Damage to the paintwork of the car becomes an unpleasant surprise for any car owner, but if defects appear on the plastic parts in the car, then this becomes an even bigger blow. Both small scratches and deep chips and damage from direct sunlight can spoil the appearance of the interior of the car.

When such unpleasant “surprises” appear, it is not necessary to seek help from a car dealership, since today there are such tools as: polish for plastic in a car interior and special pencils for removing small chips. Let's consider the principle of operation of specialized fluids, as well as several useful "know-hows" that will allow you to quickly and cheaply get rid of defects yourself.

Removing scratches with a hair dryer

Small scratches, or as they are usually called "spider webs", are easily removed with an ordinary household hair dryer. Under heating, the surfaces become more ductile, and shallow damage is completely "tightened" or becomes almost invisible.

The process of removing defects in this way is as follows:

• Clean the torpedo with any detergent and wait for it to dry completely. If ingrained dirt remains on the surface, then it can “melt” into the plastic during the heat treatment.
• Turn on the hair dryer at the lowest power and point it at the "web".
• Wait for the reaction - the scratches should heal. If this does not happen, increase the power of the hair dryer and repeat the procedure.

Important! It is not worth it to heat the plastic panels strongly, as this will lead to deformation of the surface.

Removing scratches with a lighter

With the help of an open flame, you can also effectively and quickly get rid of small chips. To do this, take a lighter and follow a few simple steps:

• Run the lighter along the scratch a few times. Do not hold the fire in one place so as not to melt the plastic.
• Wait until the treated surface has cooled down.
• Clean the plastic panel from the soot formed.

Advice! Before using an open flame, it is recommended to practice on a piece of plastic.

If you are afraid to perform such heat treatment, then you can use safer means.

Plastic polishing

To repair more serious damage and quickly restore the surface, it is recommended to use special polishes, which are abrasive pastes. When choosing a product, you should give preference to the composition that is suitable for a particular material (in our case, we are talking about polish for plastic).

For surface treatment, you can use a specialized grinder (the speed of rotation of the disc should be minimal) or a clean cotton rag or sponge.

To remove defects with an abrasive compound, follow these steps:

• It is better to work in a dark, cool place (polishing paste dries quickly in the sun).
• Clean the surface and apply an abrasive composition to it with a sponge.
• Wait about 5 minutes for the paste to react with the plastic.
• When the product brightens and turns into a coating, polish the surface until the paste disappears completely.
• Rinse the plastic panel and wipe it with a dry, clean cloth.

If scratches cannot be removed, they can be masked.

Hide spots with a specialized pencil

If the defects are minor, then you can use a special pencil. When buying it, you need to choose the color as accurately as possible. If the shade is at least slightly different, then, of course, you will get rid of the scratch, but instead stripes will appear on the surface of the torpedo.

The principle of operation of such a pencil is very simple - a rather thick coloring composition is contained inside a small bottle, which fills the crack and dries, thereby completely leveling the surface.

To use the marker, it is enough to wipe the surface from dirt and dust and, pressing on the pencil, squeeze the “putty” into the recess. Excess composition is recommended to remove and polish the surface.

Despite the simplicity of this method, it is worth considering the rather high cost of the pencil. However, this tool can be reused.

If the damage is quite deep, then there are several more ways to repair the surface.

Alternative Scratch Removal Methods

It is worth considering not the cheapest, but quite effective means for restoring the damaged plastic surface of a car dashboard:

• Painting. In this case, you will need a small bottle of paint, usually they are sold with a brush. After processing, it is best to additionally cover the chipped area with varnish.

• Vinyl. A special vinyl film is stretched tightly over the damaged part and treated with a hair dryer. Thanks to this method, you can completely hide fairly large chips, but you have to practice.
• Leather. This method refers more to the restyling of the car interior, as it involves the hauling of the panels. However, if you know how to work with leather, then you can only integrate individual pieces of it. But it should be borne in mind that leather elements will look rather ridiculous in a velor or rag interior.

Also, some cover scratches with carbon, but such a tool is likely to cost several times more than a new part. Therefore, there is no point in using carbon fiber.

The external equipment of the car interior is important for many drivers, along with the condition of its engine and other important components, especially when it comes to the front panel, since the driver and all passengers see it. Therefore, if a scratch or several pieces have formed on the plastic, you need to know how to remove them from the car without the need for such an event as repair.

