overlooked. Therefore, the use of SWOT-analysis methods in assessing the strategic potential for the development of the tourism and recreational sphere of the region is appropriate in terms of developing recommendations for improving the efficiency of using the “internal” potential, counteracting external adverse factors and adapting to favorable environmental factors. However, this is not enough from the point of view of completeness, taking into account the features of structural elements and the dynamics of its quantitative values.
In practice, methods of comprehensive assessment of tourist and recreational potential, based on the assessment of the potential capacity and throughput of tourist and recreational facilities, expert assessment of the quality of these facilities and quantitative resulting indicators that evaluate the actual number of tourists who have used tourist services, have become widespread.
It seems to us that the system for assessing the main elements of the strategic tourism and recreational potential of the region should include an assessment of:
– basic (natural) tourist and recreational potential, conditioned by initially set factors that provide resource competitive advantages (economic and geographical position, natural potential, cultural and historical potential);
- dynamic socio-economic potential, artificially formed in the process of economic development and providing secondary (technological, financial, innovative) competitive advantages. These competitive advantages appear as a result of economic development and the implementation of the adopted strategy.
To evaluate the identified elements of the potential, a system of private evaluation indicators should be formed. Their choice should be based on the principles of comprehensiveness and systematic assessment, ensuring the maximum representativeness of indicators, taking into account the factor of comparative reliability of the initial data, etc. A reasonable choice of the assessment method is also necessary, based on an analysis of existing methods and the possibilities of their application, taking into account the specifics of the object of study, as well as the development a comprehensive methodology for assessing, comparing and summarizing data. The result of the specified set of works should be a fairly clear identification and allocation of the main groups of regions that differ in the presence and degree of use of the strategic potential for the development of the tourism and recreational sphere.

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Tourist and recreational potential of the region: assessment problems

O.V. Miroshnichenko, V.A. Kalinina

The basis for the development of tourism in any region is the presence of recreational resources in it, which refers to all natural and anthropogenic geosystems that can be used to organize recreation and improve people's health. Identification and evaluation of available recreational resources is one of the most important tasks for the organizers of tourism activities. Evaluation is a reflection of the relationship between a person (subject) and elements of his environment or the environment as a whole (object).

The assessment of recreational resources is always carried out in several aspects or according to several blocks of parameters. These parameters are different and are specially selected for the main types of recreational activities. At the same time, assessments can and should be based on different principles and criteria that are most appropriate for each specific object of assessment. Thus, the evaluation criteria for elements of natural and cultural landscapes, as well as for landscapes as a whole, should be their origin and history, uniqueness, preservation (disturbance), attractiveness, and various characteristics of diversity, including species richness of flora and fauna.

However, the development of tourism in the region is influenced by a combination of various factors, both quantifiable and non-numerical in nature. Therefore, bringing them into one model seems to be quite laborious.

In accordance with the three main positions of the subject of assessment in recreational geography, three main types of assessment of recreational resources have developed: medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic and technological.

The medical-biological type reflects the influence of natural factors (a combination of temperature and humidity) on the human body.

The aesthetic principle in the human psyche, or the need for beauty, is one of the strongest manifestations of the human spiritual world. In this regard, when evaluating natural recreational resources, it is extremely important to give them a psychological and aesthetic assessment, which assesses the emotional impact of the features of the natural landscape or its components on a person. Methods for such an assessment are usually complex due to the variety of parameters and the subjectivity of the assessment criteria. Many researchers believe that the aesthetic value depends on the morphological structure of the landscape, the diversity of landscape elements in it.

For example, in the United States, a study of the distribution of tourists across sections of national parks has shown that the highest attractive effect has border strips between two heterogeneous environments, and a repulsive effect is homogeneous or disfigured landscapes (Table 1).

Table 1

Conditional assessment of the degree of contrast of the main pairs of natural complexes

Technological assessment allows you to assess the suitability of the territory for a certain type of tourism or recreation, as well as the possibility of its engineering and construction development. It covers two aspects: opportunities for recreational activities and opportunities for engineering and construction development of the territory. In this assessment, the recreational industry acts as a subject from the standpoint of a recreant, from the point of view of which natural resources must have high qualities (comfort, healing properties, and others) sufficient for organizing recreational activities.

Scoring of the recreational potential of the region

Recreational resources, which are the basis for the development of tourism in any region, are quite diverse. In general, it is possible to single out natural-recreational, cultural-historical and economic resources. However, recreational resources must be assessed in a complex, both quantitative and qualitative indicators should be considered. In connection, it is necessary first of all to consider and evaluate each species.

The most convenient for these purposes is a combination of qualitative and scoring (Table 2), but this raises the question of the number of scale steps. Most often, 3-4 or 5-6 step scales are used. In this case, a 5-step scale is chosen. Each step is an indicator of the intensity of interaction between the object and the subject of the assessment, which can vary from insignificant to strong.

table 2

Recreational Resource Rating Scale

As follows from the proposed rating scale, recreational resources are proposed to be evaluated according to such criteria as uniqueness, preservation, diversity.

It is more convenient to evaluate uniqueness in relation to other objects, in this case it can be proposed in relation to the recreational resources of the Russian Federation. In addition, this criterion for each type of resource can be marked with different characteristics. Retention is measured as a percentage. However, diversity should be evaluated separately for each type of recreational resources, since different objects require a different rating scale. In this regard, the authors proposed scales for assessing each type of recreational resources (Tables 3-5).

The scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of natural and recreational resources includes such resources as relief, water bodies, vegetation cover, hydro-mineral resources, as well as climatic comfort (Table 3).

Table 3

Scale of assessing the uniqueness and diversity of natural and recreational resources

quantitative	Uniqueness	Diversity	quality
*Relief*
	By indicator regional stripes	By quantity species relief
			Very low



			Very tall
*Aquatic* *objects*
	By quantity months bathing (sea)	By quantity types objects
			Very low



			Very tall
*Vegetable* *cover*
		By quantity endemic species
			Very low
	Monotonous


	Unique on the territory of the Russian Federation		Very tall
*Hydromineral* *resources*
	By indicator regional stripes	By quantity types waters
			Very low
	Monotonous


	Unique on the territory of the Russian Federation		Very tall
*climatic* *comfort*
	By quantity indicators	By quantity types climate
			Very low



			Very tall

Indicators climatic comfort: long rainless period; three or more warm months; medicinal properties; easy portability; feeling of comfort in the area.

The scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of cultural and historical resources includes socio-cultural infrastructure, museums, temples, churches, monasteries, folk crafts (Table 4).

Table 4. Scale for assessing the uniqueness and diversity of cultural and historical resources

quantitative	Uniqueness	Diversity	quality
*sociocultural* *infrastructure*
	By cultural and historical values	By quantity species
			Very low
	Monotonous
	Standard

	Unique in the Russian Federation		Very tall
M *uzei,* *temples,* *churches,* *monasteries*
	By indicator coolhistorical impressions	By quantity indicators
			Very low
	Monotonous
	Standard
	striking
	Unique		Very tall
*Folk* *trades*
	By cultural and historical values	By types activities
			Very low
	Monotonous
	Standard

	Unique on the territory of the Russian Federation		Very tall

Indicators diversity: museums; temples; monasteries; churches; noble estates.

However, health care institutions, transport and road network, housing and communal services, communication system, trade and consumer services are considered as economic resources that make up the recreational potential of the territory. The scale of estimates of economic resources is presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Scale of assessments of the uniqueness and diversity of economic resources

quantitative	Uniqueness	Diversity	quality
Therapeuticinstitutions
	By indicator occupied area (km 2 ) And coverage health-improving activities	By quantity types enterprises
	1-3; meager		Very low
	3-4; Monotonous
	4-5; Standard
	6-7; Rare
	>8; Unique on the territory of the Russian Federation		Very tall
*Transport and road* *net*
	By quantity indicators	By quantity species used transport; By density railway; And highways
		1; 0,00001; 0,0001	Very low
		2; 0,0001; 0,001


		>5; >0,01; >0,1	Very tall
*Housing and communal* *economy*
	By problematic
	Many problems		Very low

	Standard

	Improved conditions		Very tall
*System* *connections*
	By opportunities use	By quantity indicators
	In the regional center		Very low
	in regional centers
	Wherever there are telephone lines
	As listed above, plus some hard-to-reach areas
	Any place in the study area		Very tall
*Trade* *And* *household* *service*
	By quantity indicators	By quantity types enterprises
			Very low



			Very tall

Indicators uniqueness transport and road networks: there is a roadside service; toll highways; comfortable conditions at railway stations; convenient system for selling/buying tickets; NTP tools are used.

Indicators uniqueness systems connections: telegraph; telephone landline; cellular; Internet; Fax.

Indicators uniqueness trade And household service: fast service; quality service; all levels of service; the highest range of services offered; accompanying services.

Interesting methods for assessing the recreational attractiveness of natural and cultural-historical sightseeing objects were proposed by the Russian Academy of Tourism. The technique and sequence of assessment is as follows: first, it is necessary to multiply the objective assessment of the attribute being assessed by the subjective assessment of the attractiveness of this attribute chosen by the taxpayer, having previously selected one of the three possible ones: 1 point, 3 points or 5 points, and enter the resulting product in the appropriate column. Further, the resulting total (ie, objective-subjective) assessment of attractiveness must be compared with one of the three comparative categories of a three-stage scale: up to 26 points - relatively attractive objects; 26-50 points - attractive; 51-75 points - the most attractive (tab. 6).

Table 6

Scale for assessing the recreational attractiveness of natural monuments

Assessed	objective attractiveness (significance) sign, conv.	Subjective assessment of the attractiveness of a feature (verbal and in points)	"ideal" signs, scores
		" Great" 5 points	" Fine" 3 points	" satisfies. " 1 score
Picturesque		Bright, delightful and admirable	Quite picturesque, creates a good mood	Faceless, neutral, leaves indifferent
Uniqueness (exotic)		Within the region	Within the subregion	Within the adm. district
cognitive value		Obvious and self-explanatory	Brief explanation required	Full explanation required
Preservation		Fully preserved	Partially destroyed	Heavily destroyed
Accessibility (distance from the nearest bus stop)				More than 1.5 km

For a comprehensive assessment of the recreational resources of the Amur Region, data obtained from various sources (encyclopedias, statistical collections, local periodicals, Internet resources, monographs of leading local historians, geographers Shulman N.K., Korotaev, Shindyalov, Shchukin I.I., etc. .) were analyzed and evaluated for each of the indicators. In this case, all the above methods of evaluation were used.

The assessment of the main natural and recreational resources is presented in Table 7.

Table 7

Assessment of natural and recreational resources of the Amur Region

Natural and recreational resource	Criteria	Quantification
		scores for each criterion	overall score
	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
water bodies	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Vegetation cover	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Hydromineral resources	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Total:

The average rating for each resource was determined as 3.8. Consequently, the level of development and use of these resources is low. The results obtained largely coincide with similar developments of specialists.

Natural monuments are of exceptional importance, being the most attractive tourist sites. In total, there are 145 natural monuments in the lists of specially protected territories of regional significance. We will assess the attractiveness of natural monuments in the region using the rating scale proposed by the Academy of Tourism of Russia (tab. 8)

Table 8

Assessment of the recreational attractiveness of natural monuments

Thus, as a result of the assessment, on this scale, the total score is 66 - the assessed natural monuments are classified as especially attractive.

By analogy with natural and recreational resources, it is possible to evaluate cultural and historical resources (tab. 9)

Table 9

Assessment of historical and cultural resources of the Amur region

Thus, we can conclude that the Amur Region has historical and cultural resources in the average volume, which, in turn, are also moderately developed.

However, among the cultural and historical resources of the region, monuments of archeology and paleontology are of particular cognitive interest. We will evaluate the archaeological sites separately (Table 10).

Table 10

Scale for assessing the recreational attractiveness of archaeological sites

On this scale, the sum of points is 63, which means that the objects being evaluated are classified as especially valuable.

Thus, the existing natural-recreational and cultural-historical potential allows the development of educational, scientific and natural tourism in the region.

Economic potential is also a necessary condition for the development of the tourism industry (Table 11).

