2 prove that Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth (examples)
Why is Antarctica called the land of the hard sun?
4 people in Antarctica. Why study Antarctica
There are 5 oases in Africa and Antarctica (examples) bombarding features and differences.
(if you don’t know, don’t do it from the Internet, it’s advisable not to take it)
Thank you in advance.
Australia, North America, Eurasia, Antarctica, Africa. C) Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, Antarctica. 2. The first circumnavigation was made by: A) F. Magellan, B) Przhevalsky F.F.
3. The coasts of Africa are washed by the seas: A) the Arctic Ocean B) the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans C) the Atlantic, Indian, South 4. The highest mountain system of South America are: A) Andes, B) Himalayas, Pamir, Tibet B) Rocky Mountains, Coast Range 5. The largest rivers in Africa: A) Missouri, Mackenzie, Yukon. B) Nile, Congo, Niger. C) Volga, Amur, Syr Darya. 6. States of South America: A) Brazil, Argentina, Chile B). USA, Canada, Mexico. C) China, Russia, Kazakhstan. 7. Mountains of North America: A) Andes B) Appalachians
8. Extreme points of Africa: A) Almadi, Ben-Seka, Igolny, Ras-Hafun B) York, Southeast, Southwest, Byron C) Roca, Chelyuskin, Piay, Dezhnev 9. Which ocean is the warmest in terms of surface temperature water? 1) Indian 2) Pacific 3) Atlantic 4) Arctic. 10. Which statement about the USA is not true? A) Appalachian mountains are located in the east of the country. b) The capital of the United States is the city of Washington. C) The westernmost point of North America is located on the territory of the United States - Cape Prince of Wales. D) The United States is the third largest country in the world. 11. Which statement is wrong? a) China is the most populated country in the world. B) The coastal part of China is characterized by a monsoonal climate. C) The Yangtze River, which flows through China, is the longest river in Eurasia. D) The largest territories in China are occupied by the natural zone of steppes and forest-steppes. 12. Which of the following cities is the capital of Australia? A) Melbourne B) Sydney
II. In tasks 13 - 15, match the country and its capital. 13. Country
1. Poland
2. Estonia
3. Switzerland
14. Country
1. Georgia
2. Saudi Arabia
3. Mongolia
15. Country
1. Canada
2. Brazil
3. Argentina
III. In tasks 16 - 17, identify the state by its brief description
16. The state is located in Western Europe. The capital is located on one of the major rivers. The state language is spread throughout the world due to the colonial past of this state. The symbol of the capital of the state is the tower built for the World Trade Exhibition.
17. The state is located on the African continent and occupies a coastal position. The territory of the state is washed by the seas that are part of two oceans. The seas are connected by a shipping channel.
>> Eurasia - a continent of contrasts
Chapter 7
Continents are the largest natural
land complexes
§ 1. Eurasia - the continent of contrasts
Geographical position. size and outline. Oceans and seas surrounding the mainland.
Eurasia is the largest continent on Earth. Together with the islands, its area is 54 million km 2 - this is one third of the land. The mainland consists of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The border between them is drawn conditionally: along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Emba River, the northern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Kuma-Manych depression. Further, Europe and Asia are separated by the Black and Azov Seas and the Bosporus and Dardanelles, connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. Eurasia is separated from Africa by the Suez Canal, and from North America by the Bering Strait.
Names of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - come from the Assyrian words "ereb" - west and "asu" - east.
Occupying 1/3 of the entire land, Eurasia concentrates 3D of the planet's population, and the peoples inhabiting the mainland are so numerous and diverse that their listing alone could take several pages. Our state is also located in Eurasia - Russia.
Eurasia is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The prime meridian crosses its territory in the west. The coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland:
northern - Cape Chelyuskin - 78 ° N. latitude, 105° east d.
southern - Cape Piai - 1° N. sh., 104 ° in. d.
western - Cape Roca - 39 ° N. latitude, 9° W d.
eastern - Cape Dezhnev - 67 ° N. latitude, 170° W d.
Eurasia is washed by the waters of all four oceans, which form marginal and inland seas near its shores: the Baltic, Black, Azov, Mediterranean, North and Norwegian seas; the Straits of Gibraltar and the English Channel, as well as the Bay of Biscay, belong to the Atlantic Ocean. There are large islands here: Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, as well as peninsulas: Scandinavian, Iberian, Apennine. The northern shores of Eurasia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean: Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi. The largest islands are Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard; peninsulas - Taimyr, Yamal. The Bering Strait connects the Arctic Ocean with Quiet, which forms marginal seas off the coast of Eurasia: Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow, East China, South China. The largest islands: Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Honshu, Philippine, Greater Sunda; peninsulas: Kamchatka, Korea, Indochina.
The seas of the Indian Ocean (Red, Arabian) and bays (Persian, Bengal) protrude deep into the land. They wash large peninsulas - Arabian, Hindustan, Malacca.
Eurasia is a continent of contrasts. Due to the enormous size of the mainland, the nature of Eurasia is diverse and complex. Here is the greatest peak in the world - Mount Chomolungma (Everest) with a height of 8848 m and the deepest land depression (in relation to sea level) - the Dead Sea (-402 m); the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere in Oymyakon, where a temperature of -70°C was recorded, and the sultry regions of Mesopotamia; arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula, where only 44 mm of precipitation falls per year, and humid regions of Northeast India (Cherrapunji) with a rainfall of 12,000 mm or more per year; Arctic deserts are located in the north of the mainland, and humid equatorial forests are located in the south.
