The principle of operation of the tractor engine. Tractor control Tractors, tractor classification, application

01.03.2021

Tractors are operated by one person. Self-propelled machinery of this type performs a variety of tasks in the agricultural, road construction, earthmoving industries. Trailed, mounted or stationary implements can be connected to it. The movement of the unit is slow, but it is compensated by a high traction force.

Models Belarus MTZ, KhTZ, JohnDeere are in demand.

Modifications and varieties

Tractors are divided into two categories according to the type of moving part. Each has its own merits and demerits.

Wheel drive. They have the right to move at high speed on highways. Grip with difficult surfaces is not the best, tractive power is appropriate. Moving on loose ground, the unit can load and skid. This is eliminated by the use of all-wheel drive or the use of tires with low pressure.
Crawler. These are the most powerful models. The only specimens that can move on asphalt are tractors with a rubber-cable caterpillar pair. In work, the caterpillars create extensive contact with the soil and do not injure it. It is advisable to use a caterpillar unit on weakly bearing soil.

The functional division of tractor equipment occurs according to the work performed.

Agricultural work. Perform plowing, sowing, cleaning fields. Haymaking tasks are allowed. Agricultural goods are transported on trailers.
Work in industry. The industrial unit is used as a base for earth-moving, construction equipment. After suspension of special equipment, the tasks of other industrial machines are performed on it: a bulldozer, a scraper, a pipelayer.
Skidding. The whole range of skidding mechanisms works in logging enterprises. After cutting down a number of trees, they are stacked on the skidder base and transported from the point of felling to the point of storage, transshipment or processing.
Work in the army. The army model shows the high speed of towing artillery weapons, trailers with weapons on long forced marches. It has excellent cross-country ability on any surface and can be used in any climate zone.

Manufacturers

Tractor-building plants in Kharkov, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir.
John Deere, Belarus, New Holland, Claas.

How does a tractor work | Engine of progress

The tractor is an engineering vehicle designed to provide high tractive effort at low speeds. It is used for towing a trailer or equipment, as well as in agriculture, forestry, construction. Most often, this term is used to describe a powerful vehicle designed to perform various agricultural tasks (tillage).

The first tractor-like machine was the locomobile, which appeared in the early 19th century. It was a steam engine mounted on a wheelbase. This whole system was used to control mechanical agricultural equipment (plough), which was connected to the machine through a flexible belt.

In 1892, the first tractor powered by an internal combustion engine was invented and patented. It was a single-cylinder petrol engine mounted on a Robinson wheeled chassis.

The first commercially successful light general purpose gasoline tractor was built by British inventor Dan Alban in 1901. This tractor had one front wheel with a solid rubber tire and two large rear wheels. The engine used water cooling. A pulley wheel on the left side of the tractor allowed it to be used as a stationary engine for various agricultural tasks. About 500 cars were produced, many of which were exported to different countries of the world. The original tractor engine was made by Payne & Co (Coventry) and from 1906 French Aster engines were used.

In 1917, Henry Ford introduced the Fordson tractor with a four-cylinder gasoline engine and frameless block design. This model became very popular all over the world and by 1923 was used in agriculture in the USA, Ireland, England and Russia, and the number of issued copies reached 100,000.

In Russia, the first steam tractor was built by Fyodor Blinov in 1888. It was a tracked vehicle of small dimensions, assembled from metal sheets and the remains of a steamer. This tractor remained a prototype, having not found application either in agriculture or in industry.

Between 1930 and 1933, three large tractor plants were built in the Soviet Union: the Stalin Tractor Plant, the Kharkov Tractor Plant, and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The construction was carried out with the participation of American and European engineers. The release was carried out on foreign equipment, so the Soviet tractors of those years were analogues of foreign models. So the Kharkov and Stalingrad plants produced an analogue of McCormick Deering, and the Chelyabinsk S-60 was an analogue of Caterpillar 60.

The main elements of a tractor, like most land vehicles, are: engine, transmission, running gear, working and auxiliary equipment.

The design features of the tractor are due to the need to develop a large traction force. That is why tractors mainly use diesel engines, which, in addition to high traction, are designed for long-term operation at high loads.

The use of diesel engines began in the 1960s. The power of such engines in modern tractors varies from 18 to 600 horsepower. The size and power of the diesel unit depends on the application. From small tractors used for landscaping, horticulture, vegetable gardens to large tractors for large-scale agricultural work.

Most modern models are equipped with 8 or 12 cylinder, V-shaped engines, as well as 8-cylinder in-line power units. Smaller, specialized tractors also use 3, 4 or 6 cylinder engines. Almost all tractor engines are turbocharged, with intercooling and variable fuel injection.

The tractor gearbox is usually mechanical multi-stage. But torque converters and electric transmissions are also used. Most modern tractors have four-wheel drive. On some models, depending on the work performed (for example, front loader), ballast is applied.

The undercarriage can be tracked or wheeled. In most cases, they are not designed for traffic on public roads. The tractor wheels have a large area of contact with the surface and lugs.

