There have always been enough craftsmen to assemble all kinds of mechanisms from improvised means in our country. These words are confirmed by Soviet magazines with a large circulation (we will not remember the names), programs like Crazy Hands, Do-It-Yourself books, and numerous videos on the Internet. In this article, we will analyze the engine on the water.
Definitions
All devices that are designed to convert energy into mechanical work are called engines.
An engine on water is a blurry definition. It can mean:
- screw engines of boat types (can use an internal combustion engine on water, steam and others);
- jet engines (jet skis, armored personnel carriers and, again, submarines);
- a generator that converts the energy of water into mechanical work (an engine that runs on water);
- steam engine (a water-powered engine will not be considered in detail due to the simplicity of the structure).
The steam engine is arranged in a similar way: fuel is filled into the boiler, water boils in the cylinder, a weighty piston from above rises under pressure until the cylinder valve opens. The piston drives the mechanism.
About screw engines
In water transport, the following principle is mainly used: a propeller of certain parameters is attached to an engine (steam, electric, diesel, gasoline and, less likely, gas).
About jet engines
According to the device, water is passed through itself due to screws (missiles have a slightly different principle). The peculiarity lies in the directed jet, due to which the object comes into motion. For a visual representation, it is worth recalling the principle of operation of a water pump. The advantages of such a system are efficiency at high speeds and relative noiselessness.
About water generators
If the question arises “how to make an engine on water?”, Then due to the rotation of the screw, the rotor can be set in motion. It, in turn, causes magnetic induction in the conductor coils. It causes alternating current. The current either directly sets the object in motion, or accumulates a charge in the battery. The battery is already being distributed for needs.
Assembly principle
Let's analyze the approximate structure of a circuit using an electric generator and attach a jet engine to it. This will visually show how a certain element works. The circuit will consist of the following components: rotating blades for the alternator, AC/DC converter, battery, compatible electric motor, jet propulsion system.
To ensure the operability of the generator, it is necessary to at least approximately represent the speed of rotation of the rotor. Based on the speed of rotation, we get an idea of the power that the generator should produce.
An electric asynchronous alternator consists of a stator (fixed part) and a rotor (rotating). The stator consists of a block of dielectric metal sheets (non-conductive) superimposed on each other with cut through grooves, and magnetic coils inserted into them. The coils must not come into contact with the block. For this, special gaskets are used inside, and arrows on the outside are made of insulating material. They should not protrude beyond the grooves. The coils are also isolated from each other. The shape and elements of the rotor may differ from each other.
Let's take do-it-yourself engines on the water with the expectation of three phases as a basis, since this type is the most common. This means that three coils of the same size will be used. At home, at a voltage of 220 volts DC at 19 amperes, you will need a wire with a cross section of 1.5 millimeters. It will work subject to consumption not exceeding 4.1 kilowatts. It is also worth considering the frequency of rotation. The number of revolutions per second is measured in hertz. In Russia, the purity of 50 Hertz per second for electronics is accepted. The wires at the output are connected by a "triangle" or "star".
About physics
A watt is the product of amperes and volts. A kilowatt is 1000 watts. A volt is equal to the product of Amperes (current) and ohms (resistance). By adding turns, you will increase the power of the generator, but also the necessary work required when the rotor rotates. In this case, it is recommended to start from the requirements of the battery for consumption, and not for return.
Of course, it is possible to make calculations for a future product, but for safety reasons it is recommended to experiment with a low power of a hand-held generator, since without experience it will not be possible to assemble a fully working model the first time. The reason for this can be minor flaws, inappropriate materials, etc., and the result of a violation of safety regulations is someone's life. Use a 12 volt battery and a smaller diameter wire to start with. As a rotor - a simple ferromagnetic core (an iron cylinder will do). For starters, you can make a car engine on the water for some type of machine.
From the alternator, you will need to make a circuit from a transformer (high voltage to low voltage), 4 diodes in a rectangle (one-way traffic), a capacitor (for uninterrupted operation), a resistor and a zener diode (top and bottom limit) and the last regulator. The entire circuit is connected to the storage battery. From the battery directly to the engine under the screw. The engine can be made similar.