From the history of the study. Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the founding of the First Geographical Institute by the Portuguese Prince Henry, the inhabitants of Europe actively explored the surrounding lands and made geographical discoveries. One of the first were the Phoenicians, who in the II century BC. e. explored the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, then the ancient Greeks completed the discovery of southern Europe. And during the reign of the Romans, who conquered the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the name of the third part of the world appeared - Africa. During the Age of Discovery, the famous voyage of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama to India took place, as well as the circumnavigation of Ferdinand Magellan, who, having crossed the Pacific Ocean, approached the islands of Indonesia. The nature of Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East has long remained a mystery to European geographers.
The famous expeditions of our compatriots - Semyon Dezhnev to Siberia and the Far East, Vladimir Atlasov to Kamchatka, Pyotr Chikhachev to the Altai, Pyotr Semenov-Tien Shansky to the Tien Shan mountains, Nikolai Przhevalsky to Central Asia - filled in the gaps on the geographical maps of Asia.
Relief and minerals. Diversity relief Eurasia is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the earth's crust in different parts of the mainland. The ancient platforms: East European, Siberian, Sino-Korean, Indian, African-Arabian correspond to vast stable plains: the East European Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Great Chinese Plain, the Deccan Plateau, the Arabian Plateau. The areas of new folding correspond to mountain belts: the Alpine-Himalayan, including the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the Pamirs, the Himalayas; as well as the Pacific belt of folded mountains (part of the Pacific "Ring of Fire"), stretching along the eastern coast of Eurasia from Kamchatka to the Malay Archipelago. Here, in the Pacific Ocean, there are deep-sea trenches. These are seismically active areas with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the most famous of which are: Vesuvius (Apennine Peninsula), Etna (Sicily), Hekla (Iceland). The highest active volcano in Eurasia is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m) on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Fujiyama (Honshu Island), Krakatoa, located on a small island in the Malay Archipelago.
The Ural, Altai, Tien Shan mountains appeared in the era of ancient folding. However, the Altai and Tien Shan underwent new uplifts - the rejuvenation of the relief, in contrast to the Ural Mountains, which are severely destroyed and smoothed out.
Next to the folded mountains in the foothills layer of the earth's crust lowlands were formed, for example, the Indo-Gangetic (Hindostan Peninsula) and Mesopotamian (Arabian Peninsula).
Minerals of Eurasia extremely diverse, and their reserves are large. Iron ore deposits in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, in the Hindustan Peninsula and northeast China are associated with igneous rocks. A strip of deposits of such rare metals as tungsten and tin stretched across southern China, the Indochina and Malacca peninsulas, forming the so-called tin-tungsten belt. Non-ferrous metal ores abound in the mountains of the Alpine-Himalayan belt, the Deccan plateau.
The West Siberian Lowland, the coast of the Persian Gulf, the North Sea shelf, the Arabian Peninsula and the Mesopotamian Lowland are exceptionally rich in oil and gas. Deposits of coal are also associated with sedimentary rocks, the largest of which are located in the Ruhr and Upper Silesian basins in Western Europe, in the Donets basin in southern Russia, as well as on the Great Chinese Plain and the Indo-Gangetic Lowland.
Iron ore deposits are associated with metamorphic rocks, such as the Kursk magnetic anomaly in Russia, as well as with sedimentary ones (the Lorraine deposit in Western Europe). Bauxites are of sedimentary origin. Their deposits are located along the Alps, south of the Carpathians and on the Indochina peninsula.
Eurasia is the only continent of the Earth, which is located in all climatic zones and in all natural zones (Fig. 26). Its nature is extremely diverse, therefore, several large natural complexes are distinguished on its territory: Northern, Western, Central and Southern Europe; Southwest, Central, East and South Asia. The patterns of population development and the political map are also very different, so we will consider them separately for Europe and Asia.
Foreign Europe
The coasts of Europe are characterized by a maritime climate. Most of it lies in the temperate zone and is influenced by westerly winds that carry moisture from the Atlantic. The western transfer contributes to the formation of cyclones on the fronts of air masses of different properties (arctic, temperate and tropical), which often causes cloudy and rainy weather: cool in summer, mild in winter, with temperatures above 0°C. The climate of Scandinavia is strongly influenced by the warm North Atlantic current: thanks to it, coniferous and deciduous forests grow in the south of the peninsula, while most of the island of Greenland, which lies at approximately the same latitudes as the Scandinavian Peninsula, is ice-bound all year round.
Foreign Europe has a dense river network belonging to the Atlantic Ocean basin (with rare exceptions). The longest river is the Danube (2850 km), other large rivers: the Rhine, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, Tahoe, Duero. There are many lakes in Northern Europe, especially in Finland.
Northern Europe includes the islands: Svalbard, Iceland and Fennoscandia (the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland). The main attraction of the southwestern coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula is narrow deep bays with steep banks - fjords. The depth of the largest of them - Sogne Fjord - is 1200 m, and the length is 220 km. Fjords were formed as a result of faults in the Scandinavian mountains. During the glaciation, these faults were deepened and expanded. Fenno-Scandia - the land of lakes and forests (mainly coniferous).
Central Europe occupies the Central European plains, the largest of which are the North German and Polish lowlands; coasts of the North and Baltic seas; the region of medium-altitude mountains of Central Europe (French and Czech massifs, the Ore Mountains), the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as the mountain ranges of the Alps and the Carpathians with adjacent plains. The southern coast of the North Sea is characterized by the so-called secular fluctuations of the earth's crust, as a result of which the coastal lowlands are gradually lowered (by 1 mm per year). Many of their sites (in the Netherlands, for example) are already below sea level, so their population has to fight the advancing sea and build dams.
Central Europe is located in the zone of broad-leaved beech and oak forests, which are favored by a humid warm climate and brown forest soils. However, the forests are heavily cut down, and in their place are industrial areas, the largest of which - the Ruhr - is located in Germany.