The steering of modern tractors is equipped with hydraulic or electric boosters. Fully hydraulic steering systems allow the use of an automatic control system. Using electronic sensors, control over the movement along the track (a row of plants, etc.) is carried out without the participation of the driver.

To connect and control the working equipment, the tractor is equipped with a mounted hydraulic system, which consists of a hydraulic drive system and a mounted device. Hydraulic pumps are used to drive the hydraulic system. For some mounted units that require power supply, a power take-off shaft is used.

The use of a tractor in agriculture has a number of operational features that establish certain design requirements:

Quick change of working equipment, both trailed and mounted.
Unification of working equipment for various models.
Possibility of maintenance and repair in the field.
Ability to work at low speeds, while maintaining the ability to move quickly.

In connection with these design requirements, the following components and assemblies are used in agricultural tractors:

High speed engine.
Multi-speed gearbox with divider.
A device for obtaining particularly low operating speeds is a creeper.
Suspension suspension.
Unified hinged system.

Agricultural tractors can perform a variety of types of work. In this regard, tractors are divided into tilled and general purpose.

Row tractors are used to till the soil after plowing. They are intended mainly for harvesting and haymaking. The main feature of such machines is the permeability in the aisles. Can be used for plowing light soils.

Caterpillar general purpose tractors are used for arable work in the fields and transportation. A design feature of an arable tractor is the center of gravity shifted forward. This feature allows you to evenly distribute the weight over the entire length of the tractor chassis when working with a plow. Plowing, depending on the model, is carried out at a speed of 6-20 km / h and an energy intensity of approximately 30 horsepower per unit ton-force.

A transport tractor is an exclusively wheeled vehicle designed for the transport of trailers. A characteristic feature is high, for a tractor, operating speeds (up to 70 km/h).

General purpose wheeled tractors can serve as arable and transport tractors. They are distinguished from tilled ones by their lower ground clearance.

Among modern models of tractors, universal arable-cultivated models are widely used. Their chassis allows the installation of wheels of various types. Narrow wheels - for plowing, wide for transport and paired for plowing.

In industry, the tractor is used for earthmoving, construction and other work. Depending on the scope and attachments, bulldozers, scrapers, pipelayers, etc. are distinguished. On such tractors, the type of attachments does not change during the entire period of operation. As a rule, they use a hydromechanical transmission and a displaced center of gravity. This allows you to evenly distribute the load and maximize the use of engine power at low speeds.

Skidders are used in the timber industry. Their tasks include transporting tree trunks from the cutting site to the intermediate storage point. These tractors are made on the basis of agricultural, with the exception of attachments and chassis. The attachment has a hydraulic grab and winch for skidding, and the undercarriage has a large footprint.

In the army, the tractor is used for transportation and engineering work. The main characteristics of army tractors are high speed, cross-country ability and climatic adaptability. Army tractors are advanced agricultural and skidding counterparts.

lab-37.com

The main principles of tractor control | Details about tractors and agricultural machinery

You can start driving only after warming up the engine and checking its operation. Before you go make sure there are no obstructions in front of the tractor and warn the bystanders.

To move off, do the following:

fully depress the clutch pedal
smoothly shift into the desired gear
Slowly release the clutch pedal and start driving.

If the requested transfer won't turn on the first time- Move the gear lever to neutral position, depress the clutch pedal a couple of times and turn on the desired gear.

When driving the tractor, release the clutch pedal smoothly.

Don't let jerky movement, because this will possibly lead to mechanism breakdown power transmission and premature wear clutch linings.

Driving a tractor requires utmost attention. Needed on the move keep an eye on your surroundings and, if necessary, issue warning signals.

Application of low and high gears

Proper use of tractor gears increases it efficiency and productivity. During operation, the gear is used in which the tractor will receive full engine load and performance.

During transportation and idle hauls on the ground, are used top gears. During work

with additional units include as possible top gears at which the engine is running with full load, but not overloaded.

When overloading the engine and working in difficult conditions lower gears are used. When driving the tractor on descents and ascents, use lower gears. It is forbidden to change gears during descent or ascent time. On the descent, slow down the tractor engines by reducing fuel supply.

Speed selection, turns, stop

On a hard rocky surface or uneven dirt road, it is necessary to move with moderate speed, since the chassis and mechanisms of the tractor subject to wear and serious blows.

When driving with a tractor trailer, do not use hard braking, stick to medium cruising speed. If necessary, slowly reduce the speed by reduction in fuel supply.

The machine is controlled using the steering wheel to change the direction of movement. On caterpillar tractors, turns are implemented

by means of the control levers of the turning mechanism. It is not recommended to do sharp turns at high speed and when working at full load.

Reverse is in progress without attachments installed, or allowed with raised to transport position.

