Gearbox 5-speed shift scheme. The principle of operation of a manual transmission

mechanical box(switching) gear(Manual transmission or manual transmission) - a type of gearbox, a mechanism designed for a stepwise change in gear ratio, in which the choice of gear is carried out by the operator (driver) manually. It is named so because all of its main functionality is implemented solely by mechanical devices, without the use of hydraulic or electrical elements (as opposed to hydromechanical or electromechanical transmissions, which contain in their design, respectively, hydraulic and electrical elements).

Stepped simple gearboxes are widely used in vehicle transmissions, as they are simple in design and reliable in operation. The following requirements are imposed on gearboxes of this type:

• high traction and dynamic qualities of the vehicle
• high strength, rigidity, reliability and durability
• high efficiency, especially in the most used gears
• ease of control and quiet operation
• reliable fixation of the engaged and disengaged gears, preventing the simultaneous engagement of two gears
• small size and weight

These requirements determine the rational design of the gearbox and its individual parts.

Most of the wheeled vehicles studied are fitted with five-speed three-way simple gearboxes (five forward and one reverse). The number of “moves” of the gearbox corresponds to the number of moving elements with which the inclusion of certain gears is carried out.

The five-speed gearbox has 3 shafts:

• leading 7, connected by means of a clutch to the crankshaft of the engine
• driven 5, mounted coaxially with the drive shaft 7 and connected to the driveline
• intermediate shaft 6 with gears attached to it

The shafts are mounted on rolling bearings in the crankcase, which simultaneously serves as an oil reservoir, with filling, control and drain holes, as well as a ventilation device. An axle is fixed in the crankcase with a block of 7 gears ZX installed on it on bearings. The gear 17 is made integral with the drive shaft and is in constant engagement with the corresponding gear 16 of the intermediate shaft, as a result of which the intermediate shaft receives rotation from the drive shaft with a constant gear ratio, which is determined by the ratio of the number of teeth of the driven gear to the number of teeth of the drive. The gears of the driven shaft (except for the gears of the 1st gear and ZX) are in constant engagement with the corresponding gears of the intermediate shaft, but are freely installed on the driven shaft (they can rotate relative to the shaft, but not move along it). Therefore, although the intermediate shaft will rotate when the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, rotation will not be transmitted to the driven shaft, and therefore to the driving wheels of the propulsion unit (neutral position).

Rice. Diagram of a five-speed gearbox

The gears are switched on by two synchronizers - 2 and 3 and gear 4 of the 1st gear and ZX, which are mounted on the driven shaft on splines and can move along the shaft. The gear change mechanism comprises a control lever, rollers (rods) with forks moving synchronizers and carriage 4, latches and a safety locking device installed in the gearbox cover. Synchronizers have gear rims, which, when the gears are engaged, engage with the corresponding gear rims of constant mesh gears, which ensures the transmission of torque to the driven shaft and further to the driving wheels of the propulsion unit. The gear ratio between the intermediate and driven shafts is determined by the ratio of the number of teeth of the driven shaft gear to the number of teeth of the intermediate shaft gear. The gear ratio between the drive and driven shafts, i.e., the total gear ratio of the gearbox is the product of two gear ratios, one of which is between the drive and intermediate shafts, and the other between the intermediate and driven shafts.

The greater the gear ratio of the gearbox, the greater, with the same engine torque, the torque transmitted to the drive wheels, and the speed of the vehicle is correspondingly lower. In 1st gear, when the gear ratio is the largest, the vehicle is usually pulled off and the initial acceleration is carried out, as well as movement in particularly difficult conditions. The inclusion of 1st gear is ensured by moving gear 4 forward and engaging it with gear 8 of the intermediate shaft. As driving conditions improve, higher gears with smaller gear ratios are switched on, when a significant increase in traction force on the drive wheels is not required, and the speed of the vehicle increases.

The highest gear in the above diagram is the V gear, which is obtained by connecting the drive 1 and driven 5 shafts using the gear rims of the drive shaft and synchronizer 2; the gear ratio in this case is equal to one (direct transmission).

When the vehicle is moving in direct gear, the intermediate shaft of the gearbox rotates idly.

Reverse is provided by moving gear 4 back and engaging it with one gear of block 7 3X. The other gear of the block is in constant engagement with the gear 11, rigidly connected (fixed with a key) with the intermediate shaft.