Southern Europe located in the subtropical zone in the Mediterranean climate. It includes the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas and the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. This is the most unstable part of the earth's crust in Europe, which is part of the Alpine-Himalayan belt. Despite this, Southern Europe is famous for its resorts. Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria are annually visited by millions of tourists. The comfortable Mediterranean climate is formed under the influence of two different types of air masses that change with the seasons. In winter, westerly winds bring humid oceanic air from temperate latitudes from the Atlantic. And the summer here is hot and dry under the influence of tropical air masses. Evergreen hardwood forests and shrubs grow in the Mediterranean. The brought plants also feel good here - various palm trees and citrus fruits.
Population and political map. More than 500 million people live in foreign Europe. This is the region of the most ancient settlement, the "cradle" of several ancient civilizations (ancient and Christian). On the territory of Europe for several millennia, the most important events of world history were played out, associated with conquests, wars, mass migrations of peoples, which led to a very complex ethnic composition of its population. The majority of the current European population belongs to the Indo-European language family, which includes three language groups: Germanic, Romance and Slavic. The number of speakers is dominated by the Germanic group (see map of the atlas).
Compared to other continents, the region of Foreign Europe is characterized by uniform settlement of territories, although there are differences in population density: a higher population density is observed in Southern and Central Europe, the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Iceland are poorly populated. 3/5 of the total population live in cities, the largest of which are: London, Madrid, Paris, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, Rome.
The political map of Europe abroad began to take shape a very long time ago and has undergone many changes. On the modern political map of the region, there are 42 states, among which the most economically developed are Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy. A feature of the political map of Europe is the presence of a number of dwarf states: the Vatican, Monaco, Andorra and others.
Overseas Asia
The relief of Foreign Asia has a much higher average height than Europe. There are many highlands here, the highest of which - Tibet - rises to 4.5 km. The climate of Asia is much hotter than that of Europe. The abundance of precipitation on the eastern and southeastern coasts is replaced by an arid climate in Central and Southwestern Asia. This is the desert area. The climate of Asia is largely influenced by relief. Let's take an example. The Himalayas almost do not allow moist air masses from the Indian Ocean to pass north. Therefore, up to 12,000 mm of precipitation falls annually on the southern slopes, while to the north of the Himalayan mountains is one of the driest deserts in the world - Takla Makan.
Southwest Asia located on the Arabian Peninsula, the Mesopotamian lowland, as well as on the vast uplands: Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian, along the outskirts of which rise high, relatively recently formed folded mountains. With the advancement from the Mediterranean Sea to the east, the climate from the Mediterranean gradually becomes subtropical continental. The mountain ranges prevent the penetration of moisture to the east. Arabia is located in an area of tropical dry climate. Here is the desert of Rub al-Khali. Desert landscapes are characteristic of most of Southwest Asia. The most convenient places for people to live are along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and on the Mesopotamian lowland, where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Indian Ocean basin) create favorable conditions for irrigated agriculture.
central Asia is a combination of huge plateaus and uplands with high mountain ranges of the Tien Shan and Kun-Lun, the peaks of which rise to 7 km or more. The main feature of the climate of Central Asia is a sharp continentality with large daily and annual temperature ranges. This is the land of dry steppes and deserts, the largest of which - the Gobi - is located northeast of the Tibetan Plateau. High ridges prevent the penetration of moist air masses from the oceans into Central Asia, so only 100 mm of precipitation falls in Tibet per year. Glaciers are located here, giving rise to large rivers: the Yangtze, the Yellow River, the Mekong, the Brahmaputra, the Indus.
East Asia includes mainland (Eastern China and the Korean Peninsula) and insular (Japanese Islands) natural complexes. This is an area of monsoon climate with variable wet (monsoon) forests. From north to south, the region is crossed by two climatic zones: temperate and subtropical. Therefore, in the north, the winter monsoon is dry and cold (average temperatures are negative), and the summer monsoon is humid and hot. To the south, winter and summer temperatures gradually increase. The large Chinese rivers Yangtze (5800 km) and Yellow River (4845 km), carrying their waters to the Pacific Ocean, overflow in summer during the wet monsoon.
A characteristic feature of the climate of East Asia and the Japanese islands is typhoons. These are hurricane winds originating in the Pacific Ocean. They cause great destruction and are accompanied by heavy downpours.
South Asia includes the Himalayas - the greatest mountain system in the world, ten peaks of which exceed 8 km; the Indo-Gangetic lowland with full-flowing rivers Indus (3180 km) and Ganges (2700 km), flowing into the Indian Ocean; the Hindustan Peninsula, where the Deccan Plateau is located, exceptionally rich in ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; the peninsula of Indochina with its tin-tungsten belt, as well as deposits of zinc, silver, gold and diamonds; as well as the Malay Archipelago, whose islands are covered with humid equatorial forests.
South Asia is located in the subequatorial and equatorial belts and is under the influence of the southwest monsoons.
In the Himalayas, altitudinal zonality is pronounced. Here you can find almost all the natural zones of the Earth, which replace each other when climbing the mountains. It is not for nothing that plant hunters tend to the Himalayas, because here you can collect an extraordinary collection, especially since the places are difficult to access and little mastered by man.
Population and political map. Foreign Asia is the most populous region of the Earth: about 4 billion people live here, i.e. over half of all mankind. The population is extremely diverse in racial and national composition. Representatives of all three major races live here, as well as peoples who combine in their appearance the features of different races. The most numerous peoples speak Indian and Sino-Tibetan languages. In Southwest Asia, they speak Arabic and the languages of the Iranian language group.