To stop the tractor fully depress the clutch pedal and move the gear lever to neutral then release the clutch pedal. Stop the diesel engine by fuel shutdown.

tractor-server.com

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How it works: a tractor factory. Part 1

And despite the fact that the tour lasted almost 4 hours, we simply could not physically get into all the shops and see the entire production cycle. Therefore, there will be no photos from the foundry and the place where parts were cut. (for community kak_eto_sdelano two reports merged into one)

If you look at the territory of the plant from space, then these are several separate large buildings and an open testing ground for equipment:

Powder coating area

#03. Let's start our acquaintance with the plant from the site where the parts have already been pre-treated and received for painting. The workshop consists of several closed cabins through which parts are moved sequentially. The cleanliness here is such that the floor sparkles and here you can see the same booths:

#04. So the parts are hung on a beam crane, and the employee pushes them into the first "booth"

#05. At the first stage, all parts are thoroughly washed

#06. Then they leave the first booth and are placed between the lamps, which are used to dry:

#07. The next cabin is completely closed, mechanical cleaning of parts with fine shot is carried out in it:

#08. after cleaning, the parts are ready for painting and enter the powder coating booth. Two employees, in the most serious protective equipment, are painting:

#09. The final stage is drying and after that the parts will already be sent to the assembly shops:

Harness assembly

#10. One of the assembly shops is the harness assembly shop:

#eleven. A device for cutting wires of the required length is installed here, while it automatically strips and marks the cable:

#12. Marking is done using a printer in which conventional ink is installed:

#13. Place of inscription:

#14. Having learned that the inscription can be quickly programmed, I asked for it to release a special batch of cables, on which the address of my blog http://z-alexey.livejournal.com will be written:

unfortunately I managed to sow a cable with this inscription somewhere, but there was such a cool thing. eh!

#15. After cutting, the cables are grouped and bundled into bundles:

#16. Martin dreams of quitting blogging and going to work in a factory:

#17. Long harness is knitted on a special stand:

#18. Here, the finished harnesses fit into the boxes:

Cabin assembly shop

#19. Painted cabins and other necessary parts go to the cabin assembly shop. The cable assembled in the previous workshop is also laid here:

#20. Cabins move around the workshop on trolleys. At each stage, strictly defined manipulations are performed: cable laying, installation of seats, installation of cladding, etc.:

#21.

#22. Here they assemble both cabins for bulldozers and agricultural machinery:

#23. Air conditioning comes as an option. If the customer needs it, then it is installed here:

#24. The final stage in this area is to check the cabin for leaks:

#25. Bloggers are distrustful people and therefore they decided to put one of them in the cabin and turn on the “rain mode”:

Second part
#26. Today we will get acquainted with the processing workshop, visit the main assembly line, you will see robots that have been working at the plant since the 80s of the last century and find out how many people are needed to put the tracks on the bulldozer

#27. To begin with, let's go through the metalworking shop, the machines of the Japanese company Mazak are installed here, which makes it possible to practically exclude workers at this stage and there are very few workers in the hall:

#28. There are several operators who simultaneously serve several machines: their task is to control the operation of the equipment and set the queue for processing parts:

#29. Inside the Mazak machine

#30.

#31. Now let's talk about the logistics of parts, here they are located on pallets:

#32. For lifting, special cranes are used, with the help of which they are placed on robocars and moved inside the workshop:

#33. Robocars have been working at the plant since the 80s of the last century, and move around the workshops on their own (without drivers). They are programmed to move between machines, guided by sensors built into the floor:

#34. Here is the robocar delivered the part to the desired machine:

#35. On special rails, the part from the robocar moves to the metalworking machine. The door is then closed:

#36. On the right, the machine has a robotic arm, which, in accordance with a given program, takes the necessary tool and places it in the machine, where the part will be directly processed:

#37. The set of tools from which the robotic arm makes a choice:

#38. Metal shavings are folded into a special container:

#40. We move to the assembly shop, to the main assembly line:

#41. The assembly line passes directly through the center:

#42. And on the sides there are parts that will be used in the assembly:

#43. Along the conveyor, the parts move along the rails on the trolley:

#44. Everyone sets their own details,

#45. They usually work in pairs, but at the same time all employees are interchangeable:

#46.

#47. An automated workplace is also installed here, where an employee can see the assembly process of the node he needs. Passports are also filled in here (so far on paper). The next automation step will be filling in these same passports: the employee will simply attach his electronic pass (which is currently used at the checkpoint) and the assembly data will be entered in the electronic assembly passport:

#48. Everything is in boxes:

#49. The bulldozer has already been assembled by 80 percent, perhaps:

#50. General view of the assembly shop, before that we were behind the partition, and in the foreground is the platform where the last parts are installed - caterpillars and attachments:

#51. It’s a pity that I didn’t record the assembly video, so I’ll show you in detail how the tracks are installed on the bulldozer. The caterpillar is stretched on the floor, a bulldozer is sent to it (it has already been refueled and it can move independently, the driver is in the cab :):

#52. The bulldozer drives forward, winding the caterpillar on the wheels:

#53. The second employee guides her with a crowbar:

#54. A sledgehammer, as we were told, is a tool that no plant in the world can do without! When dressing a caterpillar:

#55. Almost done:

#56. The caterpillar is almost closed, but one more link remains to be installed:

#57. It is installed manually:

#58. And fixed with bolts:

#59. Complete! It remains to install the blade and you can go to the landfill:

#60. Finished equipment on the demonstration site:

#61.