From the engine for jet propulsion, an extract is made from wires (with waterproofing) or a reel. The extension is placed at the bottom of the boat. The screw is attached to it. The shape of the screw, the angles and the number of petals are at your discretion.
In the small size, you get a boat with manual recharging and a nozzle, which will provide high speed. If you increase the scale, then with the right approach, you will get a powerful engine on the water, and most importantly, skills will appear.
On a note
- Be sure to use an ammeter.
- The current strength depends on the consumption and varies depending on it.
- The conductors must be covered with insulation and not damaged.
- A special tool or a rubber mallet can be used to insert the conductors into the slots.
- Exposed elements must not be touched as long as they are working.
- After turning off the engine, a residual charge remains in it, you should wait until the excess comes out or remove it using an additional device.
- For convenience, chain breakers should be connected so that you can easily turn off the engine on the water.
- It might be worth considering a cooling system;
- An important element can be a voltage control relay and a residual current device.
Description.
In a dielectric container with water ( 5) pour charcoal powder 6) , or coal dust, but graphite dust is also possible. In principle, any finely ground carbon will do! The proportions are not important here, as long as the electrodes ( 3-4) completely immersed in the powder, which will settle to the bottom of the container.
Seal container tightly with lid 1) in which there is an outlet tube for synthesis gas, with a filter ( 2).
Apply power to the electrodes. The power source can be a car welding machine on 12 volt, or another inverter that converts the car's power to a more powerful current. I experimented in the kitchen, so I served it directly from the outlet 220 volt.
This vessel is placed inside another vessel with cooling running water, and all this is placed inside the coil of copper wire. That's all!
We get:
1) Outgoing combustible gas that can be burned in the combustion chamber of a car, in a gas stove (boiler burner), etc. Supplied through a water lock!!!
2) Hot water that can be looped into the heating system of the house. Water heating efficiency - 150 % relative to the factory heating element of the water heater.
3) Electricity for lighting, or for self-feeding of the same reactor, which will feed itself. The arc inside the reactor generates very powerful electromagnetic radiation, which induces induction in the coil. The number of turns and the diameter of the wire must be selected experimentally for the greatest efficiency.
Caution, synthesis gas is highly explosive! All connections must be tight!
Both wires must be well insulated to avoid breakdown through water. The electrodes must be made of stainless steel, diameter 3 mm. Distance between electrodes 15-30 mm. (depending on the composition and salinity of the water).
Operating principle
After the ignition is turned on, a spark jumps between the electrodes through wet coal dust, which ionizes the space, after which a plasma arc appears between the electrodes. Water with coal powder begins to boil, and synthesis gas (a combination of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) is rapidly released in the plasma region. The reactor heats up very quickly and strongly. Approximately 1 liter of water - for 10 sec comes to a boil. Inside the plasma 5000 C. Therefore, it is necessary to cool and drain hot water. And in the coil there is an induction of a strong electromagnetic oscillation, which is emitted by the arc.
Advantages:
On small engines, you can drive without gasoline at all. Coal consumption (preliminary) 0.5 kg - per 100 km. It is approximately - 3 cent. (car power supply has not yet worked out)
Flaws:
1) Carbon vapor, evaporating from the region of the plasma arc, can precipitate and crystallize into diamond crystals upon cooling. Even small diamonds, getting into the combustion chamber of a car, will disable the pistons and scratch the surface of the cylinders. There is a high probability that diamonds can be synthesized directly in the combustion chamber, since diamond crystallization occurs precisely when carbon vapor is cooled to a temperature 1500 - 2000 degrees, which may well reach this value inside the combustion chamber. (Look« technology for obtaining diamonds at home» tab "SENSATIONS"
2) In addition to electromagnetic radiation, the reactor emits almost the entire spectrum of hard rays (just like the sun), from ultraviolet to X-rays. Therefore, it is desirable to shield the reactor with a lead casing
In the photo - a laboratory, primitive, plasma, fuel reactor for internal combustion engines.