Due to the peculiarities of the relief, the population is distributed over the territory extremely unevenly. Very high population density in the river valleys and coastal regions of South and East Asia. The high-mountainous and desert central regions of the region are very sparsely populated. The population of Overseas Asia is growing very rapidly, especially in China and India. 34% of the population lives in cities. Largest cities: Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Mumbai (Bombay), Shanghai, Jakarta, Calcutta. On the political map of the region, there are 48 states that vary greatly in size and population. Almost all countries in terms of economic development are among the developing countries, and Japan is in the lead in the list of developed countries. Significant economic success in recent years has been achieved by the largest country in the world - China, as well as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore (see map of the atlas).
Goals:
- to form students' understanding of the geographical location and nature of Antarctica;
- introduce the history of the discovery of Antarctica;
- develop the ability to work with a map, a globe;
– to cultivate a sense of pride for compatriot travelers who have contributed to the discovery of new lands.
Equipment: a map of the hemispheres; globes; portraits of travelers; drawings, photographs depicting the flora and fauna of Antarctica.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
1. Frontal survey.
- Using the map, tell about the geographical position of the mainland.
- Using the map, tell about the relief of Australia.
- Why are some rivers of Australia shown on the map with dashed lines?
- Who discovered Australia?
- What is the name of a huge number of islands near Australia? (Oceania.)
- Name some amazing plants and animals found in Australia.
2. Graphic dictation.
If the statement is correct, then the students put a “+” sign, if the statement is incorrect, then the “-” sign.
1) There are no high mountains in Australia.
2) There are a lot of rivers in Australia.
3) Australia is the driest continent.
4) Australia is the largest continent.
5) The indigenous people of Australia are the natives.
6) Date palms grow in Australia.
7) In Australia you can meet platypus, echidna.
Answers: +; -; +; -; +; -; +.
Students submit their work for review.
3. Message from students about the flora and fauna of Australia.
III. The topic of the lesson.
- Listen to the riddle. Which continent are we going to today?
I can swim to that land
Where do penguins hide their noses?
Because it's freezing cold there.
(Antarctica.)
IV. How the sixth continent of the Earth was discovered.
Look at the map of the hemispheres and the globe. Find Antarctica.
What is the geographic location of this continent?
- Sign the Earth's pole on the contour map of Antarctica (p. 52 in the workbook).
What oceans surround Antarctica?
- Sign on the contour map the names of the seas washing the mainland.
What is the climate of this continent?
- This continent is also called the country of cold, snow and silence. Severe, insidious, but also beautiful nature of Antarctica. Snowy plains stretch for many hundreds of kilometers in Antarctica, sometimes interrupted by mountain ranges, polished to a shine by snow blizzards. There are three ridges in Antarctica named after the legendary musketeers: Athos, Porthos and Aramis. Erebus, the highest volcano in Antarctica, builds amazing "castles" of ice crystals and rocks. Found in Antarctica, on Victoria Land, a salt lake, the water of which is 11 times saltier than the ocean. This lake freezes only at 50 degrees below zero.
The ice of the mainland is the coldest - 60 degrees below zero. In Greenland, for example, the ice is much warmer: they have a temperature of "only" 28 degrees below zero. The silence of the mainland is sometimes interrupted by howls of hurricane winds, which sometimes rush here at speeds up to 90 m per second, sweeping away everything in their path. Sometimes, from a severe frost, the snow “screams” like a person. Birds also call out - albatrosses, gulls and numerous penguins. There are no flying insects here.
- Who and how discovered the sixth continent?
- Read the text on p. 146 textbooks.
The teacher completes the text of the textbook.
(1778–1852), Russian navigator, admiral. In 1803-1806, he participated in the first Russian round-the-world trip led by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. In 1819-1921, he repeated a round-the-world trip on two ships Vostok (commander) and Mirny (under the leadership of M.P. Lazarev). Discovered Antarctica on January 28, 1920.
Amundsen Roald (1872–1928), Norwegian traveler, Arctic and Antarctic explorer He was the first to reach the South Pole in December 1911. In 1918-1920 he sailed along the northern coast of Eurasia. The airship "Norway" flew over the North Pole in 1926. Died in the Barents Sea while trying to find an Italian expedition.
The teacher conducts a discussion on questions.
What side of the horizon is the Sun at noon in Antarctica? (In the north.)
What oceans wash the shores of Antarctica? (All but the Arctic Ocean.)
What continent is Antarctica closest to? (South America .)
– Why is one of the seas surrounding Antarctica named after a Russian traveler?
– Why were all expeditions to Antarctica planned for the winter months? (It's summer in Antarctica at this time.)
– What are the similarities and differences between the Arctic and Antarctica?
- What is the difference between the inanimate nature of Antarctica? (The presence of icebergs.)
- What observations of sailors in the southern regions of the oceans told them about the existence of Antarctica? (Icebergs.)
– Each iceberg is a unique product of water, wind, frost and sun. Sailors who met icebergs in the ocean say that from afar in the sun it shimmers with different colors. Its top burns with a golden-orange color, below there is a strip of pale lemon color, and dark purple tones darken below. Nearby, stripes of sand and stones are visible on the iceberg, which were formed during its long slide along the rocky slopes of the largest plateau on Earth.
Are icebergs dangerous for marine travelers?
What is the difference between an iceberg and an ice floe? Draw how you imagine them.
Practical work (task No. 17).
– Investigate the lifting force of the ice floe.
For this, the teacher froze fresh water in a flat plastic box.
- Place the "floe" in the "sea" (salty) water poured into a bowl.
- Draw which part of the "iceberg" is above the water, which is under the water.
V. What is the wildlife of Antarctica.
What plants can be found in Antarctica? (Mosses, lichens, algae, several types of flowering plants.)
What animals can be found here? Consider the illustration on p. 149 textbooks.
- Guess the riddle, which animal we will meet now.
This people has
Antarctic fashion:
They wear white shirts
Wearing black pants
They wear a very curly ponytail.
