Topic of the lesson: "Technical and operational characteristics of road transport"
Lesson plan
1. Automobile transport: advantages, disadvantages, scope of use.
2. Rolling stock of road transport.
3.Organization of traffic in road transport.
Automobile transport - This is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers on trackless tracks.
using wheel movement.
Flaws:
1) severe environmental pollution;
2) high cost of transportation;
3) low carrying capacity of vehicles;
4) high share of empty run
Advantages:
1) high maneuverability of rolling stock;
2) high speed delivery;
3) the autonomy of the movement of vehicles.
Sphere of use of road transport
1) cargo transportation
for short and medium distances;
2) transportation of passengers:
- international,
- intercity,
- suburban,
- intracity);
3) in-plant and agricultural
transportation.
Material and technical base
road transport
1 ) rolling stock;
2) motor roads;
3) production and technical base (ATP, bus stations, service stations, gas stations, etc.)
Fixing the material
1 . Which objects are transported and over what distances is road transport used?
2. Describe the ways of road transport communication.
3. Select the characteristic properties of road transport:
a) high maneuverability of rolling stock;
b) light vehicles
c) the autonomy of the movement of vehicles.
d) low cost of transportation
e) high proportion of empty mileage (without load)
f) slow delivery speed
g) severe environmental pollution.
rolling stock
road transport
1) trucks;
2) tractors, trailers and semi-trailers;
3) buses;
4) cars.
1. Transport- for the carriage of goods and passengers:
KAMAZ 43253
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
GAZ-33023 "GAZelle-farmer"
KAMAZ 4208-413-18
Classification of cars by purpose
2.Special - to perform technical functions (truck cranes, aerial platforms, firefighters, etc.):
Truck crane KrAZ-65053 (KTA-32)
Aerial platform GAZ-53 AP-17
Tractor MTZ-1221
Fire truck GAZ 3308
Classification of cars by purpose
3.Sports- for sports competitions:
Lamborghini Huracan LP610-4
Aston Martin DB7 V12 Vantage
Kinsmart alpha 147
1 . Universal- for the transportation of all goods, except for liquid bulk
Onboard vehicle MAZ-6303A8-325
Onboard vehicle KAMAZ-43253
Onboard car Hyundai HD-120
Onboard vehicle KrAZ-65101
Classification of trucks by body type
2. Specialized - for the transportation of certain types of cargo (refrigerators, timber trucks, tankers, dump trucks, etc.).
Refrigerator Hyundai HD78
Timber carrier based on KrAZ-255B
Tank truck 5693-10 (chassis KAMAZ-53215)
Dump truck KAMAZ
Classification of trucks by carrying capacity
1) extra small - up to 0.5 tons (UAZ-39094 Farmer);
2) small - from 0.5 to 2 tons (GAZ-3202);
3) medium - from 2 to 8 tons (GAZ-3307);
4) large - 8–16 tons (KamAZ-5308);
5) especially large - over 16 tons (BelAZ-75).
Classification of buses by capacity
1) especially small - up to 10 pass. (GAZ-22171);
2) small - up to 30 pass. (PAZ-32054);
3) medium - up to 60 pass. (LAZ-695N);
4) large - up to 100 pass. (Ikarus 260);
5) especially large - up to 150 pass. (LiAZ-6213)
Fixing the material
- What kind of classification by appointment
b) flatbed car
KAMAZ 53215
a) fire truck
b) Mounting auto-hydraulic lift MGP-28.03
AC 2.5 - 40
2. What kind of classification by body type include the following vehicles?
c) Tank truck ATs-66052 (chassis KAMAZ-53229)
a) flatbed car KAMAZ4308
b) Scania P 250 refrigerated van
Fixing the material
by load capacity include the following vehicles?
c) RENAULT MAGNUM (20 tons)
a) MAZ 631219 (14.6 tons)
b) MERCEDES SPRINTER (2.5 t)
3.What kind of classification by capacity include the following buses?
c) BAZ A08123-30 (56 passengers)
b) Mercedes Sprinter
(18 pass.)
a) LiAZ6213 (pass. 145)
Driving route - this is the route of the rolling stock during transportation.