Torque is transmitted from the drive shaft to the driven shaft through the following parts:

• when turning on the 1st gear - through gears 16, 17, 8 and 4
• II - through gears 16, 17, 9, 10 and synchronizer 3
• III - through gears 16,17, 12, 13 and synchronizer 3
• VI - through gears 16,17,14, 15 and synchronizer 2
• V - through gear 16 and synchronizer 2
• ZX - through gears 16, 17, 11, gear block 7 and gear 4

For smoother engagement and quieter operation, constant mesh gears are usually made helical. The angles and direction of inclination of the teeth on different pairs of gears are selected so that the axial forces on the shafts are the smallest. These axial forces are usually taken up by a deep groove ball bearing mounted at one end of the shaft. The other end of the shaft rests on a cylindrical roller bearing. This prevents the occurrence of additional stresses in the bearings as a result of thermal elongation of the shafts. The bearing seats are closed with covers with sealing gaskets. In the event that the end of the shaft comes out, seals are installed in the covers to prevent leakage of lubricant. This is also facilitated by oil-squeezing grooves on the shafts.

Lubrication of parts in the gearbox is carried out by spraying when the gears rotate or using an oil pump. Special gear oils are used for lubrication.

The gearbox is usually attached to the clutch housing and mounted with the engine on elastic mounts on the frame.

For example, the figure shows a longitudinal section of the gearbox of a KamAZ car.

Recently, there has been a tendency to install heavy-duty vehicles designed for difficult working conditions with an additional gearbox - reducing or accelerating (in some cases both at the same time). The presence of a reduction additional gearbox, usually installed behind the main one in the same crankcase, allows you to increase the total gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels when driving in all gears in the main gearbox. An accelerating additional gearbox, usually installed in front of the main one in the same crankcase, allows you to increase the speed of the vehicle and reduce the torque on the shafts of the main gearbox. In addition, 2 intermediate shafts are installed in the main gearbox, and the gears of constant meshing are made spur, which makes it possible to reduce the size and weight of the gearbox.

Rice. Gearbox (longitudinal section) of a KamAZ car:
1 - drive shaft; 2 - cover of the rear bearing of the drive shaft; 3 - adjusting gasket; 4 - lever rod; 5 - rod support; 6 - spring; 7 - gear lever support; 8 - axis of the gear block ZX; 9 - gear block ZX; 10 - roller bearing; 11 - top cover; 12 - cover of the rear bearing of the driven shaft; 13 - rear ball bearing of the driven shaft; 14 - bushing; 15 - flange for fastening the cardan shaft; 16 - bearing cover; 17- spherical roller bearing; 18 - intermediate shaft; 19 - gearbox housing; 20 - driven shaft; 21 - cover of the front bearing of the intermediate shaft; 22 - clutch housing; 23 - clutch release fork; 24 - clutch release fork shaft; 25 - clutch release clutch

All vehicles with internal combustion engines are necessarily equipped with gearboxes. Any motorist knows how much there is and what varieties of this device, and also accepts the fact that the most common today is a manual transmission. Its short designation is manual transmission. The main difference, in addition to structural and indicative, is that gear shifting is completely controlled by the driver. Let's take a closer look at what the named variety of KP is.

How does a manual gearbox work? What is she like? Let's figure it out.
A manual gearbox performs a simple and understandable function: changing the gear ratio of the rotation speed of the wheels from the motor. An important component of it is a gear mechanism of a gear (most often) type. We have already found out that a mechanical gearbox functions by manipulating the driver, who independently decides what gear ratio is currently required for the correct operation of the entire car. Hence the name - mechanical, which implies completely manual control.

The principle of operation of the manual transmission

In general, gearboxes are step gearboxes of a closed type. In themselves, they contain toothed gears, which, depending on the demand at the moment, can be coupled and can change the speed between the input and output shafts, as well as their frequency.

Important! “To put it simply, the principle of operation of a mechanical transmission is that at various stages of the input and output shafts there is a shift (manually) and connection of various combinations of gears.” Another important issue to consider is the manual transmission device.

It should be understood that by itself, any gearbox will not be able to function separately from other equally important components of the car. One of them is the clutch. This node disconnects the motor and transmission at the required time. This allows you to shift gears without consequences for the car while maintaining engine speed. The presence of a clutch and the need to use it is due to the fact that the manual transmission passes a large torque through its gears. It is also important to know that any gearbox, subject to the classical design, has axles shafts on which toothed gears are strung. We mentioned them earlier. The housing is usually referred to as the "crankcase". And the most common layouts are three- and two-shaft.