Table 11

Assessment of economic recreational resources of the Amur Region

Economic - recreational resources	Criteria	Quantification
		Scores for each criterion	Overall rating
Medical and recreational institutions	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Transport and road network	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Department of Housing and Utilities	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Communication system	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Trade and consumer services	Uniqueness Diversity Preservation
Total:

The average assessment of economic resources in the Amur Region is rather low - 3.2 points, which indicates a low level of development of the region's infrastructure.

Relative indicators in assessing the recreational attractiveness of the territory

In addition to scoring the recreational attractiveness of a territory, relative indicators are often used. They are used when it is not about a qualitative assessment of the studied indicators, but about the density of objects in a certain area.

Relative indicators, unlike absolute ones, have a number of advantages, since they give a more objective picture. Thus, a comparison of the recreational potential of the central part of Russia and the Far East in absolute terms will give a distorted picture of the situation, while relative indicators can give a completely objective assessment. The most accessible relative indicator, in terms of the volume of available statistical information, is the indicator of the distribution or density of objects of natural and cultural significance, or biological diversity in a certain area. This indicator will reflect the recreational attractiveness of the territory, expressed in relation to the number of certain objects of the study population to the area of the study area. An alternative may be an indicator of the number of objects of natural and recreational significance per person or thousand inhabitants, this indicator will indicate the provision of residents with these objects. It is also proposed to consider the recreational attractiveness of the Amur Region relative to the Far East and Russia as a whole.

In this study, the assessment of the diversity of the plant world was carried out on the basis of indicators of the number of different types of vegetation found in the Amur Region, the Far East and Russia as a whole. Thus, 25 different types of vegetation are found on the territory of Russia, 12 of them in the Far East, and 7 in the Amur Region. If we calculate the ratio of the number of types of vegetation found in a particular territory to the area of this territory, we will eventually get an index of plant diversity of the territory. Comparison of the obtained results will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the diversity of the flora of the Amur region relative to the Far East and Russia. In this case, the assessment was made on the basis of 1000. (tab.12)

Similarly, indices of diversity of the animal world were obtained, based on the fact that on the territory of Russia there are only 10 zones of distribution of representatives of the animal world, of which 6 in the Far East, 2 in the Amur region. (Table 12)

Table 12

Indicators of recreational attractiveness of the territory in Russia, the Far East and the Amur Region

From the data obtained, it can be seen that the Amur Region has the highest index of plant and animal diversity, therefore, it can be concluded that the Amur Region is an attractive place for tourism development, and even in comparison with the all-Russian indicator and the indicator of the Far East, it is very attractive.

Next, consider the density index of natural objects, such as nature reserves and biosphere reserves. In total, there are 72 reserves on the territory of Russia, 20 of them in the Far East, 3 in the Amur Region. The index of provision with natural objects of this class for Russia is 0.0042; for the Far East 0.0028; for the Amur region 0.0082 per thousand. As can be seen, the indicators of the Amur Region are higher than the average for Russia and the average for the Far East, which indicates that rather significant natural objects are compactly located on the territory of the Amur Region, which also serve as objects of the attractiveness of the region.

If we talk about the tourist development of the region, then the Amur Region belongs to the territories with low development, as well as the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and Sakhalin Island, characterized by an average tourist development. Among the cities of the Far East recognized as the most important centers of educational tourism, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are distinguished, in total there are more than seventy such centers in Russia. Thus, the Far East is poor in scientific and educational resources; against this background, it seems most promising to develop nature tourism, especially since there are all conditions for this.

In addition to natural attractiveness, recreational attractiveness also includes the development of infrastructure. In this aspect, it is proposed to consider two components: the availability of special accommodation facilities, as well as tourist-class hotels and similar accommodation facilities, and transport accessibility of the region.

So in Russia, the number of hotels and similar accommodation facilities at the end of 2006 was 5,375 objects, with a one-time capacity of 429.2 thousand beds. There are 18 hotels registered in the Amur Region. Thus, the provision of accommodation facilities per 10 thousand people for Russia is 0.376, for the Amur Region 0.207, that is, in the Amur Region there are fewer hotels per capita than the average for Russia, the same situation with the provision of special accommodation facilities: 0.314 Russia versus 0.0113 in the Amur Region per 10 thousand people. Even such approximate calculations speak of the underdevelopment of the infrastructure of the Amur Region, even in comparison with the all-Russian indicators.

With regard to indicators of transport accessibility, it is proposed to use indicators of the length and density of railways and roads to assess the situation. Thus, the operational length of public railways in the Amur Region is 2934 km, and in Russia 85216 km. Thus, the proportion of the railways of the Amur Region of the total length of railways in Russia is 3.44%, at first glance this is very small, but the share of the area of the Amur Region in the total area of Russia is 2.13%. Another indicator of transport accessibility is the density of public railways, so in Russia this figure is 50 km of tracks per 10,000 km 2 of territory, in the Amur Region 81 km. From which we can conclude that in the Amur region the conditions for movement by rail are more favorable than in Russia as a whole. As for roads, the situation is somewhat different here, since the density of public roads with hard surface in Russia is 35 km of roads per 1000 km 2 of territory, and for the Amur Region 22 km, so we can conclude that in the Amur The region does not have a well-developed road network. The results are presented in table 13.

Table 13

Infrastructure Development Indicators of the Amur Region

Calculated according to the Russian Statistical Yearbook

Moreover, according to the observations of specialists, the Amur Region belongs to 11 subjects of the Russian Federation with the maximum transport discrimination of the population. Transport discrimination - the impossibility of obtaining services or, in a broader sense, benefits, even in the presence of appropriate material resources due to their spatial inaccessibility. That is, a person from remote corners of our region, even having enough money, will not visit unique cultural and historical sites, only because the road will take too much time and effort. This situation is typical not only for the consumption of tourist services, but also for many others.

Thus, it can be concluded that the development of tourism in the region is influenced by a combination of various factors, both quantifiable and non-numerical in nature. Therefore, bringing them into one model seems to be a rather laborious task and does not give reliable results.

Despite the identified problems, it should be noted that there are enough recreational resources in the region to make tourism one of the leading industries (the average score is 3.8), but they are poorly used. The peculiarity of the area is the presence of unique monuments of nature, geology and archeology, which is of particular interest for the development of educational tourism. Given that the nature of the region is very picturesque and unique, the protected areas of the region are of particular interest. However, these possibilities are not fully exploited. This is explained not only by economic factors (underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of financial resources), but also by environmental pollution (in areas of settlements), floods and floods, harsh climate - all this hinders the development of tourism in the region.