Damage types

Often in the interior of the car there are small scratches, intertwining in a web of damage. As a result, the appearance of the cabin deteriorates, which requires the search for masking techniques. Knowing the options for action, you can remove defects in a short time with minimal financial costs.

More serious costs will have to be incurred if you have to repair deep damage, since many defects cannot be hidden using simple techniques. The following are the most common methods that will help remove unwanted scratches, thereby improving the appearance of the car interior.

There are several options for scratching plastic in a car interior:

1. Small cracks in the car, formed during the contact of the material with the keys and other personal belongings of the driver, which come into contact with the panel.
2. Deep large cracks that require a more detailed approach to their destruction.
3. Scratches caused by the sun as a result of its action. The fact is that after radiation, the surface becomes dull and loses its color.

The removal process is not always simple; a major overhaul of products will be required.

Options for action

Based on the type of plastic that covers the panel, as well as the type of damage present on the surface, you can choose a specific method by which the repair will be carried out. For this, improvised devices such as a hair dryer, open fire, polishing, pencils, cleaning are used. Let's consider each of the options in more detail.

Using a hair dryer

A hair dryer is a proven tool for a car aimed at removing damage. You can use not only a special tool, but also an ordinary household hair dryer. Recovery is quite simple: in the car, prolonged damage becomes invisible.

To repair a torpedo with this method, it is necessary to prepare the surface by washing it, which will allow scratches to get rid of stubborn dirt. After passing through the drying stage, you need to polish the damaged area with an air stream.

Lighter use

Open fire is the best plastic reducer in cars. Operations with a lighter is a proven process that does not require much time and money. To remove defects, you need to bring the lighter to the plastic surface and run the flame along the scratch several times.

These procedures must be performed with extreme caution. After that, you need to wait for the plastic to cool, while you can not touch it.

Material polishing

If there are scratches in the car, it is not necessary to carry out expensive repairs (polishing), a polishing procedure may be suitable. In order for the polishing to be carried out qualitatively, an abrasive paste is used. The agent for varnish and paint is contraindicated. Simple polishing involves a set of steps:

• the surface is washed away from dirt;
• the treated area must be dried and cooled in a room without light;
• apply a special paste to the panel by hand;
• polishing begins.

Attention! Instant polishing begins only after the product has turned into a light-colored coating.

Thus, polishing is a proven method of eliminating problems with the interior of the car.

Using special pencils

For the instrument panel and instruments, special plastic pencils are often used to remove problems. This method is not among the most budget options, since markers are expensive. They are presented in bottles with a mixture that, when applied to the site of damage, will fill the recess of the scratch and eliminate it. An important role is played by the choice of color in accordance with the tone of the panel.

Capital works

If there are scratches on the plastic on the interior panel, repair may be required. The most difficult of these methods is the implementation of painting. In this case, it is possible to eliminate defects and bring the panels into proper condition. Next, the surface is polished, which allows you to hide irregularities and make the material as smooth and attractive as possible.

The impeccable appearance of plastic parts in the car is just as important for drivers as the good condition of the engine and other components of the car. During the operation of the vehicle, scratches inevitably appear on the dashboard and other interior elements. You can remove them yourself with minimal cash costs.

1 Plastic damage - simple and complex

Most often, minor defects appear on the plastic elements of the car interior. These include small and shallow scratches. If you do not take emergency measures to eliminate them, over time, such insignificant, at first glance, damage will be transformed into a whole web of cracks. Small scratches are easy to remove using inexpensive products, or carefully masked. It will be significantly more difficult to deal with a web of cracks. But it is also possible to fix such defects with your own hands in a relatively short time.

More problems await drivers in cases where scratches are of serious depth. It is quite difficult to hide such damage by conventional methods. You will have to use special tools and techniques. Note that even very deep scratches are much easier to remove from a smooth plastic surface. But for the restoration of corrugated bases, you often have to suffer. In most of these cases, it is necessary to deal with a fairly long overhaul of plastic parts.

It is customary to refer to a separate type of interior damage as defects resulting from exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The sun's rays, falling on the dashboard of a car and other parts of it, lead to plastic burnout. If scratches appear on such an affected surface, they immediately catch the eye. Next, we will describe all the main ways that help restore plastic. You will see for yourself that with the right approach, repair work will not require the driver to learn any special technologies.