The first are:

• drive shaft;
• intermediate shaft;
• driven shaft.

The drive shaft is usually connected to the clutch, and a special disk is already moving along it (it is called the clutch disk). Further, the rotation goes to the intermediate shaft, which is firmly connected to the input shaft gear. When considering the design features of the manual transmission, one should take into account the special location of the driven shaft. Often it is coaxial with the drive axle, and they are connected by means of a bearing that is located inside the drive shaft. Such a device ensures the independence of their rotations. The gear blocks from the driven shaft are not fixed, and the gears themselves are limited by special couplings. They can also move along the axis. When the neutral gear is on, the gears can rotate freely. Then the clutches acquire an open position. After the driver has depressed the clutch and the gear is switched to, say, first, a special fork in the gearbox will move the clutch in such a way that it will catch on the required pair of gears. This is how the transmission of rotation and force directed from the engine is carried out.

Such a device and principle of operation are very similar to the three-axle version of the manual transmission. It is worth noting that two-shaft manual gearboxes have a high efficiency, but due to their design features and the associated restriction on the permissible possible increase in the gear ratio, they are used only in passenger cars. Synchronizers are also an important element in the design of mechanical gearboxes.

Previously, when the first samples of such gearboxes were not equipped with them, drivers had to carry out a double squeeze to equalize the circumferential speeds of the gears. With the advent of synchronizers, this need has disappeared. It should be noted that synchronizers are not used for gearboxes with a large number of them (when it comes to, say, 18 steps), because from a technical point of view, this format is simply impossible to complete. Also, to increase the speed of gear shifting, synchronizers are not used in the construction of sports cars. Synchronizers function in this way: when the manager changes gears, the clutch is shifted to the desired gear. Efforts are applied to the blocking ring of the clutch, and with the existing friction force, the surfaces of the teeth begin to interact. As we found out, the mechanical gearbox has an accessible and clear principle of operation. Let us now consider questions relating to gear shifting.

Gear shift

Now that we know how a mechanical gearbox works, it is important to understand the shift process itself. A special mechanism is responsible for this process. Cars with rear-wheel drive are equipped with a shift lever on the manual transmission itself. The mechanism is hidden in the case, and the lever allows you to control. This location option has some advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:

• accessibility and simplicity in terms of design solutions;
• clear switching;
• high service life.

The disadvantages include:

• the inability to position the motor at the rear of the machine;
• inability to use on cars with front-wheel drive.

If the cars are equipped with front-wheel drive, then the levers are provided on the floor between the driver's seat and the passenger's seat, on the steering wheel panel or on the dashboard. Design features in shifting gears of cars with front-wheel drive also have their own advantages and disadvantages. Among the first stand out a special comfort in the location and ease of switching, the absence of vibrations on the lever, relatively high freedom in terms of design and engineering layout.

The disadvantages are mainly represented by a relatively small durability, the likelihood of backlash, as well as the need for thrust adjustment. In addition, this option in the design and location of the lever is less clear than when located on the manual transmission case. Anyone who is interested in the topic of a variety of gearboxes should familiarize themselves with the pros and cons of a particular mechanical gearbox, because it is a kind of “mother” all subsequent versions and functionality of the switch boxes.

Pros and cons of manual transmissions

Of course, the ideal gearbox simply does not exist. But the incomparable advantages of mechanical are:

1. The relative cheapness of the design compared to analogues.
2. Small weight and enviable efficiency (efficiency).
3. No special cooling requirements.
4. The advantage in terms of economy and the best acceleration dynamics among analogues.
5. High reliability and long service life.
6. Having the ability to apply different techniques (which is important for aces and experienced drivers) and driving styles under certain conditions (for example, during icy conditions and when driving off-road).

1. A car with a manual transmission can be started by pushing and towing it as easily and conveniently as possible over long distances at any speed.
2. The possibility of disconnecting the engine and transmission.

Impressive list. Let's talk about the disadvantages. Among them:

1. The need for switching full separation between the power mechanism and transmission, and this affects the time of the changeover.
2. To achieve smooth switching, you will have to fill your hand for a long time and accumulate experience.
3. Ideal smoothness cannot be achieved at all, since the number of steps in modern cars with a manual transmission ranges from 4 to 7.
4. Relatively small resource on the clutch assembly
5. Statistics showing that drivers who prefer mechanics are more prone to fatigue on the road.