An assessment of the recreational potential and the current level of tourism development in the region showed that even the available resources are poorly used. At the same time, the region has unique tourist facilities not only of local or all-Russian significance, but also of a global scale. Thus, it seems promising to create new tourism products, including the most interesting tourist sites, for a more complete use of the recreational potential of the region, including the acquaintance of tourists with unique natural and archaeological sites, such as dinosaur sites, lotus lakes and places where cranes gather, which are a special attraction. .

tourist recreational potential of the region

Literature

1. Birzhakov M.B., Azar V.I. On the issue of assessing tourist resources // Tourist firms. - 2000. - No. 24. - S.83-84.

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The Kaliningrad region in terms of tourism is developed poorly and unevenly. The most visited are Kaliningrad, the resort area (Svetlogorsk - Zelenogradsk), the Curonian Spit, partly Sovetsk and Chernyakhovsk. At the same time, it should be remembered that in the pre-war period in the territory of East Prussia, tourist routes associated with numerous natural, historical and cultural monuments covered almost all cities and districts of the present region. Tourism centers, in addition to Koenigsberg with its royal castle, Albertina University, museums, an art gallery, a zoo, the Cathedral, where the Prussian kings were crowned, I. Kant's grave, opera and drama theatres, ancient city gates and fortifications, monuments to many outstanding figures were also Raushen(Svetlogorsk), Kranz (Zelenogradsk), Pillau (Baltiysk), Fishhausen (Primorsk), Labiau (Polessk), Instenburg (Chernyakhovsk), Tilsit (Sovetsk), Ragnit (Neman), Gumbinen (Gusev) and other cities and towns. Tourism was widely developed not only in the coastal zone, but also in the inner parts of the region, especially in its southwestern part - the current Bagrationovsky district. There were especially many ancient castles, monasteries, churches (kirch) from the time of the German colonization of Prussia. Museums existed in many of the castles, surrounded by vast parks with collections of rare plants. The world-famous stud farm is located in Gumbinen, and in Tilsit there are places associated with the meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I here, and in Ragnit there was a garden city with an old castle on the high bank of the Neman. Many monuments of history and architecture of East Prussia in our time are either completely lost or are in a dilapidated state, and some of them were used for other purposes - for warehouses or industrial premises. True, recently, after the collapse of the USSR and a sharp change in the political situation in the country, a movement began to restore the historical heritage and cultural values that were undeservedly forgotten in Soviet times. A number of religious buildings in the region have been transferred to the jurisdiction of the church, and some of them have already been restored and have become functioning churches, while others are being restored. The restoration of the Cathedral in Kaliningrad is underway. Attempts are being made to restore other monuments of architecture and history.

Foreign tourism is dominated by "nostalgic" and business tourism from Germany (60%) and cross-border (mostly "commercial") tourism from Poland (30%).

Domestic tourism is experiencing serious difficulties. The number of tourists and vacationers has decreased significantly. The total number of vacationers in sanatoriums and sanatoriums decreased over 1991-1994 from 54 thousand to 20 thousand people, in other recreation facilities (rest houses, boarding houses, recreation centers and tourist hotels) from 244 thousand to 81 thousand people . This is due to a decrease in the living standards of the population with a sharp increase in the cost of services that have ceased to be subsidized by the state and trade unions. One day of accommodation at a camp site (with meals) costs more than the monthly minimum wage. At the same time, citizens with high incomes often prefer vacations abroad.

Among the 90 sanatoriums and recreation facilities included in the statistics, 13 are year-round sanatoriums belonging to the category of climatic resorts of coastal zones. They can accept 4.3 thousand people for treatment at the same time. The total capacity of all recreational facilities in the summer is 20,000 places, of which 6,000 are in uncomfortable recreation centers and tourist bases of a purely seasonal nature. At the same time, the estimated capacity of the sandy beaches of the sea coast of the region is 280 thousand people.

According to the estimates of the Research Institute for the Integrated Study of Regions at the Kaliningrad State University, the volume of potential demand for trips to the Kaliningrad region by domestic and foreign tourists is 575 thousand people. However, with the current state of hotels and recreation facilities, non-compliance with international standards of most of them, even the already achieved level is more than marginal. Given the inconsistency of high prices with low quality and a small variety of services, while maintaining the current tourist service, we can only expect a reduction in the number of tourists. The development of foreign tourism in the region is also hampered by other factors - the small scale and insufficient professionalism of many of the more than 100 travel companies in the region, the lack of proper experience in market conditions, poor advertising, the difficulty of obtaining multiple-entry visas (required when tourists visit several states with repeated border crossings). region) and more. The instability of the socio-political situation, which is characteristic of the country as a whole, also affects, as does the difficult crime situation. Small travel companies, not having an extensive network of representative offices abroad, lose out in the competition for tourists, which reduces the profitability of the regional tourist complex and thereby reduces the possibility of its development.

The Kaliningrad region has a very significant, in many ways unique potential for the development of resort and tourism activities, however, the existing opportunities are still far from being used enough, and there are objective and subjective reasons for this. Of the natural factors contributing to the development of the recreational complex, it should be noted:

· Favorable mild maritime climate with a fairly large number of sunny days per year and moderately warm summers;
· picturesque natural landscapes with hilly hills, coastal lowlands, forests, floodplain meadows, swamps, lakes, numerous rivers;
· unique sandy spits with dunes and forests;
· sea coast with beautiful, mostly sandy beaches and refreshing, moderately warm sea waters;
· The Baltic Sea and its bays, which provide opportunities for the development of fishing, sea tourism and water sports;
Healing mineral springs and therapeutic peat mud;
· advantageous geographical position of the region at the crossroads of land and sea routes from Western and Northern Europe to Russia;
·existing network of sanatorium-resort and tourist establishments;
· developed amber trade and production of unique jewelry and souvenirs;
availability of favorable preconditions for the development of meat and dairy production, vegetable growing and other types of agriculture to provide the local population and people who come to be treated and relax with environmentally friendly products;
· existing, although not in very good technical condition, but sufficiently developed transport network and engineering infrastructure.