2 Regular lighter and hair dryer - to remove scratches

Depending on the type of defects, as well as on the technical features of the material from which the plastic surface is made, the latter is repaired in the following simple ways:

1. Smoothing out the flaws of the part with a lighter.
2. Removing scratches with a hair dryer.
3. Masking scratches with special pencils.
4. Surface polishing.
5. Overhaul is a complex event that involves stripping plastic, priming it, subsequent painting and, if necessary, varnishing.

You can get rid of small scratches on the dashboard or other plastic surfaces with a lighter. We set fire to the lighter, bring it to the problem area, draw it along the scratch with an open fire a couple of times. The operation must be carried out very carefully. Experts advise to start practicing on an unnecessary piece of plastic. And only after the hand is full, proceed to work in the cabin.

After heating the plastic part, wait a few minutes. It must cool completely. If you touch the plastic immediately after it has been heated, there is a high chance of getting burned. When the repaired part has cooled down, we moisten a cotton swab in alcohol and use it to remove soot from the surface. Let's look at the results of our work. Has the scratch been smoothed out? We are lucky, we can move on to the next defect. If the lighter could not fix the problem, it is better to try other recovery methods.

It is often possible to remove scratches from any plastic with a hair dryer. It is not necessary to use a powerful construction tool for these purposes. A hair dryer will also work. Its power potential is quite enough.

Before using the hair dryer, we thoroughly clean the plastic surface from dirt and dust, using either a conventional detergent dissolved in water. We are waiting for the part to dry. Then turn on the hair dryer at minimum power and bring it to the area that needs repair. We carefully look at how plastic reacts to hot air flow. If no effect is noticeable, increase the power of the hair dryer and bring it a little closer to the scratch. As a rule, small cracks begin to decrease in size or tighten literally before our eyes. After the heated surface has cooled down, we recommend polishing it additionally.

3 Special tools for getting rid of deep defects

Polishing flat surfaces is considered a safe method of removing scratches. It is carried out using abrasive pastes ( Atas Plak, Displex, Disk Repair and others), which are developed specifically for the processing of plastic. Abrasives for polishing the paintwork of cars should not be used. They deform malleable and soft plastic. Polishing can be done with a grinder or by hand. In the first case, the unit is set to the minimum rotation speed. And the process of removing scratches looks like this:

1. washing the plastic surface;
2. we apply a tool to remove defects on the part (in our case, an abrasive paste);
3. when the applied composition is converted into a light gray coating, proceed to polishing. The procedure is performed until the scratch disappears;
4. we clean the dashboard or other surface from the remnants of the paste, wash the restored plastic.

To mask flaws in the car, you can also use special markers (pencils). Working with them is simple and convenient. They make it possible to close deep cracks. But such tools have a serious drawback. Quality pencils are expensive. And using cheap fakes from China does not make much sense. There will be no sense from them.

Experts in the field of repairing plastic interiors of modern vehicles recommend using markers under the brands mentioned above Disk Repair and Displex. The pencil is a small bottle with specials. composition. We only need to clean the surface of the restored part well, and then fill the scratch with a marker. The defect will simply disappear! It remains only to remove excess funds and polish the repaired surface.

4 Overhaul of plastic products - if other methods do not help

If it is not possible to repair the plastic using any of the above methods, it remains to paint the problematic part. The operation is long and laborious. We will have to dismantle the part and take it out of the cabin. If you try to paint a plastic element inside the car, there is a possibility of contamination of the skin.

After dismantling, we sequentially perform the following steps:

1. clean the plastic part;
2. if the defective element has a flat surface, we grind it. This procedure is best done with fine-grained sandpaper;
3. we process the polished surface with a primer for plastic. We apply two layers of the composition;
4. if the primer does not cover deep scratches, fill them with putty.

After that, you can start. We use paint of a suitable color, focusing on the manufacturer's instructions for its use. The painted surface can be additionally varnished.

Now you know all the ways to eliminate scratches in the vehicle interior. Choose the right one!

Most drivers perceive their own car as a small child who needs to be constantly monitored - what if it hits, scratches or gets sick? Fortunately, such close attention to the car is not required: it is not able to hit on its own, and spontaneous illnesses are quite rare. There remains only an element of chance, from which no one is immune.