The main elements of the route:
- Route length Lm- the path traveled by the car from the initial to the final point of the route (from point A to point B);
- ride– cycle of the transport process: includes the delivery of the car to the place of loading (A), loading, moving and unloading at the destination (B).
- turnover - movement from the starting point to the final point and back (A-B-A).
Fig.1 - The main elements of the route:
Legend:
lн", lн” - zero mileage - the mileage that the rolling stock makes to arrive from the ATP at the first loading point and return after the last unloading to the ATP.
Fixing the material
Condition: The car left the ATP to the loading point (Gorlovka), then left with the cargo to the unloading point (Makeevka), returned from Makiivka without cargo to Gorlovka and then to the ATP.
Task: Indicate in column 3 of table 4 the corresponding element
routes and zero runs: Table 4
Movement from ATP to Horlivka
Delivery of the car to the place of loading (Gorlovka), loading, moving and unloading at the destination (Makeevka)
Delivery of the car to the place of loading (Gorlovka), loading, moving, unloading at the destination (Makeevka) and return to Gorlovka
Movement from Horlivka to ATP
Distance from Gorlovka to Makeevka
Road transportPresentation prepared by
Student of GBOU secondary school No. 133
Humbatova Dinara
cost of transportation mode of transport. Road transport is younger
railway and water, the first cars appeared at the very end of the 19th century.
After the Second World War, road transport began to be
railroad competition.
Trucks
carry almost everything
types of cargo, but even on
long distances (up to 5 and
more than a thousand km) road trains
(tractor truck and trailer
or semi-trailer) successfully
compete with iron
expensive to ship
valuable cargo, for which
delivery speed is critical,
e.g. perishable
products. In terms of the length of all roads, Russia ranks 5th in the world (about 1,396
million km for 2014). 2/3 of Russian roads are paved.
The density of Russian roads is very low - 50 km per 1000 km2 of territory.
Therefore, despite the high performance of the Russian
road transport (1st place in terms of the number of passengers transported - more than 70%, 2nd place in terms of passenger turnover - more than 40% and 3rd
place in Russia in terms of the weight of transported goods - 25%) our vehicles
is underdeveloped.
Advantages
Mobility: it's the only kindtransport, which operates on the principle of "from
entrance - to the entrance"
Great maneuverability and speed
Versatility
Flaws
High transportation costs: poor roads andlow quality of domestic cars
Low environmental friendliness
Low traffic safety
Large energy intensity
High labor intensity and low productivity
labor
Lack of cars small and large
load capacity
Impact of road transport on the environment
Road transport is the dirtiest mode of transport.giving up to 40% of air pollution in large cities.
Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from
vehicles amounted to 12,190.7 thousand tons.
Road transport requires good roads. Now in
developed countries have a network of highways -
multi-lane roads without intersections, allowing speeds
movement over one hundred kilometers per hour. Highways - the main transport
paths as part of the transport network of any territory,
are of great importance in the system of production-territorial relations.
Transport routes are divided into:
1) International highways: Pan American
motorway
2) National Highways: Trans-Amazon Highway
3) Inter-district highways: Moscow - St. Petersburg. Road transport development
The main prospects for the development of road transport in Russia should be the construction of modern roads
("Amur" (Chita-Khabarovsk)) highways ("Vostok" (Khabarovsk-Nakhodka)) paved roads in rural areas,
technical improvement of cars and buses, their
conversion to diesel and gas fuel.