#62. Here we were given the opportunity to arrange a test drive of excavators and bulldozers:

Original taken from z_alexey How It Works: Tractor Factory

kak-eto-sdelano.livejournal.com

Tractors, tractor classification, application

Models Belarus MTZ, KhTZ, JohnDeere are in demand.

Modifications and varieties

Tractors are divided into two categories according to the type of moving part. Each has its own merits and demerits.

Wheel drive. They have the right to move at high speed on highways. Grip with difficult surfaces is not the best, tractive power is appropriate. Moving on loose ground, the unit can load and skid. This is eliminated by the use of all-wheel drive or the use of tires with low pressure.
Crawler. These are the most powerful models. The only specimens that can move on asphalt are tractors with a rubber-cable caterpillar pair. In work, the caterpillars create extensive contact with the soil and do not injure it. It is advisable to use a caterpillar unit on weakly bearing soil.

The functional division of tractor equipment occurs according to the work performed.

Agricultural work. Perform plowing, sowing, cleaning fields. Haymaking tasks are allowed. Agricultural goods are transported on trailers.
Work in industry. The industrial unit is used as a base for earth-moving, construction equipment. After suspension of special equipment, the tasks of other industrial machines are performed on it: a bulldozer, a scraper, a pipelayer.
Skidding. The whole range of skidding mechanisms works in logging enterprises. After cutting down a number of trees, they are stacked on the skidder base and transported from the point of felling to the point of storage, transshipment or processing.
Work in the army. The army model shows the high speed of towing artillery weapons, trailers with weapons on long forced marches. It has excellent cross-country ability on any surface and can be used in any climate zone.

Manufacturers

Tractor-building plants in Kharkov, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir.
John Deere, Belarus, New Holland, Claas.

traktoramira.ru

What is the purpose of a tractor?

The tractor can be caterpillar or wheeled. The former have a practical application for moving along roads, while the latter are used to carry out work on the ground.

Also, the tractor has a gradation for its intended purpose. There may be agricultural tractors designed for plowing on caterpillar or wheeled tracks. Their design features can produce high-quality plowing at a relatively high speed.

Transport tractors are intended for the transport of goods that have overall dimensions on trailers. In economic terms, the use of this transport is less expensive than transportation using special trucks.

Industrial tractors are the basic equipment designed for construction and earthmoving units (pipelayers, bulldozers, scrapers).

Three-leaf tractors are used to transport tree trunks and large-sized branches from the felling site to the warehouse location. They are produced on the basis of agricultural tractors, but at the same time they are equipped with winches, it is also possible to place a wide platform in the rear.

A combination of various functions (transport, agricultural, industrial, communication) have modern universal tractors. To do this, they are understaffed with different types of attachments.

Modern universal tractors can perfectly combine various functions: agricultural, transport, utility, and industrial. To do this, they are understaffed with various types of attachments.

In addition to the above-mentioned large-sized models of this equipment, there are also universal mini tractors. They are quite small, have great maneuverability and at the same time very powerful units that can also be used in various areas.

If you use additional agricultural equipment, then with the help of this tractor you can carry out absolutely any work on the farm, where it is impossible to use large-sized equipment due to the large fields. Also, mini tractors are perfectly used as a cargo transport and can be used with various attachments in various directions: mini-bulldozers, snowplows, etc.

A metal similar to aluminum is the most common metal in the earth's crust :: SYL.ru

Today I had the opportunity to get behind the closed doors of the largest plant in Cheboksary - the plant for the production of bulldozers, loaders, excavators and other heavy equipment "PROMTRAKTOR"

If you look at the territory of the plant from space, then these are several separate large buildings and an open testing ground for equipment:

#04. So the parts are hung on a beam crane, and the employee pushes them into the first "booth"

#05. At the first stage, all parts are thoroughly washed

#06. Then they leave the first booth and are placed between the lamps, which are used to dry:

#07. The next cabin is completely closed, mechanical cleaning of parts with fine shot is carried out in it:

#08. after cleaning, the parts are ready for painting and enter the powder coating booth. Two employees, in the most serious protective equipment, are painting:

#09. The final stage is drying and after that the parts will already be sent to the assembly shops:

Harness assembly

#10. One of the assembly shops is the harness assembly shop:

#eleven. A device for cutting wires of the required length is installed here, while it automatically strips and marks the cable:

#12. Marking is done using a printer in which conventional ink is installed:

#13. Place of inscription:

#14. Having learned that the inscription can be quickly programmed, I asked for it to release a special batch of cables on which the address of my blog http://z-alexey.livejournal.com will be written:

unfortunately I managed to sow a cable with this inscription somewhere, but there was such a cool thing. eh!

#15. After cutting, the cables are grouped and bundled into bundles:

#16. Martin dreams of quitting blogging and going to work in a factory:

#17. Long harness is knitted on a special stand:

#18. Here, the finished harnesses fit into the boxes:

Cabin assembly shop

#19. Painted cabins and other necessary parts go to the cabin assembly shop. The cable assembled in the previous workshop is also laid here:

#20. Cabins move around the workshop on trolleys. At each stage, strictly defined manipulations are performed: cable laying, installation of seats, installation of cladding, etc.:

#21.