In the video below, you can clearly see the huge release of combustible gas. Behind 10 seconds, the whole room was filled with gas, and the reactor itself heated up in the same time to 100 C. The consumption of electricity in this case is only a couple of turns of the counter. Less than an iron.
Therefore, this technology is relevant not only for a car, but also for a house, since gas can be burned in a furnace or in a gas stove, and the water that will cool the reactor can be put through the heating system, and it will be hot in the house. Preliminary calculation of total efficiency (heat, electricity and gas) over 200 %
And this despite the fact that I could not achieve stable plasma. Later I will post a video of an industrial design with a stable plasma, but for now, look at what is:
Video of experiments, schemes, description, in one file, -
Video and photo of stable plasma in water, watch
The resulting gas is called hydrogen, Brown's gas or water gas. The engine on the water was created in order to protect the environment, because modern cars throw a bunch of harmful exhaust gases into the atmosphere. An internal combustion engine converts 15 percent of the energy of gasoline into mechanical energy, while a water engine will increase these percentages by several times. The laws of thermodynamics will not be violated if the Brown system works in the car. It consists in the following - the gas begins to burn and dry water vapor is formed, which in turn improves heat transfer between the valves and the seat. Steam cleans the valve-piston system from carbon deposits. A water-powered engine has more mechanical energy than a gasoline-powered engine. It is more economical, because the mileage of the injectors and the interservice mileage increase. You can drive up to 40 hours on a liter of water.
Creating an engine on water at home is not easy, but possible, because water needs to be decomposed into gas, and this will require catalysts and electrodes. You also need to stock up on distilled water. The simplest Brown generator design would be 5mm plexiglass, 316 stainless steel wire, vinyl tubing (4mm diameter) and 6 x 700ml jars. The wire will need 20 meters. When working, use rubber gloves. You need to get a certain amount of gas. If the engine is 1.5 liters, then gas should be formed from 0.7 to 1.5 liters per minute. This process will depend on the voltage created on the electrodes. The electrolyte will heat up to 60 degrees in two hours if you supply power at 12 V. This is too much, so it is better to use a supply of 6 V. Unfortunately, the engine has not yet been created purely on water, so you need gasoline to start the engine.
Next, 2 electrodes are created from wire and stainless steel plates and attached to the lids of the jars. Fittings are made on the covers, into which gas will escape, and bolts that will hold the electrodes. The lids must fit tightly, and the electrodes do not close together. Now, half a liter of distilled water is poured into 6 cans with the addition of half a teaspoon of KaOH. After turning the ignition key, gas will begin to be produced. The tube is mounted in the duct near the filter. When producing hydrogen and oxygen, the mixture passes through the car's manifold and mixes with gasoline from the fuel tank and burns in the engine, as it should be. At the same time, gasoline itself burns very economically and the engine does not wear out so quickly. Such a water engine system should work on any car, if everything is connected correctly and the correct voltage is applied.
Automotive experimenters are also interested in Pantone's GEET reactor. (GEET stands for Global Green Energy Technology.) It is simpler to build and does not require a specific voltage to be applied. Its essence is that the exhaust gases pass through a pointed rod. It becomes statically charged, so the water molecules in the gas are split into hydrogen and oxygen. Exhaust gases have a high temperature, which is also involved in the splitting process. Further, in the reactor, the hydrocarbon molecules are separated into carbon and hydrogen. Formations are obtained from oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Oxygen does not oxidize because gases contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen. When doing experiments with such an engine on water, a mixture of 20 percent gasoline and 80 percent water is needed. Then it will be economical and able to withstand long distances.
Those who conducted the experiments noticed that often the ratio is 50 to 50, not 20 to 80. But those who drive a car and try to save on fuel that is expensive in our time will be happy with 10 percent savings, this is obvious. The disadvantage of the Pantone reactor is the difficult exit of the exhaust connections, because a lot of resistance is formed there. In addition, the reactor is single-mode. The Pantone GEET-reactor began to be installed all over the world on lawn mowers, gasoline generators. A lot of experiments were carried out and crude oil and even food waste were poured into the reactor. Based on this reactor, they tried to create another GEET-muffler device. It works using steam, soot and hydrocarbons. The main mechanism is a cyclone. In it, the splitting of components occurs under the influence of centrifugal force and throttling.