They wear a very long coat.
(Penguin.)
How have penguins adapted to the harsh conditions of Antarctica?
Emperor, king, and Adélie penguins spend their entire lives in Antarctica. But some penguins have made their way to the southern tip of Australia, Africa and South America. Where the cold current invades the tropics, they rise to the equator and appear in the Galapagos Islands.
The most significant feature of their biology is that they cannot fly. Penguins lost their ability to fly a hundred million years ago. On land, they move extremely clumsily, but they swim superbly, reaching speeds of up to 40 km / h, diving tens of meters for food. Having accelerated in the water, like corks, they jump out of the water one and a half to two meters straight onto the ice fast ice.
The body of penguins is covered with thick waterproof plumage, and subcutaneous fat serves not only as reliable thermal insulation, but also maintains their strength when they stay on land for a long time, away from the sea that feeds them. The fact is that water has become such a familiar habitat for penguins that they simply do not know how to eat on land.
The legs of penguins are short and thick. Four fingers are connected by swimming membranes. The legs are carried far back, which ensures the vertical position of the body on land. The neck is thick, flexible, the beak is strong and sharp. The mouthparts act as a pump, sucking up a jet of water along with small prey.
The coloration of all penguins is similar: a black back and a white belly. It is curious that all species differences are located on their head or neck. This is due to the fact that a slowly swimming penguin does not completely sink into the water: the head and neck rise above the water. A fast-swimming penguin hides entirely underwater.
On land, penguins move slowly: with each step they have to turn their whole body. But if you need to move quickly, the penguin throws itself on its belly and slides on the ice, raking its wings and pushing off with its paws. At the same time, he moves faster than a person on skis.
Prepared students continue the teacher's story.
king penguin - an inhabitant of the subantarctic islands. Its dimensions do not exceed one meter. This penguin incubates the egg, putting it on its paws and covering it with an abdominal fold. As a result, there is no need for a nest, territorial disputes are excluded, and the egg is provided with enough heat even at forty-degree frosts. This way of incubation is extremely rare and is typical only for emperor and king penguins.
The largest penguin imperial - named so for its impressive height - 1 m 44 cm and weight from 26 to 42 kg. This is the only bird that never touches open ground and on a fierce polar night lays its only egg right on the Antarctic ice. An emperor penguin egg weighs 400 g.
Adelie Penguin nests along the shores of the Antarctic continent and on nearby islands on solid, snow-free ground. The nest is dug in the form of a hole and lined with pebbles. 2 eggs are laid. They are incubated by both parents.
The main enemy of penguins is the sea leopard. In coloring and habits, it really resembles a leopard from the cat family.
Sea leopard also a predator. This is the only seal that feeds on warm-blooded animals and even attacks its fellow seals.
The sea robber watches for victims, hiding under the edge of the ice. Even large prey, he sometimes swallows whole.
Wandering albatross record wingspan - up to 4.5 m! No other bird has such long wings. Albatross soars over the sea for hours using air currents. Scientists believe that wandering albatrosses circle the globe several times between breeding periods. Albatrosses are long-lived among birds and the world's largest seabirds.
Teacher. Most polar explorers working in Antarctica use dog sleds to get around. Once a Japanese expedition was taken out by helicopters, but they could not take out sled dogs due to stormy wind. Returning polar explorers and the Society for the Protection of Animals erected a monument to these dogs in Tokyo. On a marble slab was written: "Fifteen huskies who died of starvation in Antarctica."
A year later, the next Japanese expedition landed in Antarctica. Towards them, two huskies merrily ran to the helicopter. Dogs survived in harsh conditions without the help of people. They took refuge from the cold in snow dens, fed on penguin eggs.
VI. Summary of the lesson.
– What are the similarities and differences between the Arctic and Antarctic?
– What would the melting of their glaciers lead to?
- Where is it colder - at the North or South Pole?
Can a penguin and a polar bear meet?
Homework: workbook No. 2 (tasks No. 17, 18 on p. 53); textbook (pp. 146–151).
Lesson 65
Who and when made the first round-the-world
travel around the earth
Goals:
- to acquaint students with the features of the oceans;
- to form an idea of students about the first round-the-world trips around the Earth;
- develop the ability to work with a map;
Equipment: travel maps; hemisphere map; drawings depicting various ships, portraits of great travelers.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Checking homework.
1. The game "Guess the continents."
- I am the smallest continent with the driest climate, which is located entirely in the southern hemisphere.
- And I'm in the Southern Hemisphere, but for some reason people are in no hurry to populate me.
- And I am almost all between the northern and southern tropics, they call me the hottest continent.
2. Use the arrows to indicate on which continents the geographic objects are located.
On the desk:
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4. Frontal survey.
- Who discovered the sixth continent of the Earth?
What are the dangers of traveling to Antarctica?
How are icebergs formed?
Why is Antarctica called the birthplace of icebergs?
– What are the similarities and differences between the natural conditions of Antarctica and the Arctic?
Is Antarctica inhabited? What kind of plants and animals are found there and where?
Who owns the land of Antarctica? Do people live there? What are they doing?
5. Working with a map of the hemispheres.
Name the highest mountains of each continent. The teacher makes a table.
The highest height in meters |
|
North America | |
South America | |
Antarctica | |
Australia |
III. The topic of the lesson.
- Listen to M. Pogarsky's poem.
oceans of the earth
Four oceans sleep
Salon is their water,
She won't get drunk.
Pacific Ocean to the east
The strongest and biggest.
Atlantic to the west
Runs with a blue wave.
Ocean Indian south
Occupies the blue corner.
And for the northern sides
Arctic sends a bow.
What geographical features does it describe?
The oceans are roads for travelers. Today we will find out who and when made the first round-the-world trips around the Earth.