Assessing the prospects for the development of tourism in the region, one cannot but pay attention to the problems that may be encountered in the development of the industry. There are many difficulties in our region, some of them are given below, such as:

1. Uneven recreational development of the territory; lack of strong interregional ties.
2. The multifunctionality of the use of recreational areas, generating:
- - the imposition of different types of recreation on the same territory (short-term recreation in areas of long-term medical and recreational recreation; absorption of valuable medical areas by summer cottage recreation);
- - difficulties with the organization of suburban recreation for viewers of big cities.
3. Collision of interests of urbanization and recreation with the expansion of industrial and civil development zones.
4. Environmental problems.
- pollution of recreational areas in urban areas;
- lack of a functioning system for regulating recreational loads on natural complexes of existing recreation areas.

Recreational planning of the material base should become part of the overall plan for the development of the territory. Before starting the construction of a new tourist complex, it is necessary to carefully and fully study its impact on the economy and nature of the region. This should become part of the public policy of local authorities. An important condition for the implementation of a new tourism project is obtaining a sanitary permit for waste disposal, etc. The negative impact of a new project on the environment is a serious reason why it may be rejected by the local administration. Air, ground and surface water, beaches and forests must remain in their original state, clean and protected. Nature needs protection - flora and fauna.

The wise use of local landscapes and architectural monuments for tourism purposes should be encouraged.

Thus, a new tourism project should be planned in such a way as to preserve and, if possible, improve the state of the environment.

5. Destruction of the network of institutions for children's recreation.
6. Infrastructural disorder of roads.

The expected growth in tourism development will create problems in the transport infrastructure. For example, an increase in the number of tourist trips can cause air traffic congestion, which will be a major obstacle to the full potential of take-off and landing facilities. The reconstruction of transport infrastructure is expected in all regions of the world, which will require new investments in large volumes.

Improving the transport infrastructure and the electronic data system will provide fast and direct communication between regions, make tourist routes more diverse and less expensive.

7. Insufficient professional training of tourist personnel.
8. Separation from Russia (located outside of Russia).
9. Use of new technologies.

New information technologies and effective communications will ensure the rapid development of tourism. Large investments in new technologies and the telecommunications market will lead to vertical, horizontal and diagonal integration. Global computer networks will become of great importance in tourism. The effectiveness of marketing in tourism will increase. The consumer will be able to receive the necessary information about the tourist product from special television programs sponsored by travel agencies. Some countries already have automated booking kiosks. Simplifying the booking process will boost the tourism market.

Prospects for the recreational development of this zone are related to the solution of the following issues:

1. Change in approaches to recreational planning of the territory: creation of a network of recreational parks, formation of local tourist centers in small historical towns.
2. An increase in the restaurant and hotel fund due to the development of small enterprises: inns, taverns, hunting lodges.
3. Improving the quality of services in existing recreation facilities.
4. The introduction of non-traditional forms of recreation: "living" Teutonic castles and ethnographic villages, pilgrimages, tourist caravans, etc.
5. All-regional recreational arrangement of road infrastructure.
6. Improving the condition of the beaches, their arrangement for the needs of tourists.
7. Creation of normative acts allowing successful and profitable development of tourism.
8. Development of international relations, their strengthening and transition to a new level.

Having solved these problems and tasks, our region will be able to reach the world level, increase the income from tourism, provide additional jobs and, in general, raise the economic indicators of the region.

The medical-biological type reflects the influence of natural factors (a combination of temperature and humidity) on the human body.

Table 1

Conditional assessment of the degree of contrast of the main pairs of natural complexes

Name of pairs of complexesEvaluation in pointsWater - land Strong effect - 3Forest - glade Medium effect - 2Hill - plainWeak effect - 1

Technological assessment allows assessing the suitability of the territory for a certain type of tourism or recreation, as well as the possibility of its engineering and construction development. It covers two aspects: opportunities for recreational activities and opportunities for engineering and construction development of the territory. In this assessment, the recreational industry acts as a subject from the standpoint of a recreant, from the point of view of which natural resources must have high qualities (comfort, healing properties, and others) sufficient for organizing recreational activities.

All topics in this section:

Terminological aspect of recreational geography
(according to T.D. Krysanova, L.Yu. Gorshkova, N.V. Pichugina, L.A. Tarkhova, O.V. Ushakova, Yu.V. Shvetsova)

In the system of geographical sciences
(according to D.V. Nikolaenko) When analyzing the place of recreational geography in the system of geographical sciences, one must take into account that this system itself is not universal. Depend

In recreational geography
(according to D.V. Nikolaenko) In modern conditions, an increasing number of students study recreational geography outside the geographical departments. As a result, some standard sections of the geographical

Recreation as a sociocultural phenomenon of modernity
From the Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (vol. 2, 2000) - the largest and most modern encyclopedic publication in our country, follows: Recreation (in

In recreational geography and tourism
(According to A.M. Sazykin) In the last decade, there has been an intensive development of commercial tourism, in contrast to the Soviet era, when it was predominantly social. neobes

And the metatheoretical aspects of her theory
(according to M. Berdus, M. Bogen, etc.) Currently, there is a fairly extensive scientific material on certain aspects of physical recreation (PR). However, the general concept of fi

Leisure and recreation: general and special
Some researchers define recreation as an array of time during which the restoration of human productive forces takes place, or as an activity aimed at

Types and evolution of recreational activities
(according to DV Nikolaenko) Recreation and tourism can only be understood in the context of human evolution. They never existed on their own and always carried a certain sociocul

Economic potential of recreation. Recreational development and recreational development
The economic potential of recreation is understood as fixed assets, with the help of which direct production, sale and provision of goods and services are carried out.