A very common random problem is the appearance of scratches on the plastic parts of the car interior. Ordinary plastic does not belong to the category of hard materials, so careless handling of keys, falling various objects in the cabin, even entering and leaving the cabin - all these actions can lead to scratches on the plastic surface.

For many drivers, this situation is extremely unpleasant, because the smallest damage is still noticeable and an eyesore, constantly being in sight. If we are talking about a serious and deep scratch that ran through the entire front panel, the frown of the car owner will complement this picture. To prevent this from happening, this article will answer the question of how to remove scratches on plastic in a car interior.

Types of plastic damage

First of all, it is worth figuring out what damage to plastic can be at all - perhaps not everything is as dangerous as it seems at first glance. Damage to plastic parts in the cabin can be classified as follows:

1. Small scratches. Such damage is one of the most common and insidious. A seemingly insignificant problem can turn out to be much more serious. Yes, a couple of small scratches are a trifle, but when the whole detail is covered with such scratches, the interior deteriorates pretty much. The good news is that minor scratches can be repaired cheaply and reliably, even if they cover a significant area of ​​interior plastic.
2. Deep scratches. It will not be easy to eliminate a deep scratch, so you will have to use more radical methods (we will talk about them later). However, when dealing with this type of plastic damage, you should not despair - deep scratches can be repaired, and you will not need to change the entire part to eliminate them.
3. Sun damage. This type of damage is especially unpleasant for several reasons: firstly, it is far from always possible to protect yourself from it, and secondly, ultraviolet radiation causes plastic elements to burn out, and work to restore them will require serious efforts.

Very often there are situations when different damages are adjacent to each other, creating a very unpleasant picture.

If there are a lot of scratches and faded areas, it is worth considering a major overhaul of the plastic part. In addition, you should also pay attention to such a moment: a corrugated surface is practically not amenable to quick repair, and in the case of such plastic, there is only one way out - a complete repair of the damaged surface.

Basic ways to fix scratches

There are several ways to remove scratches from plastic interior elements. The most common of them are:

1. Removing scratches with a hair dryer.
2. Smoothing the damaged area with open fire.
3. Removing scratches with polishing.
4. Masking damage with special means.
5. Overhaul of a plastic part.

Each method is worth talking about in more detail.

Heat scratch removal

We do the removal of scratches on the plastic in the car! You can remove small scratches with a regular hair dryer.

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The meaning of such a repair is this: heating the plastic part leads to self-tightening of small defects, as a result of which they become almost invisible.

The process of removing scratches with a hair dryer is as follows:

• first, the damaged surface is thoroughly washed with detergents;
• after the panel dries, a working hair dryer is sent to it, turned on at minimum power;
• when the plastic is heated, you need to monitor its reaction (if the scratches do not heal, then you need to increase the power of the hair dryer or bring it closer to the panel).

If everything was done correctly, then small scratches will disappear quickly enough, and this can be determined visually.

Removing scratches with open fire

You can also eliminate plastic scratches in the cabin using an open flame (most often a regular lighter is used). The process is simple, but requires some skill:

• to eliminate a scratch, an open fire is swept along it several times;
• scratches will gradually heal, but before the surface cools down, do not touch the plastic with your hands in an attempt to find damage;
• after exposure to fire, a little soot will appear on the plastic, which is subsequently removed with cotton wool soaked in alcohol.

This method allows you to quickly remove small plastic defects, but it has one caveat: if the scratch did not work out the first time, then you should not try again - a long exposure to open flame on the panel can lead to its deformation and complete loss of good appearance.

Polishing a plastic part

If you want to restore the plastic part without the risk of damaging it, you can polish it. For this, a special abrasive paste is used, which allows painless processing of a plastic part. The process of removing scratches by this method looks like this:

• first, the damaged surface is well washed with detergents and dried;
• after that, an abrasive paste is applied to the area to be restored, after which the plastic is polished manually or with a grinder.

For polishing, do not use products that are intended for paint and varnish coatings. In addition, in no case should you polish the plastic surface at high speeds of the grinder - the part may simply melt.

Masking scratches with special pencils

One of the easiest ways to eliminate minor defects on plastic is to mask them with special pencils. Of course, the cost of such pencils is quite high, but in this case this factor is fully justified by the result.