IV. Who and when made the first trips around the Earth.
Look at the map of the hemispheres and the globe. Name the oceans of the Earth.
Name the oceans in ascending order of their water surface area.
- Find on the map of the hemispheres the seas of the Pacific Ocean, washing Russia, and three ports of Russia.
- Find islands in different hemispheres of the Earth.
- Indicate the directions of the sides of the horizon at some point in the ocean on the map of the hemispheres.
- Think about why our planet was not called the Ocean.
- You can often read that the Earth has appropriated a strange name for itself and that it should be called the planet Oceanus. Indeed, more than 2/3 of the Earth's surface is covered with a water shell - the World Ocean. Yes, and you have already noted that there is much more blue on the globe than green, yellow, brown. But this is a superficial view. The entire thickness of the Earth consists mainly of rocks, and only a small part of it is water. The average depth of the World Ocean is only 4 km, and the distance to the center of the Earth (its radius) is 6371 km.
The teacher demonstrates the "Oceans" table.
Maximum depth in meters |
|
Atlantic | |
Indian | |
Arctic |
– Explain why irregularities in the relief of the earth's surface (land and day of the oceans) are not important when modeling the sphericity of the Earth.
- Since the scale of the globe is very small, even the highest peaks and deepest depressions will look like irregularities of less than a millimeter: Everest (8848 m), for example, on a globe with a diameter of 50 cm will be 0.35 mm high, and the Mariana Trench (11022 m) - on the globe 0.43 mm.
- Using the map of the hemispheres, make a table:
Number of continents washed |
|
North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia, Eurasia |
|
Atlantic | North America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Eurasia |
Indian | Antarctica, Australia, Africa, Eurasia |
Arctic | Eurasia, North America |
- Using a map of the hemispheres, make a table explaining which oceans wash the shores of different continents.
The number of oceans washing the shores |
|
Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian |
|
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific |
|
North America | Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific |
South America | Quiet, Atlantic |
Australia | Indian, Quiet |
Antarctica | Indian, Pacific, Atlantic |
Students read the text on p. 152–153 of the textbook.
Who made the first circumnavigation of the world?
Physical education minute
V. Generalization of knowledge on the topic.
The teacher talks about great travelers.
Magellan Fernand (Magalhaes Fernan) (1480-1521), Portuguese navigator. In 1519, five ships of the Spanish expedition set sail from the coast of Spain, and three years later one of them returned there, making the world's first circumnavigation. The route of this unprecedented voyage lay across the Atlantic Ocean along the eastern coast of South America, around the southern tip of the mainland, across the entire vast Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia and further to Europe along the already well-known path of the great Portuguese Vasco da Gama. Magellan, who died in this voyage, opened the era of round-the-world travels, which finally confirmed the sphericity of the Earth. After Magellan, his feat was repeated by many glorious navigators.
- Show the Strait of Magellan on the map.
Drake Francis (1545–1596), English navigator, admiral. He made the second trip around the world in 1577-1580. The strait connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is named after him.
- Find it on the map.
(1856–1920), American traveler Tried to reach the North Pole by dog sled.
Nansen Fridtjof (1861–1930), Norwegian oceanographer, explorer of the Arctic. Explored the island of Greenland by skiing. He sailed along the coast of Asia to the mouth of the Yenisei, and then traveled through Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
(1868–1912), English traveler Antarctic explorer. In 1901-1904 he explored the ice expanses of the mainland. In 1910-1912 he made an attempt to reach the South Pole. In January 1912 he reached it. On the way back, he died along with his companions.
Cousteau Jacques-Yves (1910–1997), French oceanographer, explorer of the underwater world. He invented scuba gear and a bathyscaphe - an underwater house, translated from French as "diving saucer". In 1967-1970 he traveled around the world, conducting oceanographic observations and filming. Actively fought for environmental protection.
Bathyscaphe, bathysphere - from the Greek. bathis is deep, skaphos is a vessel, sphaira is a ball. The first bathyscaphe was built in 1948. It is a self-propelled vehicle with an electric motor that drives the propellers. The steel cabin can accommodate 1-3 people. In 1960, a bathyscaphe sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.
After Magellan, his feat was repeated by many glorious navigators, including the Russian Ivan Kruzenshtern in the 19th century.
Circumnavigation "Hope"
The first round-the-world trip in Russian history was made at the beginning of the 19th century by the Nadezhda and Neva ships under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky.
During the expedition they explored the Pacific Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka. We visited China and Japan.
In addition, Kruzenshtern made very interesting notes that are useful not only to contemporaries, but also to descendants. From them we learn a lot of interesting things about the life of Japan at the beginning of the 19th century. An ambassador arrived in Japan on Russian ships to establish diplomatic relations with that country. Rich gifts were brought as a gift to the emperor. But despite all the efforts of the Russians, the Japanese did not accept the ambassador and rejected the establishment of relations with Russia.
But what interesting information Kruzenshtern wrote down about the way of life of the Japanese: “The attire of the Japanese consists of a short upper dress, with wide sleeves and a narrow lower one, the length of the heels, which is similar to the clothes of European women, with the difference that the bottom is much narrower and for walking is very uncomfortable. The rich differ from the poor in that the former wear silk clothes, while the latter wear simple thick cloth. Many have a family coat of arms embroidered on their upper dress, the size of a large coin ...
... In winter, the Japanese often wear five and six dresses worn one on top of the other. Instead of shoes, they wear only soles woven from straw, which are held by straps worn on the thumb ...
The Japanese do not cut or shave their beards, but pull them out by hair with tweezers so that they do not grow quickly. These tweezers, along with a metal mirror, every Japanese keeps in his pocket book.
- Show on the map which regions of the globe were explored by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.