Concept, ratio, structure and functions
The definition given to recreation by specialists from the Center for National Tourism Policy Research in the United States is somewhat specific. Recreation refers to the activities of people

Recreational time and space and their relationship
Traditionally, as the most important forms of social time, working, non-working (syn. - non-working) time is distinguished, and within the framework of the latter - free time. Working in

The potential of the subjects of the Russian Federation
(according to A.V. Loginov) The space of Russia is very diverse in terms of natural and climatic conditions, which predetermines the specifics of each individual territory in terms of recreational air

Territory potential
(according to L.B. Bashalkhanova, I.A. Bashalkhanov) The natural and recreational potential of the territory is one of the leading prerequisites for the development of tourism. Informative (comprehensive) a

(according to E. Loginova) In the USSR, tourism was considered as a kind of recreation, one of the types of outdoor activities. Therefore, the concept of "tourist resources" was often equated with

Recreational assessment of natural resources
To use natural conditions and resources, their assessment is necessary. The assessment procedure consists of the following mandatory steps: 1. Identification of the objects of assessment - natural

On the issue of recreational assessment of natural resources
(according to V.I. Prelovsky) Methods for qualitative assessment of the attractiveness of various natural objects of the excursion display and methods for quantitative assessment

Natural recreational resources
(according to Z. Matevosyan) Recently, the attention of most specialists in various fields of science has been drawn to the issues of recreation development: economists, ecologists, physicians, geographers

landscape structure
(according to O.V. Kalashnikova) Identification and evaluation of the influence of the visual qualities of natural areas and elements of nature on the psycho-emotional state of a person and the comfort of rest

Methodological bases for assessing the aesthetics of landscapes
(according to O.V. Kalashnikova) At present, there is no task to give an absolute assessment of the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. The assessment is, as a rule, applied orientation (mainly

Conditions for organizing recreation
Climatic conditions. To date, an assessment of the climatic conditions for organizing recreation has been carried out only for summer recreational activities of healthy adults who are not subject to

Recreational resources
5.1. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RECREATIONAL RESOURCES: ESSENCE, CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT STAGES

Monuments of history and culture and their varieties
(according to E.V. Kolotova) Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various

Historical and cultural potential and methodology for its assessment
Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial sites, folk crafts, museums, etc.

Tourist and recreational potential of the territory
(according to VV Bazhenov) In the last decade in the countries of the former USSR there has been a fading of citizens' interest in history, cultural traditions, folklore. This can be explained by the following

Natural and historical heritage
Monuments of history and culture and the landscape surrounding them are a national treasure. Modern development of territories requires a particularly careful approach according to the principle: save - restore

Some aspects of the use of heritage
(according to E.Yu. Mazurova) Today, a full-fledged program of work is needed to revive the national heritage, which would include a system of measures to identify, restore

Natural and cultural heritage in tourism
The totality of natural and anthropogenic objects and the vacation, health, cultural and other factors generated by them that can arouse tourist interest is

World Heritage Sites in Russia and Tourism Development
(according to E.L. Faibusovich, E.Ya. Chernikhova) Out of more than 730 UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites, only 12 are located in Russia, which does not correspond

The Role and Functions of Heritage in Regional Policy
(according to E.V. Evdokimova) The main components of the sustainable development strategy are environmental, economic, social, cultural, legislative policies, with p

World natural and cultural heritage
(Based on UNESCO materials) The first attempts to include Russian protected natural areas in the UNESCO World Heritage List were made in the early 1990s. By 1994

In the system of international tourism
Of particular interest to tourists are outstanding monuments of natural and cultural heritage. Such monuments include objects included in the UNESCO special list (Organi

In Central Russia
(according to D.A. Tsapuk) The World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines cultural tourism as a type of travel, including cultural elements, which is growing at a rapid pace - about

Modern ideas and approaches to typology
In the modern era, when civilization is experiencing an ecological crisis, a strategy for protecting the environment is being developed at the international level. One of the possible ways out of the crisis is

As the basis of the ecological framework of territories
(according to E.V. Evdokimova) When considering the territory as a resource, one of its main properties is the ability to possess a heritage, in this case the territory acts as a

Cultural and natural heritage
(according to Yu.A. Vedenin, M.E. Kuleshova) Cultural landscape is a World Heritage Site. The status of a cultural landscape as a heritage site was recorded in

Recreational systems
In domestic recreational geography, the theory of territorial recreational systems is substantiated as a subject of scientific research and one of the main forms of organization of recreation and tourism.

recreational systems
The integrity of the system is determined by its functions in life, a person, group, society, position in the socio-economic and demo-ecological supersystem. Recreation is the system-forming link.

Vacationers
Vacationers are the central element of the recreational system, which determines the very fact of its emergence and development. From the standpoint of sociology and ecology, this is an event group, that is, it owes its existence

Natural and cultural complexes
Natural and cultural-historical complexes in the recreational system are characterized primarily by the measure of compliance with the needs of vacationers (comfort and attractiveness) and the needs of the organization.

Technical complexes
Technical subsystems are designed to make it easier for vacationers to access and adapt to natural complexes, to increase the reliability of their functioning. They also serve as adaptive means to satisfy

Service staff
The role of service personnel in the system is determined by the fact that it ensures the relationship of vacationers with natural and cultural complexes, technical systems, as well as their communication with each other.

Governing bodies
The element of the recreational system designated by this concept, like any governing body, should ensure: the preservation of the structure of the system, the maintenance of the mode of its activity, the implementation of goals, general

Features of design and construction
World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of recreational facilities. The nomenclature of types of recreation objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) distinguishes

Problems of allocation of recreationally attractive
territories (on the example of the Far East) (according to O.V. Kalashnikova)

Recreational and tourist network. Institutions of health-improving rest and tourist institutions
Recreational network - a set of recreational institutions located in the country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of medical and recreational recreation, sports

Institutions of health-improving rest
The oldest and most developed sub-sector is the institution of health-improving recreation. These include sanatoriums, sanatoriums, boarding houses with treatment, rest houses

Recreational and health-improving sphere
(according to A.V. Turkin, A.A. Klechkovskaya) The use of territories for recreational and recreational activities is closely related to their natural potential (assessment of natural conditions for organizing

Recreational nature management and nature protection
The development of recreation is connected and in the future will be even more associated with the use of significant space. This "intrusion" has both positive and negative consequences.