#22. Here they assemble both cabins for bulldozers and agricultural machinery:

#23. Air conditioning comes as an option. If the customer needs it, then it is installed here:

#24. The final stage in this area is to check the cabin for leaks:

#25. Bloggers are distrustful people and therefore they decided to put one of them in the cabin and turn on the "rain mode":

#27 . To begin with, let's go through the metalworking shop, the machines of the Japanese company Mazak are installed here, which makes it possible to practically exclude workers at this stage and there are very few workers in the hall:

#28 . There are several operators who simultaneously serve several machines: their task is to control the operation of the equipment and set the queue for processing parts:

#29 . Inside the Mazak machine

#30 .

#31 . Now let's talk about the logistics of parts, here they are located on pallets:

#32 . For lifting, special cranes are used, with the help of which they are placed on robocars and moved inside the workshop:

#33 . Robocars have been working at the plant since the 80s of the last century, and move around the workshops on their own (without drivers). They are programmed to move between machines, guided by sensors built into the floor:

#34 . Here is the robocar delivered the part to the desired machine:

#35 . On special rails, the part from the robocar moves to the metalworking machine. The door is then closed:

#36 . On the right, the machine has a robotic arm, which, in accordance with a given program, takes the necessary tool and places it in the machine, where the part will be directly processed:

#37 . The set of tools from which the robotic arm makes a choice:

#38 . Metal shavings are folded into a special container:

#39 . And our robocar went on to make its turns:

#40 . We move to the assembly shop, to the main assembly line:

#41 . The assembly line passes directly through the center:

#42 . And on the sides there are parts that will be used in the assembly:

#43 . Along the conveyor, the parts move along the rails on the trolley:

#44 . Everyone sets their own details,

#45 . They usually work in pairs, but at the same time all employees are interchangeable:

#46 .

#47 . An automated workplace is also installed here, where an employee can see the assembly process of the node he needs. Passports are also filled in here (so far on paper). The next automation step will be filling in these same passports: the employee will simply attach his electronic pass (which is currently used at the checkpoint) and the assembly data will be entered in the electronic assembly passport:

#48 . Everything is in boxes:

You can start driving only after warming up the engine and checking its operation. Before you go make sure there are no obstructions in front of the tractor and warn the bystanders.

To move off, do the following:

fully depress the clutch pedal
smoothly shift into the desired gear
Slowly release the clutch pedal and start driving.

If the requested transfer won't turn on the first time- shifting gears neutral position, depress the clutch pedal a couple of times and turn on the desired gear.

When driving the tractor, release the clutch pedal smoothly.

Don't let jerky movement, because this will possibly lead to mechanism breakdown power transmission and premature wear overlays.

Driving a tractor requires utmost attention. Needed on the move keep an eye on your surroundings and, if necessary, issue warning signals.

Application of low and high gears

Proper use of tractor gears increases it efficiency and productivity. During operation, the gear is used in which the tractor will receive full load and performance.

During transportation and idle hauls on the ground, are used top gears. During work with additional units include as much as possible top gears at which the engine is running with full load, but not overloaded.

Speed selection, turns, stop

On a hard rocky surface or uneven dirt road, it is necessary to move with moderate speed, since the chassis and mechanisms of the tractor subject to wear and serious blows.

When driving with a tractor trailer, do not use hard braking, stick to medium cruising speed. If necessary, slowly reduce the speed by reduction in fuel supply.

The machine is controlled using , to change the direction of movement. On caterpillar tractors, turns are implemented with levers steering mechanism control. It is not recommended to do sharp turns at high speed and when working at full load.

Reverse is in progress without attachments installed, or allowed with raised to transport position.

To stop the tractor fully depress the clutch pedal and move the gear lever to neutral then release the clutch pedal. Stop by fuel shutdown.

Tractor!

Tractors and tractor equipment!

Tractor is a self-propelled (tracked or wheeled) machine designed to perform agricultural, road construction, earthmoving, transport and other works in an aggregate with trailed, mounted or stationary machines, mechanisms and devices.

The word "tractor" comes from the English word "track". The track is the main element from which the caterpillar is assembled.

The history of the appearance of the tractor.

tractor inventors.

The first tractor-like machines began to appear in the 19th century and were steam powered.

The invention of the Englishman John Gitkot can be considered the first steam caterpillar tractor in the world.

In 1832, John Gitkot received a patent, and in 1837 he built a steam-powered machine for plowing and draining English swamps.

In 1850, English inventor William Howard began using a locomobile to plow agricultural land.

In 1858, the American W. P. Miller invented and built a caterpillar tractor, with which, in 1858, he participated in the agricultural exhibition of the city of Marysville, California, USA, and received an award for the original invention (patent dated 1859 US N23853 Warren P. Miller).

In 1892, John Froelich of Clayton County, Iowa, USA, invented, patented, and built the first petroleum-powered tractor.