It is also planned to create
express roads
and reconstruction
federal
Transport - the third leading branch of material production
Terms characterizing transport work
Cargo turnover
Cabotage
Freight
Passenger turnover
Dynamics of the global transport network
Types of transport
Network length, thousand km
1950
railways,
including electrified
1995
2012
Car roads,
including improved
Navigable rivers and canals
Oil pipelines
Gas pipelines
Airways
Structure of the World cargo and passenger traffic
SHARE IN CARGO TURNOVER
SHARE IN PASSENGER TURNOVER
Transport and scientific and technical
progress
INCREASED CAPACITY
TRANSPORT ROUTES
THE APPEARANCE OF NEW VEHICLES
INCREASED CAPACITY AND LOAD CAPACITY
MOVEMENT SPEED BOOST
World transport system
WORLDWIDE FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED EXTREMELY UNEQUAL!
According to the level of development, the world transport system can be divided into two parts:
Transport in economically developed countries:
Transport in developing countries - lagging branch of the economy, characteristic features:
a) high technical level;
a) unformed transport systems;
b) interaction of sub-sectors;
b) the predominance of one or two modes of transport: railway - India, Pakistan, Brazil, Argentina;
c) the availability of a transport network, its density (density), the mobility of the population are the highest;
river - the countries of tropical Africa;
c) transport mobility of the population is several times lower than the world average;
d) these countries account for 75-80% of the total length of the global transport network
d) horse-drawn, pack transport, porters are still widely used to move goods.
Air(airplane, helicopter)
Water(sea, river)
Land(road, rail, pipeline)
Structure of world cargo and passenger turnover
Types of transport
Cargo turnover, %
Railway
Passenger turnover, %
Automotive
Pipeline
Inland waterway
Air
Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and trillions of passengers are transported in the world by all modes of transport. More than 700 million cars, 80 thousand ships, 15 thousand regular aircraft, 200 thousand locomotives participate in these transportations.
LAND TRANSPORT
AUTOMOBILE
RAILWAY
PIPELINE
AUTOMOBILE
Countries leaders in length
highways:
- USA; Japan;
- India; China.
- Brazil;
Specific gravity railway system
EXPRESS LINES
The fastest express trains run on the lines:
- Paris - Bordeaux (France) Express "Mistral" (line length 540 km) transports passengers in 2 hours 10 minutes.
Paris - London Express transports passengers under the Pas de Calais at a speed of 250 km/h
- Tokyo - Osaka (Japan) Express "Hikari" (line length 515 km) transports passengers in 2 hours and 15 minutes.
Express train
"London - Paris"
Railway tunnel under
Strait of Pas de Calais (France -
Great Britain)
EXPRESS LINES
Preparations have begun for the construction of the Asia-Pacific Railway
highways: Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - tunnel under
Bering Strait - Vancouver - San Francisco.
Pipeline transport
PIPELINE
Developed through growth
oil and gas production and territorial
gap between production areas and
rebirth.
(The first oil pipeline was built in
USA in 1865, 6 km long.)
LEADING COUNTRIES BY LENGTH
OIL AND GAS PIPELINES:
1. USA (760 thousand km)
2. Russia (230 thousand km)
3. Canada (150 thousand km)
4. Countries of the Middle East
5. Germany
6. France
The most powerful trunk lines in the world
oil and gas pipelines are located in the CIS:
- "Friendship"
- "Shine of the North"
- "Union"
WATER TRANSPORT
RIVER AND LAKE
LEADING COUNTRIES
BY SEA TRANSPORTATION:
- Panama
- Liberia
- Japan
- Greece
- Norway
- Great Britain
- Italy
- Sweden
WATER TRANSPORT
Danube
Rhine
Elbe
Audra
Danube
Serves mainly the domestic needs of individual countries
RIVER AND LAKE
Major international river arteries of Europe:
But it also carries out international transportation
The American Great Lakes system and
deepwater path of the St. Love River
rent (USA, Canada)
Marine ships pass through several locks when they rise along the St. Lawrence River and bypass
nalam. Ocean liners can sail from the Atlantic to all industrial centers in the Great Lakes region.