On urban and suburban landscapes: main aspects
(according to N.N. Blaga, A.N. Rudyk) The deterioration of the state of urban and suburban landscape complexes (LC), the decrease in their functionality is quite stable

Interaction between tourism and the environment
Tourism as a sector of the economy has a complex structure and is closely related to other areas of human economic activity, such as trade, transport, construction, etc. It is also obvious mutual

Tourism and the environment: a space for interaction
(according to T.I. Chernyaeva) Tourism is currently not only a rapidly developing area of scientific research, one of the significant social phenomena of our time, but also an important

Annoyance Index
Level of euphoria The development of tourism generates enthusiasm and excitement among local residents. They invite tourists and experience a general sense of satisfaction. Ho

The impact of tourism on the natural and cultural environment
Tourism, despite its closeness to nature and the demands on the quality of the environment, is an industry that widely uses a fairly large number of different types of

Development of regions in modern conditions
(according to E.L. Vdovina, A.V. Moskin, E.A. Syromyasskaya) The need for full integration of Russia into the world tourism market, as well as the development of domestic tourism today is not

Specially protected natural areas
(according to T.V. Arkhipenko, G.V. Dudko) Recreation and recreation of people in the natural environment within the country is now one of the most important national economic and

Component of natural recreational resources
(according to G.I. Gladkevich) Specially protected natural territories (PAs) are of great importance in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of those on the

Ecotourism and local government
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For the recreational development of Russia
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Ecotourism in the context of regional development
(according to V.B. Pozdeev) In connection with the deterioration of the environment, in all spheres of the world economy there is a search for alternative directions for the use of natural resources

National parks and their types
National park is a nature protection, environmental education and research institution, the territory (water area) of which includes natural complexes and objects that have

The following principles of formation are distinguished
landscape of the national park: · conservation of the landscape - the prohibition of any transformation of the landscape in the preserved parts of the park; ·

As a basis for the development of ecotourism in Russia
(according to N.V. Srykova) In Russia, ecological tourism mainly develops on the territory of nature reserves and national parks. National parks in Russia began to be created

Ecology and tourism
Ecology in the context of this study is considered as the science of the relationship between human society and its activities in the field of tourism and the environment. One of the character

Ecological development of tourism in Russia
(according to O.G. Amarova) From an ecological point of view, tourism is one of the types of nature management. The development of tourism requires the involvement of natural resources in human activities. At e

recreational activities
(according to DV Nikolaenko) Recreation is not a phenomenon only of the recent past: people have always rested. Another thing is that with the evolution of mankind and depending on the characteristics of sociology

Principle V.S. Preobrazhensky
A tour operator is a specialist who, along with other tasks, is engaged in the design of a tour: determining the recreational specialization of tourist centers; laying tourist route

As components of recreational activities
Recreational activity is the activity of people aimed at the expanded reproduction of their living forces and is characterized by a relative diversity of people's behavior and intrinsic value.

Modeling cycles of recreational activities
Cycle of recreational activities - 1) a recreation program that allows, on the basis of behavioral opportunities and patterns, to realize certain recreational goals, motivations and claims in

Activities and development of territories
(according to D.V. Nikolaenko) One of the very important, persistent problems and research topics in recreational geography is related to the ecology of the most popular recreational areas. There is a si

The concept and goals of tourism
Using the most authoritative publication on tourism terminology - the encyclopedia of tourism by V.A. Kvartalnova and I.V. Zorin we can give the following definitions of tourism and tour

Types of tourism
Automobile tourism - 1) a special type of travel using a personal or rented car as a means of transport; 2) specially organized categorical pu

Tourist: concept, goals, types
There are many definitions of a tourist, which reflect the direction of the normative act and certain economic interests of the state by belonging. Actually over this def

Types of tourists
All tourists can be classified according to the following criteria: depending on their activity; depending on lifestyle. Traditionally among tourists according to their activity during the holidays

The concept and foundations of program tourism
Tourism (from the French - a walk, a trip) is a trip in your free time, one of the types of active recreation, which has now become a whole industry, a global industry. Basic

Recreational district formation and zoning
(according to DV Nikolaenko) District formation is an objective process. It lasts for centuries within a certain socio-cultural standard for the development of t

And its use at the regional level
(according to E. Loginova) The diversity of landscapes, climate, flora and fauna and other tourist resources leads to the need to identify different regions in order to systematize

And its characteristics
Recreational zoning - dividing the territory according to the principle of homogeneity of features, the nature of recreational use. The main features of the recreational area

As a basis for recreational zoning
The general task in assessing the territory for recreational purposes is divided into two parts: a) assessment of natural complexes for human use in various types of recreational activities

In international tourism
Tourist zoning is the process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational features in them and tourist areas are distinguished.

Zoning in the system of international tourism
(According to A.Yu. Aleksandrova) Integral tourist zoning of the world has many positive aspects: 1. Zoning helps to “name” different territories of the world

Areas of narrow and broad specialization
At present, a certain hierarchy of tourist areas has developed: a tourist and recreational zone, a tourist macro-district, a tourist meso-district, a tourist microdistrict, a tourist area.

Tourist regions of broad and narrow specialization
All tourist areas are divided into areas of broad and narrow specialization. Tourist regions of wide specialization. In the tourism industry, the attention of organizers and mediators

General provisions of the typology of tourist centers
Knowledge of tourist centers and recreational areas is one of the main requirements for a tourism business manager. There is also a special academic discipline -

Recreational potential of Russian tourist centers
For the selection of objects of assessment A.I. Zorin conducted a full content analysis of articles from the main interactive encyclopedias, reference books and dictionaries. Content analysis -

Scale for assessing the recreational potential of the territory
Taxa Representativeness Assessment of recreational potential, points Recreation Resorts E

International tourism is a global socio-economic phenomenon of our time
Over the post-war decades, international tourism has been rapidly developing throughout the planet. In addition to Europe, which is a traditional tourist region, the countries of America, Asia, A

International tourism in a relatively short period of time has passed in its development from the "aristocratic" in the 19th - early 20th centuries, when tourist travel was made on an individual basis.

Problems of seasonality in international tourism
A general trend and at the same time a serious problem in international tourism is seasonality, characterized by sharp increases in tourist flows in summer and declines in winter, and especially in winter.