At the end of the article, we will consider a short course of driving a manual transmission for inexperienced drivers.

Mechanical box for "dummies". 9 important details

A beginner who has purchased a car with a manual transmission needs to familiarize himself with the important nuances in handling the box and understand some points. Let's start in order. What are transmissions for? In order to choose which one and under what conditions will be the best for use in the situation you require (weather conditions, road surface quality, etc.)

Important! Mastering the location of gears. An important point is the synchronous pressing of the clutch pedal with the simultaneous switching of speeds.

1. Starting the motor. Scheme: "neutral" - clutch - engine start. And nothing else.

2. Proper application of the clutch. Squeeze - strictly to the end and no more than 2 seconds. We take care of the car.

3. Commendable coordination and smooth actions. Clutch. Speed ​​(for example, first). We throw the clutch (slowly, of course), while just as slowly we take the gas.

4. Downshifting. Simply put, when you slow down, it is important to downshift the gears, in the same way that they were increased during acceleration.

5. Reverse. Never and under no circumstances is it recommended to engage reverse gear until the car stops.

6. We park. The engine is off, the clutch is depressed, the first gear is engaged, the handbrake is in the working position. Everything is simple.

Incomprehensible, difficult and tedious? More practice! Only under the condition of constant and continuous driving, the described principles and subtleties will not be just a set of rules or laws, but something natural and understandable.

Conclusion

The device and principle of operation of a manual gearbox, as we found out, are quite interesting, although at the same time they are difficult to understand. Manual transmission works exclusively in conjunction with internal combustion engines. This type of design and principles in control gives the considered type of gearbox certain advantages over its counterparts, which are increasingly beginning to occupy leading positions in the market in terms of sales. However, do not forget that the most practical, although not quite easy to use at first glance, is the manual transmission.
Get to know the "mechanics" closer, and you will be pleasantly surprised!

Almost any modern car (except electric cars) is necessarily equipped with a gearbox. The most popular are the following types of gearboxes:

1. Automatic transmission;
2. Variable speed drive;
3. Robotic gearbox.

The most common in Russia is a manual transmission. Almost all domestic cars and most foreign cars are equipped with boxes of this type.

Purpose and device of a manual transmission

A manual gearbox is needed in a car to change the gear ratio from the engine to the wheels. Gear shifting occurs due to the muscular strength of the driver, his mechanical efforts in relation to the manual transmission. That is why such a gearbox is called a manual gearbox. The driver himself controls when to shift the manual transmission selector to a higher or lower gear. Modern manual transmissions are 5, 6 and even 7-speed. Most often in modern cars a 6-speed gearbox is used.

In addition, each manual transmission box has a reverse and neutral gear. The rear one allows the car to move backward, the neutral gear is when there is no rotation from the motor to the drive of the drive wheels.

The principle of operation of a manual transmission

The manual transmission device includes:

1. The box itself, which is a multi-stage gearbox;
2. Clutch;
3. Various shafts and gears.

If you explain the principle of operation of manual transmission for dummies, then you can form it like this:

1. The gears change the speed between the shafts. By changing the size of the gears, there is a switch to an up or down gear;
2. Without a clutch, shifting gears on the go is impossible. His job is to separate the motor and transmission. This procedure helps to shift gears without breaking the gears and shaft.

Each manual transmission (if it is not an innovative model) is arranged according to a similar design. Gears are located on the shafts (on their axes). Manual transmissions come with two or three shafts, and the housing is called the crankcase.

Three-shaft system device

The three-shaft system is equipped with three shafts:

1. drive shaft;
2. intermediate shaft;
3. Driven shaft.

The principle of operation of the mechanics is that there are splines on the drive shaft, and the shaft itself is connected to the clutch. The clutch disc moves on the splines, and the axle itself transfers its energy to the intermediate shaft, which is connected to the drive gear.

The driven shaft of a mechanical gearbox is connected to the drive shaft with the help of a bearing inside the first shaft and is located in such a way that the axes of the driven and the drive are related to each other. In turn, this structure allows them to rotate independently of each other. The gears of the driven axle are not rigidly fixed in relation to the driven shaft, and the gears themselves have special delimiters - a synchronizer clutch. Such delimiters, unlike gear blocks, are firmly attached to the driven shaft. However, this does not prevent them from moving along the spitz along the axis.