The teacher demonstrates drawings depicting ships on which Russian sailors sailed, Columbus, Magellan, Bellingshausen, Amundsen, Heyerdahl.
– Compare these ships (strength, material).
- Which animal-travelers have monuments erected? Explain why. (Camel, dog, horse.)
- What place on Earth is referred to in the excerpt from the poem by M. Isakovsky?
In the gray ocean, in the polar desert,
Far from the edge of the native,
Four comrades lived on an ice floe
At the very top of the earth.
(North Pole.)
– Who are we talking about?
- We are talking about polar explorers, E.K. Fedorov, who were landed on an ice floe near the North Pole on May 21, 1937 and stayed on it for 272 days.
The teacher invites the students to mark on the map the places that he talks about.
· The narrow strait washing South America is named after the greatest Spanish navigator Ferdinand Magellan. In 1519, his ships set sail from the coast of Spain, and three years later one of them returned, making the world's first circumnavigation. The route of this voyage ran across the Atlantic Ocean, along the east coast of South America, around the southern tip of the mainland, across the Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia and further around Africa to Europe.
· Thor Heyerdahl (Norwegian traveler and archaeologist) built the Kon-Tiki raft in the style of the ancients and sailed 800 km across the Pacific Ocean from Peru (South America) to the Tuamotu Islands.
· Norwegian Russland conquered Antarctica, walking alone without any help 2829 km from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean in 64 days. He walked 44.2 kilometers a day, dragging a sleigh with luggage. He began his journey on November 15, 1995 and after 35 days (1300 km) reached the South Pole. Sometimes he used a sail similar to a parachute, which in the wind helped him to move quite quickly.
· In the capital of Norway, Oslo, there is an open-air museum, which contains a collection of nautical means, on which travelers discovered new lands and explored them. There are Viking ships “floating to the shores of North America”, the ship “Fram”, on which Roald Amundsen drifted, the raft of Thor Heyerdahl “Kon-Tiki” and others.
VI. Summary of the lesson.
- Who and when made a round-the-world trip around the Earth?
How many years did Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world last?
Homework: workbook No. 2 (task No. 20 on p. 55); textbook (pp. 152–155).
Answers: 2, 4, 3; 7, 10, 8, 9, 6, 5.
Lesson 66
Generalization on the topic "Traveling the oceans
and the continents of the earth
Goals:
- repeat what has been learned about the geographical position and nature of the continents;
- to form the ability to work with a map;
- develop thinking;
- educate curiosity.
Equipment: a map of the hemispheres; task cards; photographs (drawings) depicting plants and animals of various continents.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. The topic of the lesson.
Prepared students read the poem.
world round dance
Poem for kids
of all peoples
For the Abyssinians
And the English
For Italian
And for the Russians
Swedish,
Turkish,
German,
French,
whose homeland
African coast,
For the redskins
of both Americas,
For the yellows
Which one to get up
Gotta when we go to bed
in bed;
For the Eskimos
What's in the cold and snow
Climb into a fur bag
for the night;
For kids
From tropical countries
Where in the trees
Don't eat monkeys;
For ripples
Dressed and naked
Those who live
In towns or villages...
perky people
Let it gather
in one round dance.
North of the planet
Let meet
West with East
And the kids are with each other!
J. Rodari
– Today we will remember the journeys across the continents and oceans of our planet.
We will hold a competition for the title of "Connoisseurs of great discoveries."
The class is divided into two teams.
III. Conducting a competition.
Competition "Questionnaire of our planet".
Teams receive a card in which they must write down all the data of our planet.
Questionnaire of our planet
1. Name ____ (Earth).
2. Form ______ (spherical).
3. Equator length _____ (40,000 km).
4. Distance to the Sun _____ (150,000,000 km).
5. Earth's natural satellite _____ (Moon).
6. Who and when was the first to see the Earth from space _____ (Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, April 12, 1961).
7. Nearest planets _____ (Venus and Mars).
8. Time of rotation around the axis _____ (24 hours).
9. Time of revolution around the Sun _____ (1 year - 365 days and 6 hours).
10. Number of poles _____ (2).
11. Number of continents _____ (6).
13. The largest mainland _____ (Eurasia).
14. The largest ocean is _____ (Quiet).
Sharp Eye Contest.
Teams receive cards and complete tasks.
Card 1. Write the names of the depicted continents.
Card 2. Sign the names of the depicted continents.
The team gets 3 points for a correct answer.
Contest "Where is my home"
Teams receive task cards.
- Connect the Eskimo, Arab, Slav with his housing. Explain why their clothes and housing are different.
For a correct answer, the team receives 3 points.
Competition "Geographical riddles".
- Now, having mastered geographical concepts, you can come up with geographical riddles yourself. I start and you continue:
– The longest river flows from the equator to the north..jpg" width="172" height="31">
- The city is located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, which flows into the White Sea, which belongs to the Arctic Ocean.
The mainland is a huge piece of land, surrounded on all sides by water. The continents consist of the continental crust, in everyday language called the earth. It did not immediately become known how many continents there are on Earth. We have now settled on the number six. These are Africa, Eurasia, South America, North America, Antarctica, Australia. The continents occupy the Earth evenly, there are no pronounced voids. The total area of the continents is slightly less than a third of the entire surface of the Earth. The islands that are adjacent to one or another mainland are also attributed to the continents.
Eurasia, South and North America
The largest and heaviest terrestrial continent is Eurasia. Eurasia is located on three hemispheres at once - Southern, Western and Eastern. Europe enters the Western Hemisphere only at its extremities from the east and west, and the most significant territory belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere.