The principle of masking scratches in this case is very simple: it is enough to apply the composition to those places where defects are present. As a result, the scratch along the entire depth is filled with a special composition, after which it will be impossible to visually detect it.

The main nuance in such a restoration of the plastic surface is that you need to carefully select the color of the pencil, otherwise a noticeable spot will appear on the panel, which has a different shade.

Overhaul of plastic

Finally, it is impossible not to mention the most expensive, time-consuming and reliable way of restoration - a major overhaul. The difficulty lies in the fact that for repair the plastic part must be removed from the passenger compartment. Repair is carried out in several stages:

• after removal, the panel is traditionally washed from dirt and dried;
• the next step is grinding the surface (unless it is corrugated);
• then the plastic panel must be coated with a primer, and after it dries, use a fine abrasive to bring it to a smooth state;
• the last step will be painting, and the layer of paint on top should be varnished for maximum reliability.

Video: how to remove scratches on plastic in a car

Conclusion

The appearance of scratches on the plastic in the car interior is a rather painful topic for many drivers, but it does not pose a particular danger. You must always remember that any damage to plastic surfaces can be repaired- just choose the best way to get rid of scratches and implement it with high quality. Now we answered the question of how to remove scratches on the plastic of a car.

29.10.2016 6 131 043 views

Surfaces of all kinds of plastics surround us. They are comfortable and practical, but prone to deformation. Therefore, the question of how to polish plastic from scratches is always relevant. In order for your favorite smartphone, window sill or TV to retain an attractive appearance, you need to read our tips and, with the help of simple steps, turn them into almost their original appearance.

It is enough to look around to see how indispensable plastic has become in everyday life. From it is made: household appliances, communications equipment, kitchen utensils, automotive parts, finishing materials.

This material is light and cheap, easy to use and unpretentious, and also resistant to temperature fluctuations. The only negative is the relatively low density, which is a consequence of the appearance of scuffs and scratches on it. Because of this, it is too expensive to change the entire product.

Preparation

Getting started, it is necessary first of all to decide what we are actually going to do and what improvised means. Polishing is easy, you just need to know how. To begin with, it should be understood that jacks of all trades distinguish at least three different types of such actions:

1. Thermal (using a hair dryer).
2. Chemical (that is, acting on plastic with toothpaste, polish or GOI paste).
3. Mechanical (using a drill or other polishing machine).

Initially, we assess how great the damage is, and based on this, we choose a methodology for further work:

1. Remove scratches from plastic by hand polishing.
2. Deeper damage can be overcome using thermal effects.
3. After chemical treatment, the coating acquires the perfect shine, and your headlights will shine like new ones.

When the future strategy of action is determined, it remains to carefully prepare the product for work. Using the most common dishwashing or glass cleaning products, you should carefully remove accumulated dirt and grease stains. Surely the plastic has a frame made of a different material. These places are pasted over with masking tape, which will be removed after work is completed.

Sanding plastic

This method of machining a plastic surface is used when there are deep scratches that cannot be effectively removed by any other means. The material lends itself well to grinding, having a low melting point. As a result of slow, careful work, we should get a uniform matte surface where there were deep scratches before. Here is the next range of actions:

• pre-cleaned material is placed where it will be convenient to deal with it;
• we prepare the workplace, remove all unnecessary items;
• as a processing material, we take several waterproof skins of various textures;
• a special grinding machine is useful as an auxiliary tool;
• if there is no machine, then it should be borne in mind that grinding with soapy water gives a good effect.

We begin work using a skin that has a large texture. Grinding is a slow business, accuracy is required. We process the product in slow mode, monitor the temperature, it should not overheat. We methodically move from a large texture of skins to smaller ones. After using each of them, we wipe the treated area with a dry cloth, this allows us not to miss the remaining flaws.

How to polish plastic from scratches yourself?

There are several ways that removing scratches and scuffs will no longer be an impossible dream. At home, with the help of simple devices, you can make a shabby product perfect with your own hands.

If the plastic surface that your kitchen table has has stopped sparkling and is covered with scratches, then it will not be difficult to polish it to its original shine.

The same method will allow you to make the window slope as textured as it was a few years ago. A few hours of focused work will save you a lot of money.

hand polished

After getting rid of scratches, it's time to move on to the next laborious process - polishing, which makes the old part almost new. Services involving the removal of scratches are widely provided by car dealerships and mobile phone dealers, as well as specialized cleaning companies.