Development and geography of international tourism
(according to V.P. Maksakovskiy) International tourism is one of the forms of exchange of services. At the heart of the tourism boom that has swept the whole world in recent decades, lies

Dynamics of international tourism in 1950-2000
Years Number of foreign tourists, million people Receipts, billion dollars Years Number of foreign tourists, million people Income

Geography of international tourism
The spread of modern international tourism is characterized by significant territorial unevenness. In its most general form, it reflects different levels of social

Shift in the regional structure of international tourism in 1970-1998
Tourist macro-regions Europe 113/12 154/26

Countries leading in international tourism in the late 90s
Countries Number of foreign tourists, mln. Receipts, billion dollars Countries Number of foreign tourists, million people Receipts, mlr

Geography of tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment
Features of the geography of tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment. Tourist flows for the purpose of recreation and entertainment are the most massive and determine the geographical structure of the international

Geography of business tourism
Geography of business trips. More than 100 million business trips are made annually in the world. Their territorial distribution is characterized by extreme unevenness. Pain

Geography of religious tourism
Pilgrimage. Today, like many centuries ago, religious beliefs are one of the main motives for traveling. Every year, over 200 million people in the world make a pilgrimage

Geography of health tourism
Medical travel has a long history. Even the ancient Greeks and Romans used healing springs and places with a favorable climate in order to improve their health.

Explanatory note
The discipline "Recreational Geography" is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 230500 "Socio-cultural service and tourism" and studying

Requirements for the knowledge and skills of students in the discipline
The student must know: 1. Basic theoretical provisions and basic concepts and terms of the course. 2. Fundamentals of recreational and tourist nature management. 3

Object and subject of recreational geography
and its place in the system of geographical sciences” 1. The concepts of the object and subject of scientific research. Understand the content of the following concepts: § Object of study

Basic terms and concepts
recreational geography” 1. Recreation: concept, types and forms. Socio-economic essence and main functions of recreation and recreation. 2. Recreation and rest. Main

Recreation as a sociocultural
phenomenon of modernity” 1. The meaning of recreation in the context of the socio-cultural evolution of mankind. 2. Recreation as an attribute of human activity.

The resource component of the recreational
and tourism activities” 1. Recreational resources and their types. Classification of recreational resources. Recreational resource capacity. Recreational cadastre. 2. When

Ecological aspects and problems of recreational
and tourism activities” 1. Recreational and tourist nature management. Recreational nature management and nature protection. 2. Functional model and basic

Recreational geography
new independent states” 1. Tourist and recreational zones and areas of the new independent states. 2. Caucasus-Black Sea recreational area

Subject of analysis
1. Determination of the current state and prospects for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the region. 2. The main parameters of demand formation (geographical, temporal, social

Development tasks
According to the curriculum, it is envisaged to study the basics of travel agency and tour operator activities, various types of tourism and the variety of forms of tourist travel, as well as numerous types

Choosing a development theme
When choosing a development topic, the student must take into account his interest in a certain type of tourism, in any region of the world, or in his own country, in a certain area of human life. Except

Tour development plan
1. Collect a brief geographical description of the travel area (geographical location, territorial affiliation, climate, nature, resources, etc.) 2. Brief historical background

Tour design
The text of the tour can be handwritten or typewritten, in the amount of 5-10 sheets, with a title page drawn up according to the requirements established by the educational institution. Work at the request of the student can be

Available to the average consumer and necessary
for making decisions about the annual rest "Assignment: 1. Analyze the monthly volume of regional periodicals - weeklies and magazines

Subjects of examinations/abstracts
(for part-time/full-time students) 1. Object and subject of recreational geography research. 2. Terminological apparatus of recreational geography.

Questions for the exam (test) in the discipline
"Recreational geography" 1. Object, subject and methods of the course. The main tasks of recreational geography at the present stage. 2. The place of recreational geography in the system

Foreign Europe
Seas: Adriatic, Azov, Baltic, Ionian, Ligurian, Marmara, Northern, Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, Black, Aegean. Bays: Biscay, Bo

Overseas Asia
Seas: Andaman, Arabian, Arafura, East China, Yellow, Caspian, Red, Dead, Marble, Mediterranean, Sulawesi, Timor, Black, South China, Javanese,

Africa
Seas: Red, Mediterranean. Bays: Aden, Guinean, Sidra. Straits: Bab el Mandeb, Gibraltar, Moz

North America
Seas: Baffin, Bering, Beaufort, Caribbean, Labrador, Sargasso, Chukchi. Bays: Alaska, Bristol, Hudson, California, Kam

South America
Seas: Caribbean. Bays: Venezuelan, La Plata, Panama. Straits: Drake, Panama Canal.

Australia and Oceania
Seas: Arafura, Coral, New Guinea, Solomon, Tasmanovo, Timor, Fiji. Bays: Great Australian, Joseph Bonaparte, Carpentaria, Papua.

Russian Federation
Seas washing the territory of the country: Barents, White, Pechora, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Black, Azov, Caspian, Baltiysk

Assessment of the recreational quality of the territory
1. Measures of exoticism, attractiveness and uniqueness of natural and historical-cultural objects: · Information essence of cultural-historical objects; · Learn

Historical and cultural characteristics of the territories
(according to Yu.D. Dmitrevsky) 1. The study of the civil and military history of the object, the identification of the influence of the historical factor on the formation of the object. 2. Study of historical archeology

Plan of characteristics of the tourist and recreational area
1. Geographical location of the region. 2. Natural conditions (general physical and geographical structure of the region): Ø Relief. Ø Climatic features and resources.

Conceptual and terminological dictionary
Agglomeration is a type of territorial recreational system that arises on the basis of a large tourist center with a vast area of the urbanization zone that absorbs adjacent areas.

Generalized system of criteria for the value of natural and cultural heritage, including cultural landscapes
1. Public recognition of the object as a masterpiece of creation - whether the creative genius of man, the creative forces of nature, or, for the cultural landscape, man-made forces, with

Natural and cultural complexes
Requirements of GO subsystems PKK TS OP OU GO

Russian Federation
№ Reserve (B) – biospheric Area, ha Year of creation Location 1.

State national parks of Russia
№ National park Area, ha Year of establishment Location 1. Alanya

Types of recreational activities
RTD index RTD name Examples of ERD β1 Bathing Swimming in open water

Types of elementary recreational activities
Index Name of types of recreational activities Examples of elementary recreational activities Klim

Functional areas that differ in the degree of use for recreation
(B.B. Rodoman, 1976) Degree of use for recreation Type of territory City park

of federal importance
Tourism development zones of federal significance Specialization by types of tourism Cities, regions and objects recommended for tourism development