From north to south, Eurasia stretches for eight thousand kilometers, from west to east the distance becomes twice as large and amounts to sixteen thousand kilometers. The area of Eurasia is more than 50,000,000 square kilometers. This means that the mainland occupies a third of the non-aquatic territory of the Earth. A map of planet Earth shows that there are as many as four oceans off the coast of Eurasia:
- the Arctic from the north;
- Indian from the south;
- Quiet from the east;
- Atlantic from the west.
The islands belonging to Eurasia are represented by a fairly large number and occupy an area of about 2.75 million square kilometers. Therefore, Eurasia is called that because it will unite two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Mountains are considered the border between them (very conditionally). In the north, Eurasia becomes part of the Arctic. The extreme western point of the mainland is Cape Roca, the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev.
South America also occupies more than one hemisphere, but is mainly located in the South and West, while only a small piece of the mainland enters the North. It borders on two oceans - the Pacific in the south and the Atlantic in the east. On the north side, the Caribbean Sea and the Isthmus of Panama separate South America from North America. Several islands adjoin South America. As the notes of the traveler http://notetravel.ru assure, the named mainland is the most "watery".
River arrays of the Amazon, Parana, Orinoco, the huge lake Tititaca, available for navigation, and countless other lakes - all this forms the richest water resources. South America boasts the most powerful waterfalls in the world - the famous Angel and Iguazu.
North America belongs to only one hemisphere - the Western. As already mentioned, the border with South America is the Isthmus of Panama. The Bering Strait lies between Eurasia and North America. Oceans and seas wash the shores of North America. Approximately one fifth of the area of the mainland is the territory of the islands adjacent to it. Among them:
- Aleutian;
- Vancouver;
- Greenland, etc.
Africa, Australia and Antarctica
Africa is the second largest world continent after Eurasia, which can be seen on the map of planet Earth. In the north, Africa meets the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, in the northeast - the Red Sea. The east and south are bordered by the Indian Ocean, and the west by the Atlantic. This is a unique land stretching from the northern subtropics to the south. Africa is crossed by the equator and several climatic zones.
Africa is the driest continent on Earth. There is little rainfall, no reserves of glacial water. Therefore, the mainland needs artificial irrigation. The most favorable for life is the coastal part of Africa with natural access to water. If you want to settle in Africa, then choose for yourself its shores.
Australia is also a very arid continent with deserts in the central part. It is the smallest continent of the Earth in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. It is located next to the Indian and Pacific oceans. It occupies only 7.6 million sq. km. The islands of Tasmania and New Guinea are considered to belong to this mainland.
The mainland Antarctica was discovered later than all other continents, it happened around the first half of the nineteenth century.
“So how many continents are there on Earth? Before the discovery of Antarctica, that answer was "five."
This is the coldest place on the planet, so there are almost no people here, except for research expeditions. The mainland is located on the very edge of the South Pole and is surrounded on all sides by the Southern Ocean. Antarctica is twice the size of Australia. The entire surface of the mainland is covered with ice and snow, so Antarctica is the custodian and supplier of fresh water.
Dry Australia
Although Australia and the arid mainland, the unique flora and natural world has been preserved on the continent. Nowhere else on the planet do platypuses and kangaroos live, tree-like palm trees do not grow.
The driest continent in the world is Australia. But his titles, which refer to "the most", do not end there. Australia is also the smallest piece of the continent, and its discovery was only in the 7th century. Australia is also the only place on earth where unique animals have been preserved.
They began to develop Australia only at the end of the 18th century. The English government of that time began to develop the territory in a rather peculiar way: they sent English convicts there to settle. Sydney - a large Australian city - arose as a colony of convicts.
Mainland scales
The shores of the mainland are washed by two oceans: Indian and Pacific. The sizes are "tiny" - in comparison with other continents - only 8.9 million square kilometers. For comparison, Eurasia is 6 times larger. If you look at the globe from top to bottom - Australia will be located in the south. It also occupies the Eastern Hemisphere.
From south to north, the length of the continent: 3200 km, from east to west - 4100. According to the latest data, Australia is inhabited by 24,000,000 people, and they all live in one state - the Commonwealth of Australia. More states on the territory of the continent did not fit. The capital city of the country is Canberra.
80% of the population are Anglo-American settlers, 1% of local residents are Aborigines. All the rest are immigrants from other countries. Aborigines live mostly on reservations. The population occupies the eastern and southeastern territories, places where precipitation falls.
Summer in Australia
As with all countries of the Southern Hemisphere, summer in Australia begins when it is winter in Eurasia. Accordingly, the winter of the Southern Hemisphere is the summer of the Northern. If you look at average temperatures, then in summer it is plus 20 degrees Celsius, and in winter 12. The lowest temperature in the mountains is fixed at about minus 12 degrees, in the plains up to minus 4.
Rains in Australia fall mainly in the north or east of the continent, in other places they almost never happen. The climate of the continent is determined by four zones: tropical, subtropical, subequatorial and temperate.
Australian platform
At the heart of Australia is a platform that is still in constant motion: it lowers and rises. Now the mainland is considered one of the calmest in terms of the seismic situation, its relief is quite flat and somewhat boring. In the eastern part is the Great Dividing Range. According to geologists, Australia is "stuffed" with minerals. What is not in its bowels: bauxite, iron ore, uranium, bauxite and diamonds. The deposits of diamonds are the richest, stones of amazing purity. Australia is an arid continent because there are no large rivers. The largest river is the Murray, which has a tributary Darling. But full-flowing rivers are only in the rainy season, in a dry summer the water level drops significantly.
There are many underground lakes on the continent, but most of the water bodies are endorheic - like ponds. Their water is salty. One of the largest lakes is Lake Eyre. It is located 12 meters below sea level.
People living in Australia cherish their arid continent and its unique nature. National parks have been created on the territory of the continent, where people are only guests. and the hosts are animals and plants.