But all these inventions did not receive much further development.

The first recognized practical tracked vehicle, despite its size, was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler by inventor Alvin Orlando Lombard in 1901.

The photo shows a caterpillar tractor - Lombard Steam Log Hauler. 1901.

Inventors of the tractor in Russia.

In Russia, the first application for a "carriage with movable tracks", that is, for a caterpillar track, was made in 1837 by a Russian peasant, later the staff captain of the Russian army, Dmitry Zagryazhsky. Here is how Dmitry Zagryazhsky described his invention:

“Near each ordinary wheel on which the carriage rolls, an iron chain is circled, stretched by hexagonal wheels located in front of the ordinary one. The sides of the hexagonal wheels are equal to the chain links; these chains replace to some extent the railway, presenting the wheel with a smooth and hard surface always” (from a privilege issued in March 1837).

The first Russian steam caterpillar tractor was built by a native of the village of Nikolskoye, Volsky district, Saratov province, peasant Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.

In 1879, Fyodor Blinov received a patent ("privilege") for "a wagon with endless rails for the transport of goods on highways and country roads." The construction of the prototype was completed by Blinov in 1888.

A ready-made steam engine of small dimensions did not yet exist, and Fyodor Blinov himself assembled it from sheet iron and pipes of a steamer that burned down near Balakovo. Then he made the same second car. Both of them did forty revolutions per minute. Each of them was controlled separately. The speed of the tractor corresponded to the speed of the bulls - three miles per hour. Thus, the device was powered by two steam engines (one for each "caterpillar") with a capacity of 10-12 horsepower each.

Fedor Blinov demonstrated his wagon with endless rails in 1889 in Saratov, and in 1897 at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

However, the Blinov tractor, as well as other steam-powered tractors, also did not become in demand either in industry or in agriculture, and things did not go beyond the prototype of tractors in the Russian Empire.

Tractor with an internal combustion engine.

In 1896, Charles W. Hart and Charles Parr developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine. By 1903, their firm had built 15 gasoline-powered tractors.

Dan Alborn's 1902 IVEL three-wheeled tractor was the first practical one. The IVEL tractor was a light and powerful machine that could be used for agricultural and other work. About 500 of these tractors were assembled.

The photo shows an IVEL wheeled tractor.

Tractor! Tireless worker!

Since the beginning of the 20th century, tractor technology began to play a large role in the agriculture of many countries. Tractors began to be mass-produced, new more advanced models were produced.

Within 10-15 years, in the USA and Western Europe, the tractor took over approximately 80-90% of all arable work on farms.

In addition, the tractor engine was used to power various agricultural machines (for this it was equipped with a special pulley). Threshers, mowers, mills, sawmills, butter churns, straw cutters and other auxiliary mechanisms could be connected to it.

The tractor also took over more than half of the harvesting work. Later, thanks to the creation of various trailed machines, the scope of the tractor expanded several times.

Development of tractor construction in Russia.

In Russia, the importance of tractors for the country and its economy was appreciated only by the Soviet government, almost immediately after the 1917 revolution.

Despite the difficult years of foreign intervention for the Land of Soviets, starting from 1918, at the direction of V. I. Lenin, preparations for the production of tractors began to be carried out.

In 1919, the inventor Ya. V. Mamin created the Gnome tractor with an 11.8 kW oil engine.

The photo shows the tractor "Gnome". 1919.

The production of tractors was recognized as so important that on this issue a Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of April 1, 1921 was issued on the recognition of agricultural engineering as a matter of extreme national importance.

In 1922, tractors "Kolomenets-1" designed by E. D. Lvov began to be produced.

The photo shows the tractor "Kolomenets-1". 1922.

In 1922-1923, the Zaporozhets tractor was created under the guidance of engineer L. A. Unger.

The photo shows the Zaporozhets tractor. 1923.

In 1924, the Kommunar caterpillar tractor (a copy of the German Hanomag WD Z 50 tractor) began to be produced at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant.

The photo shows the Kommunar tractor.

In 1924, the production of "Karlik" tractors designed by Ya. movement of 3-4 km / h) and "Karlik-2" (four-wheeled, with one gear and reverse).

The photo shows the tractor "Karlik-1". 1924.

From 1924 to 1932, the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant mastered and produced about 50 thousand Fordson-Putilovets tractors, and since 1934, the Universal tractor (a copy of the Farmall F-20 tractor of the American company International Harvester) began to be produced at this plant with kerosene engine and metal wheels. "Universal" was the first domestic tractor exported abroad.

The photo shows the Fordson-Putilovets tractor. 1924.

The photo shows the tractor "Universal". 1934.

The first Soviet tractors "Gnome", "Kolomenets-1", "Karlik", "Zaporozhets", "Kommunar" were produced in relatively small batches, but they taught a lot, brought up the first cadres of tractor builders and rightfully entered the history of domestic tractor building.

The further development of the country required a large amount of tractor equipment, in connection with this, it was decided to build large specialized tractor factories.