The muffler consists of a catalytic reactor in which a chemical catalyst creates hydrogen from exhaust gases. The reaction can start at a temperature of 400 degrees. While the Pantone reactor required a temperature of 500-600 degrees. You can work at temperatures below 400 degrees, but then, in order for hydrogen to appear, you need to install a reactor with electric heating elements. For this, a glow plug from diesel engines is often used. An engine on water using a GEET-muffler device will also require gasoline, but its consumption will be from 20 to 30 percent of the total liquid. Maximum 50 in some car models. But this is a significant savings in the family budget. The device is convenient in that it is compact and water, so that the muffler works, is taken not from a separate tank, but from exhaust gases. This means that the driver does not need to control the process of filling the car with water.
The water engine is a new technology developed by scientists to clean the air from harmful emissions into the atmosphere. After all, not only gasoline-powered cars pollute it. Plants and factories destroy the ozone layer, which can lead to irreparable consequences and completely change the climate of the entire globe. Nature has been sending signals for a long time to make people think about using new developments.
In this article, we will talk about the history of the appearance of the Mayer cell and describe in detail how the Mayer cell works.
Quite a lot of time has passed since the invention of the engine on water, or the so-called "fuel cell" of the American Stanley (Steve) Meyer (Meyer, or Mayer) - they just do not call the inventor. Who by chance does not know, let me explain: The Meyer cell is a device that consumes a small amount of electrical energy (in fact, “for free”) and produces a large amount of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture from ordinary water. In an attempt to figure out how the Mayer cell works, a large number of minds are currently “beating”. Someone even claims that he managed to implement this “hydrogen generator”, but somehow it is done furtively, and then nothing happens: For some reason, we don’t change to cars that run on water, because they simply don’t exist. I am also interested in this problem, I did experiments with the Mayer cell, so I propose to understand in this together.
Who knows, maybe my advice will help you, and soon you will declare that your car has gone on the water. Why not me? I am not torn into the annals of history, for the next half of the year - the year my main work takes a lot of time, and besides, I do not have the conditions that allow me to recreate the Mayer cell in the “near future”. What, in my opinion, is necessary and how the Mayer cell works in general. We will deal with you together. You will read about this in subsequent articles.
For those who wish to see the video material made by Mayer himself and his friends, he can go to the page Books, programs and videos for free download, which has links to a wide range of videos from demonstrations to conferences, as well as other material from Cell author Stanley Mayer.
Before presenting the material, I want to focus on the following: Experiments with hydrogen are extremely dangerous, you carry them out at your own peril and risk! The combustion rate of hydrogen is several orders of magnitude higher than the combustion rate of any other types of hydrocarbon fuels and their vapors. And the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen - the so-called "explosive mixture" not only burns, but explodes with great force. Considering certain difficulties in the manufacture of an installation for the decomposition of water into components, I realize that a simple schoolboy will not make the installation himself. Since you are adults, I am not responsible for your actions, and besides, I declare that if you do not have sufficient knowledge, skills and abilities to ensure your safety, then I categorically do not recommend you to engage in the practical manufacture of hydrogen generation plants.
This article is intended to dispel your fantasies and ignorance, which appear in countless numbers on various forums. The radio circuits of Meyer Cells published on various sites look ridiculous, which must consume a minimum of energy to obtain a resonance of water. These are well-executed circuits, actually “working”, but absolutely all of them work on the principle of an ordinary Electrolyzer! What resonance, what accumulation? Complete nonsense!!!
Why did only he himself make the Mayer cell, while others could not?