- cabotage
AIR TRANSPORT
SHARE OF WORLD REGIONS IN
AIR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Leading countries in
air transportation:
2. UK
5. France
The largest airports in the world:
1. Oh Hair (Chicago)
2. Los Angeles
3. New York
4. Heathrow (London)
5. Frankfurt am Main
Number of Internet users
Russia ranks 43rd in the world in terms of the number of users
Impact of scientific and technological revolution on the "division of labor" between individual modes of transport? Give examples.
- Increasing the capacity of transport routes. The emergence of new vehicles.
- Increased capacity and movement speed.
- Containerization, which increased labor productivity by 7-10 times.
- Containerization (from English contain - contain)- transportation of piece goods in special metal containers - containers. It is associated with the emergence of new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - container terminals.
Reveal the following questions :
- What is the "flight" of the fleet under the "cheap" "false" flags? For which countries is this typical?
- Using figures 37, 38, 39, 40 and a color map in the atlas, study the location of the largest ports and the geography of cargo flows. Compare different types of seaports (see p. 139 in the textbook). What kind of cargo is transported by sea transport? How can this be explained?
Topic 1 TRANSPORT ECONOMY
1. Features of the transport economy
2. Technical and economic characteristics of individual modes of transport
3. Structure of the motor transport industry
q 6 s 21 v 0 m 0
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1. Features of the transport economy
The main task of the economy is the implementation of the production process.
The main task of transport is the movement of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption.
As a result of the production process, i.e. transportation process, no new product is created. Unlike other branches of material production, transport products do not exist independently outside the production process.
Transport products are the movement of people and natural products in time and space without changing the physical and chemical properties of the products.
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Features of transport products:
Creation of stocks of transport products is impossible;
The cost of producing the finished product does not contain the element "raw materials";
Three steps in the process of moving goods or passengers:
Loading cargo or boarding passengers;
moving;
Unloading cargo or disembarking passengers.
Enumerate Meters of transport products. * 1.1_1-6
For freight traffic - the volume of traffic (Q) in tons and cargo turnover (P) in ton-kilometers;
For passenger traffic - the number of passengers carried and passenger turnover.
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2. Technical and economic characteristics of individual modes of transport
The economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport is determined by economic and specific transport factors.
The main economic factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport
Location and size of production and consumption, which determine the volume and direction of transportation and cargo flows;
The range of manufactured products that affects the structure of the rolling stock, the rhythm of work;
The state of stocks of inventory items, which determines the requirements for transport in terms of the urgency of delivery of goods
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The main specific transport factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport. ** 1.2_2-6
Placement of a network of communication lines;
Operating conditions, including:
Seasonality and rhythm of work;
Availability of throughput and carrying capacity;
Technical equipment;
Transportation process organization system.
To select the optimal solutions, technical and economic calculations are required.
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The main comparative indicators of the economic efficiency of transportation by various modes of transport. *** 1.2_3-6 EKZ
1. the level of operating costs (cost of transportation);
2. investments;
3. speed of movement and terms of delivery of goods;
4. availability of carrying and throughput capacity;
5. maneuverability in providing transportation in various conditions;
6. reliability and uninterrupted transportation, the possibility of their regular implementation in bulk quantities;
7. guarantee of the safety of transported goods;
8. conditions for the highly efficient use of rolling stock and technical means, the possibility of using new means of transportation (pallets, containers, etc.), mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
The value of these indicators for each type of transport is different and largely depends on the capacity and structure of cargo traffic, transportation distance, type of cargo, shipment size, type of rolling stock, material and technical base, mode of transport and other factors.
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2.1. Railway transport
1 . Inextricable connection with industrial and agricultural enterprises, construction sites, trade depots, warehouses, etc.;
2. The possibility of building railways on any land territory of the country (+ ferries), ensuring stable links between regions;
3 . High carrying and throughput capacity of railways;
4 . Possibility of inexpensive mass transportation of goods;
5 . "All-weather";
6. High speed of movement (delivery of goods);
7. Short way of cargo transportation;
8 . High economic performance and perfect transportation technology.