Using the currency received from the sale of grain, with the help of American and European engineers and the supply of equipment from several hundred foreign companies, the following were built: in 1930, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (produced STZ-15/30 tractors (McCormick Deering 15-30, International Harvester), in 1931, the Kharkov Tractor Plant (produced KhTZ tractors similar to STZ tractors), in 1933, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (produced S-60 caterpillar tractors (Caterpillar Sixty).

The photo shows the STZ-15/30 tractor. 1930.

The photo shows a KhTZ tractor. 1931.

The photo shows the S-60 tractor. 1933.

During the ten pre-war years, Soviet domestic industry produced about 700,000 tractors for agriculture. The total output of domestic tractors amounted to 40% of their world production.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Altai Tractor Plant was built.

In the postwar years, tractor factories were built in the USSR in Minsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Chisinau, Tashkent, Pavlodar.

The first new post-war model of a wheeled tractor - KhTZ-7 - appeared in 1950.

This small-sized tractor was accepted for production at the same time at the Kharkov Tractor Plant and the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant. The machine with an operating weight of 1.4 tons was equipped with a 12 hp gasoline engine.

The maximum speed reached 12.7 km / h. This tractor differed from pre-war models in more comfortable working conditions for the tractor driver - he was supposed to have a soft seat with a back. The wheels had pneumatic tires. The cabin was open. The tractor used a hydraulic mounted system.

The photo shows the KhTZ-7 tractor.

The design of the KhTZ-7 tractor was further developed in the DT-14 and DT-20 models, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1956-1958 and 1958-1969, respectively. The DT-14 tractor differed from its predecessor mainly in a single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine with a power of 14 hp. On the DT-20 weighing 1.5 tons, there was already a 20-horsepower single-cylinder diesel engine. DT-14 was a transitional version and was produced for a short time. But DT-20 during its production was replicated in the amount of about 250 thousand units. Among the construction and road “professions”, the DT-14 also listed a bulldozer “back to front” and a sweeper brush.

In the early 1950s, mass production of wheeled tractors Belarus began in the USSR.

Work on the first-born - the MTZ-2 universal row-crop tractor - was started by the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant in 1948 according to the terms of reference of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, and already in 1949 the first prototype was ready.

After comprehensive testing of prototypes in 1953, mass production of MTZ-2 tractors began. The first Belarusian car weighed 3.25 tons and was equipped with a 4-cylinder D-36 diesel engine with a power of 37 hp. and a 5-speed gearbox, the maximum speed reached 13 km / h. MTZ-2 was equipped with pneumatic tires. The cab was missing.

In the photo, the Belarus MTZ-2 tractor.

At the Minsk Tractor Plant from the very beginning, continuous work was underway to improve the design of manufactured tractors.

In 1956, the MTZ-5 tractor appeared, on which a 40-horsepower D-40K engine was used.

In 1958, several prototypes of the new Belarus MTZ-50 tractor were produced, according to the test results of which it was recommended for mass production.

The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 50-horsepower engine, the operating weight of the machine was reduced by more than 100 kg. A 9-speed gearbox was installed in the transmission, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km / h. The tractor received a metal cab, and its design has also changed.

The photo shows the tractor Belarus MTZ-50.

The production of Belarus tractors has been carried out simultaneously at two plants - Minsk Tractor and Yuzhny Machine-Building - since 1953. Production at YuMZ went on increasing from year to year, by 1961 the annual output exceeded 35 thousand tractors. In 1959, the 100,000th tractor rolled off the UMZ assembly line. The production volumes at MTZ were even more impressive: in 1961, the 200,000th tractor was assembled, and 2 years later, the 300,000th.

With the advent of the first tractors in Belarus, factories - manufacturers of construction and road equipment began to produce various special vehicles based on them. Moreover, from year to year, from model to model, the range of construction and road machines has become wider. So, on the basis of MTZ-2, the first hydraulic excavator in the USSR with a rigid boom suspension was created. Bulldozers, trench excavators, drilling machines, planners, scarifiers, snow plows, and sweepers were also produced on its chassis. Tractors of the MTZ-5 family were supplemented with new types of equipment: drilling and crane, snow removal - rotary milling and plow-brush, loading. This whole train of equipment was transferred to the next model MTZ-50 / MTZ-52. However, the most common type of equipment on Belarusian tractors was excavator.

In the period of 1950-1960s, a new generation of Vladimir tractors appeared.

In 1956, instead of the Universal tractor, the VTZ installed the DT-24 model on the conveyor. This machine was equipped with a 24 hp 2-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine, its mass was 2.59 tons. The maximum speed reached 19 km / h.

In 1958, another tractor, the DT-28 Vladimirets, got onto the conveyor. DT-28 became less metal-intensive, and it received a more powerful engine - a 28-horsepower 2-cylinder diesel engine. Tractor speed increased to 25 km/h.

Since 1961, for more than 10 years, the Vladimirsky plant has been manufacturing exclusively cotton-growing tractors. For the entire period of production, about 50 thousand DT-24 tractors and 82.5 thousand DT-28 tractors were assembled at VTZ.