Let's start with the fact that there is a version that will not cause anyone to deny it. There is a "very small" bunch of people in the world with "very huge" opportunities, these are the oil magnates - the owners of the world's fuel reserves. They would really not want to lose their billions of billions, which they practically “for free” put into their pockets while pumping out the “blood of the Earth”. In fact, they live at the expense of all mankind. It is you and I who regularly pay them a lot of money, filling up your car, for something that, in fact, should not belong to them. And so that this process of filling their pockets does not stop, they are doing everything so that no one comes up with an alternative energy source that is superior to petroleum products. There is, of course, Atom, but they quickly “throw back their sandals”, so Atom is not a competitor for oil. The oil barons employ more than one hundred smart boys, including hackers who remove “advanced” information from the media, including the Internet. These boys talk about their conscience and about the fact that “humanity is on the verge of extinction” because of the bad ecology, they don’t think about it, the barons pay them regularly for their work. Therefore, only tops of knowledge reach us, and the truth is in the roots. Moreover, the necessary information is replaced by false information, using which we will never create anything for the benefit of mankind if the "masters of the world" do not want it.
And in general, you have to think, the engine on the water is the collapse of the world economic system. If the price of oil falls sharply, there will be a revolution of 1917, only on a global scale. Because the petrodollar determines the price of other goods. At first, a year or two, there will be a reassessment of everything, there will be nothing in the stores, and there will be a "blockage" in the landfills. Someone might say that this is lyrics in defense of the "bourgeois".
Now let's get to the heart of the matter! How does the Mayer cell work? I will analyze what is written in the article "Water instead of gasoline", which is available in a large number of copies on various sites. I will refute some points, and highlight the interesting points of the article. Later, I will analyze, in my opinion, the really important points of the article, which indicate that there is a high probability of making a Mayer cell with your own hands. It is worth noting that Mayer's patents are written in "technical" English. Any connoisseur of "ordinary" English will not be able to correctly translate his patents into Russian. Visitors to the site can download Stanley Meyer's patents from the Deposit at the link for free. Meanwhile, we are starting to analyze the “Russian-language translation”!
1. Conventional water electrolysis requires current measured in amperes, the Meyer cell produces the same effect at milliamps.
Let's evaluate this phrase taking into account most of the schemes that appeared on the Internet. The device that measures the current drawn from the current source is an ordinary DC ammeter, and there are no smoothing capacitors after the ammeter. Considering that the pulses arriving at the cell electrodes are short-term and have a large duty cycle, the ammeter, due to the inertia of the frame, should show a current no more than one tenth of the actual current consumed, or even less.
2. Ordinary tap water requires the addition of an electrolyte, such as sulfuric acid, to increase conductivity, and the Mayer cell operates at a tremendous capacity with pure water.
Any electrolyser with non-distilled water, with a distance between the electrodes of 1-2 mm, will work with great productivity. In addition, the article first says that Meyer uses tap water, and now they write about clean water. Not matching. In general, I had the idea that a lot of “useful” was cut out in the article, and a lot of “confusing our brains” was added - this is a word about oil barons and people who make money on sensations.
3. According to eyewitnesses, the most striking aspect of Mayer's cell was that it remained cold, even after hours of gas production.
With short-term impulses - nothing amazing.
4. Mayer's experiments, which he considered eligible for patenting, merited a series of US patents filed under Section 101. Submission of a patent under this section is conditional on successful demonstration of the invention to the Patent Review Board.
I had to submit a scientific work to a well-known Scientific Research Institute of Russia (I will not name it so as not to belittle its authority, but it is really authoritative). This work had a lot of flaws, but it was highly appreciated. She was later sent to the All-Russian competition, and for her I even have a medal from the Minister of Education. The work was promising, but it required time, which I did not have, and now it has become irrelevant. Besides, anything can be patented. Meyer, for example, separately patented his cell and separately a method for generating hydrogen, and separately patented a car engine on water. Strange fact. But maybe I'm wrong, and smart and attentive men of science sat in the Committee.
5. Meyer uses an external inductance that forms an oscillatory circuit with the cell capacitance—pure water appears to have a dielectric constant of about 81 (in other papers, "about 5")—to create a parallel resonant circuit. It is excited by a powerful pulse generator, which, together with the capacitance of the cell and the rectifier diode, constitutes the pumping circuit. The high frequency of the pulses produces a stepwise rising potential at the cell electrodes until a point is reached where the water molecule breaks up and a brief current pulse is produced.