Advantages:
Great carrying capacity
Low cost of transportation,
High level of labor productivity.
Flaw:
the construction of railways requires large investments, especially in the difficult topographical conditions of the regions of the Far North, the East of the country, in swampy, mountainous and desert regions.
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2.2. Automobile transport
Main technical and economic features:
1 . Great maneuverability and mobility (transportation of goods from the point (place) of production (loading) to the warehouse of the consumer (recipient) without reloading operations, i.e. "from door to door");
2. High speed of movement (delivery of goods);
3 . Short way of cargo transportation;
Flaws:
High cost of transportation (higher than in water and rail transport). Reserves for reducing the cost of transportation: reducing the empty mileage of vehicles and increasing commercial speeds;
The high cost of the material and technical base of car maintenance (garages, service stations);
Lack of paved roads.
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Tasks of increasing the efficiency of road transport. ** 1.2_4-6 EKZ
Improving the structure of the car park (bringing it in line with the structure of freight turnover);
Increase in time in the outfit;
Improving the organization of maintenance and repair of substation;
Improving the mechanization of loading and unloading operations;
Widespread introduction of automated control systems.
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2.3. Sea transport
Main technical and economic features:
1 . Possibility of mass intercontinental transportation of goods of foreign trade turnover;
2. Relatively small capital investments (sea routes do not require costs for their construction or maintenance, except for canals);
3 . Unlimited bandwidth;
4 . Low fuel consumption and energy costs, (no terrain);
5 . Over long distances, the cost of transportation is lower than that of other transport.
Flaws:
Dependence on natural geographical and navigational conditions (winds, currents, precipitation, fog, air temperature);
The need to create a complex port economy on the sea coasts;
Limited use of maritime transport in direct maritime communications.
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2.4. River transport
Main technical and economic features:
1 . Large carrying capacity on deep water rivers;
2. Low cost of transportation (the average cost of freight transportation is close to that of railway transportation, and passenger transportation is about 1.5-2 times higher);
3 . Smaller capital investments (costs for organizing navigation along natural main waterways with a capacity of 80-100 million tons per year are several times less than for the construction of a broad gauge railway (with rolling stock), 3-4 times less than for the construction of a paved road).
Flaws:
Tortuosity of the path, uneven depths along its entire length;
Seasonal restrictions (ice) ;
Extension of cargo routes;
Slow shipping speed.
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2.5. Air Transport
The main advantages in passenger transportation:
1. High speed of delivery of passengers, comfort of travel;
2. Maneuverability in the organization of passenger traffic;
3. Long non-stop flight range;
4. The shortest distances of air routes;
5. Saving time for passengers;
6. High culture of passenger service;
7. A small need for capital investments for the construction of complexes of technical structures at airports.
Based on 1 km of overhead line served by jet aircraft, capital investments are approximately 35-45 times less than in rail and road transport.
Disadvantage: - high cost of transportation.
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2.6. Pipeline transport
A complex of facilities for the transportation of oil and oil products from the place of extraction or production to points of consumption or transshipment to other modes of transport.
Types of pipelines - main, field, supply.
Trunk lines are designed to transport oil from production areas to oil refineries, transshipment bases located in railway, river and sea loading points, or to head pumping stations on the territory of an oil producing field.
Field, factory and oil depot pipelines are designed for internal pumping.
The supply pipelines are designed to transport oil from the fields to the main facilities of the main oil pipelines and oil products from refineries to the main oil product pipelines
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Advantages of pipeline transport
Possibility of ubiquitous laying of pipes and pumping of oil cargoes in mass sizes;
Long distance oil cargo transfer;
Low cost of transportation (2 times less than by waterways, and 3 times lower than by rail);
Preservation of petroleum products (complete sealing of the transportation process);
Full automation of loading, pumping and unloading of oil and oil products;
Capital investments and metal consumption are less than in other modes of transport;
Continuity of the pumping process;
Little dependence on climatic conditions;
Small number of service personnel;
Absence, with appropriate insulation, of a negative impact on the environment.