They are not cheap, the same work is easy to do with your own hands. After all, special tools and devices that professionals use are sold in all car dealerships. The main thing when choosing a polishing paste: do not forget that we will process plastic; in order not to miss the choice, you should consult the seller, who will give professional advice.

By the way, GOI paste has proven itself well with the chosen processing method. It should be familiar to those who served in the army and scrubbed a belt badge. With this tool, you can ideally polish objects that do not claim to be pristine transparency.

If we are talking about a TV that has scratches or a phone that has major abrasions, then it is better to use special pastes. Let them cost more, but the effect will be desired.

Hand polishing:

• optimally handles small parts and small surfaces;
• we take a homogeneous paste, impurities and grains are excluded;
• oil will give a special gloss;
• apply the paste on the surface with felt or felt
• use circular motions;
• the hand goes easily, the pressure is small;
• the whole process takes 15 to 20 minutes.

We use a polishing machine, which in the most budgetary version consists of a drill with a special nozzle:

• an inexpensive polishing nozzle is sold in the store;
• the best use of such a machine is the surface of the headlights;
• good savings are obtained by replacing the nozzle with a piece of ordinary felt.

This material requires a thorough fixing so that it does not jump off.

Polishing

Among the products purchased at a specialized store, do not forget about the polish. With it, the result of your work will be a glossy plastic, no different from the one we purchased in the store. The technology of work is as follows:

1. The agent is applied to the surface in the form of a small uniform layer.
2. It is necessary to thoroughly grind it with a special cloth or nozzle.
3. Then, in fact, the process of work begins, which achieves the desired result, the plastic will bring the polish to a mirror shine.
4. If the surface of the phone is polished, then, exposed to periodic moisture, the transparent plastic loses its result over time, and the process should be repeated.
5. Repetition is necessary in any case if you see that your plastic is black and worn again.

Conclusion: to avoid frequent updates, protect household items from moisture.

Using a polishing machine

This is a completely professional tool that allows you to bring the restoration of the product to the ideal process. Such a tool is useful and convenient. It is especially recommended for motorists who from time to time perfect the headlights of their car, as well as its plastic surfaces. The main convenience lies in the speed, in a few minutes the amount of work is done, which manually will take, perhaps, more than one hour.

The consideration that guides a person who acquires such a technique is the need from time to time to put things in order in his household. Such a polishing masterpiece is not so expensive, it is available in stores selling power tools.

A few nuances that should be observed in the process of using the tool:

• before putting special tools into operation, it is necessary to remove the remaining dirt with a wet nozzle;
• when the action is nearing the end, one of the special pastes purchased in the store is used;
• to bring a special gloss to the product, a special nozzle made of foam rubber will help.

The whole method takes a few minutes.

Video: how to polish plastic from scratches with a polishing machine?

hair dryer

Another rather original method of getting rid of scratches is to use the most ordinary hair dryer. The meaning of the method is simple: plastic reacts quickly to sudden changes in temperature, so heat treatment is the best way to “heal wounds” on the surface of your phone.

Two types of tools are used for work: an ordinary hair dryer used for drying hair, and a special building unit.

1. Before working with plastic, impurities are removed.
2. The process is best started with minimal power.
3. We direct a jet of hot air to the desired area.
4. If the scratches continue to remain, the power must be gradually increased, but without fanaticism.
5. The main expected result is that the area with scratches will acquire a matte base, and they themselves will disappear.
6. After cooling, polishing of the plastic begins.

Toothpaste

In some cases, there is no need to purchase expensive products. As practice shows, such improvised means as ordinary toothpaste can serve as an abrasive for polishing the same headlights. Despite the cheapness and extreme availability, the gloss of the surface, in the end, is no worse than when using a proprietary product from a specialized store.

How this tool works:

• with the help of detergents we get rid of pollution;
• the composition of the product must be neutral;
• after degreasing, the product is washed and dried;
• the paste is applied to a piece of flannel;
• circular movements, clockwise or counterclockwise;
• periodically it is necessary to wash off the resulting slurry;
• the remaining paste is best removed with a damp sponge.

Obviously, using simple methods and a budgetary arsenal of funds, you can save a lot of money and get a truly brilliant result.

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