Here, we are talking about some kind of oscillatory circuit. Guess which of the above diagrams shows the oscillatory circuit, left or right, or can you find a pumping circuit? Judging by the above diagrams, there is no smell of a circuit here, and a pumping circuit too.
Energy pumping circuits of devices known in radio electronics at least have a storage line consisting of several capacitors and chokes. There is also an easier way to “pump”, but we will definitely talk about this later. And here, there is nothing at all, except for the discharge device - cell plates, which prevent any accumulation at all. Moreover, accumulation in known systems occurs gradually, and then a short-term discharge occurs. And here, something else is described, completely incomprehensible to classical science.
6. Stanley Meyer, successfully decomposes ordinary tap water into its constituent elements through a combination of high voltage pulses, with an average current consumption measured in milliamps.
See point 1.
7. Mayer declined to comment on details that would allow scientists to reproduce and evaluate his "water cell". However, he submitted a sufficiently detailed description to the US Patent Office to convince them that he could substantiate his claim for the invention.
Quite a strange fact. Meyer decided to become a "water tycoon"? Why refused? A lover of wearing a patent, boasting of its cover, but not showing it to anyone? A patent is then valuable when its owner receives dividends from its implementation!
8. Meyer states that the gas output increased as the electrodes moved closer and decreased as they moved further away.
In any electrolyzer, with a decrease in the distance between the plates, the gas productivity increases.
9. The second cell contained 9 stainless steel double tube cells and produced much more gas.
But I ask you to pay attention to this fact. I suppose this is where the whole mystery of the cell lies.
10. The practical demonstration of the Mayer cell is substantially more convincing than the pseudo-scientific jargon that is used to explain it.
Copperfield also convincingly demonstrated his tricks, and as explanations, just like Mayer, he used pseudo-scientific jargon (he explained everything with “magic”).
11. The inventor personally talked about the distortion and polarization of the water molecule, leading to self-breaking of the bond, under the action of an electric field gradient, resonance within the molecule, which enhances the effect.
This is the same as in paragraph 9, please pay attention, we will talk about this later.
12. He also stated that photonic stimulation of the reactor space with laser light via optical fiber increases gas production.
At a certain frequency of the laser generator, it can indeed enhance the resonance of molecules using frequency harmonics (division and multiplication).
13. The frequency of the pulses entering the capacitor is selected, corresponding to the natural resonance frequency of the molecule.
One thing is written, and the presented schemes and drawings are not capable of operating at the resonance frequency of water molecules, but we will also write about the possibility of such an implementation later (as in paragraphs 9 and 11).
14. The boost coil is wound on a conventional toroidal ferrite core 1.50" in diameter and 0.25" thick. The primary coil contains 200 turns of 24 gauge, the secondary 600 turns of 36 gauge. The transformer provides a voltage increase of 5 times, although the optimal coefficient is selected in a practical way.
With the specified number of turns of the primary and secondary windings, the voltage will increase exactly 3 (three) times, and not 5 (five), any radio master will say. With such a description, you will understand for a long time how the Mayer cell works. You can read about how the transformation ratio is calculated in the article “Power transformer. Transformer calculation. Does anyone know how a transformer works? I will answer, any master knows this: “Uuuuuuuuuuu ... ..”.
15. Real water has some residual conductivity due to the presence of impurities. Ideally, if the water in the cell is chemically pure. Electrolyte is not added to water.
Chemically pure water is distilled water! And at first they talked about plumbing!
16. Two concentric cylinders 4 inches long make up the condenser. The distance between the surfaces of the cylinders is 0.0625 inches.
Remember the dimensions, we will return to them together with points 9, 11 and 13.
17. The calculation of the resonant frequency is traditional. The second inductance is adjusted depending on the purity of the water so that the potential applied to the water is constant.