Flaws:
Narrow specialization;
Rational use requires a steady flow of oil.
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2.7. Transport costs
Transport costs of the national economy as a whole - all costs associated with the transportation of raw materials, fuel, industrial and agricultural products from supplier enterprises to consumers, as well as the costs of transporting goods of supply and marketing and trade organizations.
The comprehensive development of all types of transport and the rational distribution of transportation between them make it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of investments in transport and reduce the national economic costs of transporting goods.
The largest share of transport costs falls on road transport. Causes:
A large number of small shipments of goods,
Relatively small load capacity of vehicles,
Non-24 hour work
short haul distances,
Loading and unloading costs, etc.
Saving transport costs is an important factor in increasing the efficiency of social production.
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The main factors in reducing transport costs. * 1.2_5-6
Increasing labor productivity;
Reducing the cost of transportation;
Increasing return on assets.
A 1% reduction in transportation costs can save the national economy 650-700 million rubles, which can be used to build 2,000 km of railways, or 2,600 main electric locomotives, or more than 200,000 motor vehicles.
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3. Structure of the road transport industry
The sectoral structure of road transport characterizes the type of production and their quantitative ratio in terms of production volume.
Factors on which the development of the sectoral structure of road transport depends. ** 1.3_6-6
Forms of ownership and nature of industrial relations,
Technical progressive pace of development of other industries,
The pace and scale of mechanization of manual and labor-intensive work and processes,
level of specialization,
The level of development of productive forces,
The place of the country in the system of the international division of labor
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2. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
3 . Departments
4 . Services and agencies
5 . Separate institutions (divisions) that are not part of the Ministry of Transport
6. Regional authorities
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The state branches of economic management and industry management are built according to the production-industry principle, taking into account territorial and local interests:
1 . Government (Chairman)
2. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
Main goals:
Formation and implementation of the state transport policy in the assigned field of activity, aimed at meeting the state needs, the needs of the population and the economy in transportation and other types of transport services;
Development, together with the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, of a strategy for the development of transport in the Russian Federation as a whole and its implementation on the basis of general transport and sectoral federal target programs;
General management and coordination of the activities of federal services included in the system of economic, investment, tariff, scientific, technical and social policy.
3 . Departments:
Departments by modes of transport, incl. Department of State Policy in the Field of Automobile and Urban Passenger Transport;
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4 . Services and agencies:
Federal agencies for modes of transport, incl. The Federal Road Agency and the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Transport:
Main goals:
To carry out on the territory of the Russian Federation state control over the observance by concerns, unions, associations, associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations and entrepreneurs of legislative and by-laws, standards and norms that determine the procedure for the functioning of the transport and road complex of the Russian Federation;
When issuing licenses, ensure the creation of conditions for the normal functioning of the market for transport and other services related to the operation of transport, as well as the protection of the interests of consumers using transport and means of communication.
5 . Separate institutions (divisions) that are not part of the Ministry of Transport, incl. NIIAT - OJSC "Research Institute of Automobile Transport".
6. Regional authorities, including: Department of Transport and Road Facilities of the Ministry of Industry and Transport of the Ulyanovsk Region.
7. Motor transport companies
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Control questions
Enumerate Meters of transport products. * 1.1_1-6
The main specific transport factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport. ** 1.2_2-6
The main comparative indicators of the economic efficiency of transportation by various modes of transport. *** 1.2_3-6 EKZ
Tasks of improving the efficiency of road transport . ** 1.2_4-6 EKZ
The main factors in reducing transport costs. * 1.2_5-6
Factors on which the development of the sectoral structure of road transport depends. ** 1.3_6-6
Literature
Serbinovsky B.Yu. and other Economics of road transport enterprises: Textbook. -M.: Publishing center "March", 2006.