The photo shows a tractor DT-24.

In the second half of the 1950s, the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant (later - the Kharkov Plant of Tractor Self-Propelled Chassis, KhZTSSH) began to produce small-sized tractor chassis of the original layout - the front of the machine was a tubular frame, a cab was located behind it, the engine was at the back. The first model - DSSH-14 - was released in 1956. It used a 14-horsepower diesel engine, unified with the engine of the DT-14 tractor. The operating weight of the tractor was 1.67 tons. The 6-speed gearbox provided a maximum speed of 13.7 km / h. A dump platform could be installed on the tractor. The cabin was open.

The photo shows the tractor DSSH-14.

Two years later, the plant switches to the production of an improved DVSSH-16 tractor. The weight of the tractor was reduced by 200 kg, the speed increased to 17.2 km/h. Further design changes led to the appearance in 1961 of the T-16 model. This tractor used a 2-cylinder diesel engine D-16 with a power of 16 hp. The maximum speed reached 19.6 km / h. The carrying capacity of the platform was 750 kg. Operating weight decreased to 1.43 tons.

The photo shows the DVSSH-16 tractor.

In the early 1960s, new generation tractors appeared at three enterprises at once - at the Lipetsk and Kharkov Tractor Plants, as well as at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.

The Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which produced caterpillar tractors at that time, was given the task of mastering the production of wheeled vehicles. In 1958, the designers created the T-25 tractor, which, after fine-tuning, received the designation T-30 and was accepted for mass production in 1960. On the basis of this tractor, a more powerful T-35 model was created. However, the T-40 tractor, which was a further development of the design of the T-30 and T-35 tractors, went into mass production in 1961. Along with Belarusian tractors, the Lipetsk T-40 became another bestseller in the domestic tractor industry: for the entire period of production - from 1961 to 1995 - about 1.2 million T-40 tractors of various modifications were manufactured. The T-40 tractor with an operating weight of 2.75 tons was equipped with a 4-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine D-37M, which developed a power of 40 hp. A 7-speed gearbox made it possible to work in a speed range from 1.62 to 26.7 km / h. The T-40 had a closed metal cockpit.

The photo shows a T-40 tractor.

In the 1960s, the Kharkov Tractor Plant created a fundamentally new model of the T-125 tractor. Its design was unconventional for that time - wheels of the same size, articulated frame, which made it possible to dispense with the traditional steering mechanism (the wheels turned due to the “folding” of the frame). The T-125 used a 130-horsepower AM-03 diesel engine, the transmission had 16 forward gears and 4 reverse gears, the front axle drive was switchable. Between 1962 and 1967 the tractor was produced in small batches. About 200 copies of the T-125 that saw the light of day underwent comprehensive tests in real-life conditions.

The photo shows a T-125 tractor.

In parallel with the Kharkov TZ, work on an energy-saturated all-wheel drive tractor with an articulated frame was also carried out at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.

In 1961, in the shortest possible time, the designers developed the most powerful wheeled tractor K-700 Kirovets in the USSR at that time, and in 1962 the plant produced the first batch of K-700 tractors.

The K-700 tractor was equipped with an 8-cylinder YaMZ-238NB turbocharged V-engine with a power of 200 hp, the operating weight was 12 tons. The manual gearbox provided 16 forward and 8 reverse gears. The maximum speed of the tractor reached 30.8 km/h when moving forward and 27.8 km/h when moving backward. The tractor was equipped with a spacious all-metal cab with an efficient heating and ventilation system. In 1964, 1200 tractors were manufactured, by 1971 the annual output exceeded the 11,000 mark. In total, until 1975, when the first model of Kirovets was discontinued, 105 thousand tractors rolled off the assembly line of the plant.

The photo shows the K-700 tractor.

In 1966, the Kharkov TK prepared for production a small-sized tractor T-25, which replaced the previous model DT-20. The novelty was distinguished by: a 2-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine with a capacity of 20 hp, an increased number of gears in the transmission (8 forward and 6 reverse instead of the previous 6 and 5, respectively), thus, the speed range expanded from 5-17.7 km / h to 1.8-21.6 km/h. Due to the new cooling system, the front of the tractor received a cladding without blinds.

The T-25 was produced in Kharkov until 1972, after which its production was transferred to the Vladimir Tractor Plant.

The photo shows a T-25 tractor.

At the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1972, mass production of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor T-150K was launched, which was a further development of the T-125 design. A 165-horsepower SMD-62 diesel engine was used on the new model.

The photo shows a T-150K tractor.

The second half of the 1970s and the 1980s for the Soviet tractor industry are characterized as a period of ongoing modernization of previously produced models.

As a result of the enormous work of many design teams, by the end of the 20th century, tractor equipment in Russia and abroad became more advanced in technology, powerful, reliable and diverse in purpose.

Tractors from different countries and different companies may differ in design, but their essence does not change - this is a reliable assistant and a tireless worker!

Modern tractors.

Tractors and a variety of tractor equipment for various purposes have changed the world around us, and have themselves become an important part of this world.

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