What is the "traditional" calculation? The authors of the article were taught to calculate the resonance of an oscillatory circuit consisting of a capacitor, a coil and a semiconductor diode? There are no such "traditional" circuits! Read more about traditional calculations in the article “Oscillatory circuit. resonance." And in general, under what resonant frequency to adjust?
18. Outer tube fits 3/4" 16 gauge (0.06" wall thickness), 4" long. Inner tube 1/2" diameter 18 gauge (0.049" wall, this is an approximate size for this tube, actual gauge cannot be calculated from patent documentation but this size should work), 4" long.
Remember the sizes, we will return to them later along with points 9, 11, 13 and 16.
19. It is not specified if there should be water inside the tube. It seems that it is there, but it does not affect the operation of the device at all.
And this is how to say, everything can depend on this. This does not affect the copyist of this article! Let's go back together with points 9, 11, 13, 16 and 18.
20. The frequency has not been printed, based on the size of the coils and the transformer, the frequency does not exceed 50 Mhz. Do not rest against this fact, this is just my guess.
On the basis of what did the author guess about the frequency not exceeding 50 megahertz? According to the parameters of the coils and the transformer, without any calculations, any experienced radio amateur will say that the frequency will not reach even 1 (one) megahertz. The author of the article, as he writes himself, really tried to “guess”, but it turned out like in the “Field of Miracles” - he played but did not guess.
Now you yourself understand why I first treated this article as another swindle. Now I have the opposite opinion, but in order for it to be confirmed, it is necessary to “sort things out”.
In the next article, we will “remove noodles from our ears” and reveal what is hidden behind the points No. 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19 highlighted in this article. And this is exactly the link in the chain of mysteries that we have to expand to answer the question: How does the Mayer cell work?
From TV screens we are told that the amount of oil is rapidly decreasing, and soon gasoline cars will become a thing of the distant past. That's just not entirely true.
Indeed, the number of proven oil reserves is not very large. Depending on the degree of consumption, they can last for a period of 50 to 200 years. But these statistics do not take into account hitherto unexplored oil production sites.
In fact, there is more than enough oil on our planet. Another question is that the complexity of its extraction is constantly increasing, which means that the price is also growing. In addition, the environmental factor cannot be discounted. Exhaust gases pollute the environment a lot and something needs to be done about it.
Modern science has created many alternative energy sources up to the engine of nuclear fission in your machines. But most of these technologies are still concepts without the possibility of real application. At least that was the case until recently.
Every year, machine-building companies produce more and more machines that run on alternative power sources. One of the most effective solutions in this context is a hydrogen engine from the Toyota brand. It allows you to completely forget about gasoline, making the car an environmentally friendly and cheap vehicle.
Hydrogen engines
Types of hydrogen engines and their description
Science is constantly evolving. New concepts come up every day. But only the best of them come true. Now there are only two types of hydrogen engines that can be cost-effective and productive.
The first type of hydrogen engine runs on fuel cells. Unfortunately, hydrogen engines of this type still have a high cost. The fact is that the design contains expensive materials like platinum.
The second type includes hydrogen internal combustion engines. The principle of operation of such devices is very similar to propane models. That is why they are often reconfigured to work under hydrogen. Unfortunately, the efficiency of such devices is an order of magnitude lower than those that operate on fuel cells.
At the moment, it is hard to say which of the two technologies for creating hydrogen engines will win. Each has its pros and cons. In any case, work in this direction does not stop. Therefore, it is quite possible that by 2030 a car with a hydrogen engine can be bought at any car dealership.
Principle of operation
The hydrogen engine works on the principle of electrolysis. This process takes place in water under the influence of a special catalyst. As a result, hydrogen is released. Its chemical formula is as follows - HHO. The gas is not explosive.
Important! Inside special containers, the gas is mixed with the fuel-air mixture.
The generator includes an electrolyzer and a reservoir. The current modulator is responsible for the gas generation process. To ensure the best results, an optimizer is installed in injection hydrogen engines. This device is responsible for regulating the ratio of the fuel-air mixture and Brown's gas.
Characteristics of catalysts
The catalysts used to create the desired reaction in a hydrogen engine can be of three types:
- Cylindrical banks. This is the simplest design, operating on a rather primitive control system. The performance of a hydrogen engine operating with this catalyst does not exceed 0.7 liters of gas per minute. Such systems can be used on cars with a hydrogen engine up to one and a half liters. Increasing the number of cans allows you to exceed this limit.
- Separate cells. It is believed that this type of catalyst is the most efficient. The performance of the system is more than two liters of gas per minute, the efficiency is maximum.
- Open plates or dry catalyst. This system is designed to last a long time. Productivity fluctuates in the range from one to two liters of gas a minute. The open position provides the most efficient cooling.
The efficiency of hydrogen engines is growing every year. Hybrid devices operating on hydrogen and gasoline are now beginning to be put into operation. In turn, designers do not stop looking for the most efficient catalyst model that provides even greater performance.
DIY hydrogen engine
Generator
To create an efficient hydrogen engine for a car with your own hands, you need to start with a generator. The simplest homemade generator is a sealed container with liquid into which the electrodes are immersed. For such a device, a 12 V power supply is sufficient.
The fitting is installed on the cover of the structure. It removes a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Actually, this is the basis of the generator for the hydrogen engine, which is connected to the internal combustion engine.
To create a complete system, you will also need an additional drive and battery. It is best to use a water filter as a housing, or you can buy a special installation. In the latter, cylindrical electrodes of increased productivity are used.
As you can see, isolating the right gas for the reaction is not so difficult. It is much more difficult to produce it in the amount needed for a hydrogen engine. To increase the efficiency it is necessary to use copper electrodes. In extreme cases, stainless steel is also suitable.
During the reaction, the current must be supplied with different strengths. Therefore, without an electronic unit can not do. In addition, there must always be a certain amount of water in the tank so that the reaction takes place under normal conditions. The automatic feeding system in the hydrogen engine solves this problem. The intensity of the electrolysis provides a sufficient amount of salt.
Important! If the water is distilled, there will be no electrolysis at all.
To make water for a hydrogen engine, you need to take 10 liters of liquid and add a tablespoon of hydroxide.
Hydrogen engine device
First of all, you need to take care of additional tanks and pipelines. The hydrogen engine needs a water level sensor, which is installed in the middle of the cover. This will prevent false triggering when moving up and down. It is he who will give the command to the automatic recharge system when needed.
The pressure sensor plays a special role. It turns on at 40 psi. As soon as the internal pressure reaches 45 psi, the pumping is turned off. Above 50 psi the fuse will trip.
The fuse for a hydrogen engine must consist of two parts: an emergency release valve and a rupture disk. The rupture disk will activate when the pressure reaches 60 psi without causing any harm to the system.
To remove heat, you need to use the coldest candle. Candles with platinum tips are not suitable. Platinum is an excellent catalyst for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.
Important! Pay special attention to creating crankcase ventilation for the hydrogen engine.
Electrical part
An important role in the electrical circuit of the hydrogen engine is played by the 555 timer. It acts as a pulse generator. Moreover, it can be used to adjust the frequency and pulse width.
Important! The timer has three frequency ranges. The resistance of the resistors is within 100 ohms. The connection takes place in parallel.
The hydrogen engine board should have two 555 pulse timers. The first one should have larger capacitors. The output from leg 3 goes to the second generator. He actually turns it on.
The third output of the second timer of the pulsed hydrogen generator is connected to 220 and 820 ohm resistors. The transistor amplifies the current to the desired value. The diode 1N4007 is responsible for its protection. This ensures the normal operation of the entire system.
Results
Now the hydrogen engine is no longer a figment of the imagination of scientists, but a very real development that you can do yourself. Of course, in terms of characteristics, such a unit will be inferior to the factory model. But the savings for the internal combustion engine will still be noticeable.
Hydrogen engines not only help reduce gasoline consumption, but are also completely environmentally friendly. That is why, in the first quarter, sales of Toyota's hydrogen car broke all records in Japan.