The ends of the synchronizer coupling are in the form of gear rims, which allows them to come into contact with the rims on the ends of the driven shaft gears. Currently, the gear unit is equipped with such synchronizers in all forward gears.

Delimiters-couplings in the neutral mode, which is characterized by smooth rotation of the gears, are disengaged. At the moment of switching the lever to one of the possible steps with the clutch fully depressed, the fork in the gearbox directs the synchronizer clutch to come into contact with its pair at the end of the gear. This engagement gives a rigid fixation of the gear with the shaft and, as a result, the transmission of force and rotation.

With a rear-wheel drive type of car, the transmission of torque and revolutions to the drive wheels occurs through a cardan shaft, and with a front-wheel drive - using CV joints and a gearbox. In the event that there is no gear, and the clutch directly engages the driven and drive shafts, the gearbox gives the highest possible efficiency. For reverse gear, the box device is equipped with a gear that allows you to change the direction of rotation in the reverse order.

Recently, manual transmission manufacturers have been favoring helical gears. Unlike spur gears, such gears produce a minimum of noise during operation and are more wear resistant. The service life of such gears is determined by the material from which they are made: high-alloy steel, hardened by high frequency current and normalized to relieve stress.

Double shaft device

The operation of a manual transmission equipped with a two-shaft gearbox follows the same principle as a three-shaft one. The only difference is the gear layout. Instead of one on the drive axle, there is a whole block of gears. There is no intermediate shaft, but the two remaining shafts run parallel to each other.

In general, a two-shaft system has a high efficiency, but the gear ratio on such systems is quite low. It is for this reason that two-shaft gearboxes are installed only on cars. For trucks, the gear ratio should be higher.

What is the purpose of a synchronizer in a manual transmission?

Most passenger cars, both domestic and foreign, have manual transmissions that have a synchronizer. This element helps to equalize the speed of the gears, which leads to reduced noise levels and easier gear shifting, which cannot be achieved if there is no synchronizer in the box.

How does the gear change process work?

No matter what kind of drive in your car, front or rear, a special lever is always responsible for the gear shifting process. If you look at the manual transmission in section, you will notice that the location of the lever on the front drive is significantly different from its location on the rear drive.

Rear-wheel drive vehicles have a simpler shift lever layout, which simplifies their repair and maintenance. The lever is located directly on the gearbox housing, the shift mechanism is hidden inside the housing. This location has many advantages, but, unfortunately, it is not without its disadvantages.

Design advantages:

1. A very simple solution, which greatly simplifies the process of do-it-yourself repair;
2. Gear shifting is very precise;
3. Due to the absence of "extra" knots, this design is very durable.

Design cons:

1. It is not possible to install this system on vehicles with front-wheel drive;
2. If a car with rear-wheel drive has an engine located at the rear, then this also makes it impossible to use this design (there are very few such cars).

On front-wheel drive vehicles, the gearshift lever can be located in the following places:

1. On the floor, between the front seats;
2. Directly on the steering column;
3. Near the dashboard.

This feature leads to the fact that the multi-speed manual transmission on front-wheel drive vehicles only works remotely, using backstage or rods. This design feature also has its pros and cons:

1. The lever is located more comfortably for the driver, since its position does not depend on where the manual transmission is located;
2. The vibration that is created in the gearbox is not transmitted to the gearshift lever;
3. Opens up a wide field of activity for automotive designers who can place the gearshift lever in any place convenient for them.

The disadvantages of this design are as follows:

1. A more technically complex system requires more attention and is less durable;
2. After long-term operation, backlash often appears;
3. There is no such clarity of gear shifting as in the version with a gearbox on a rear-wheel drive car;
4. Periodically, it is necessary to adjust the traction, which may require qualified intervention by car service specialists.

Advantages and disadvantages of manual transmission

Any system, including a gearbox, has several different designs with different pros and cons. Consider how a manual transmission differs from other types of gearboxes:

• The main advantage of using manual transmission is its price. Most budget cars are equipped with mechanics. Of course, you should not expect that a six-speed manual transmission or the latest seven-speed mechanics will be installed on a “state employee” (such boxes are sometimes mistakenly called seventh generation boxes);
• If we compare the manual transmission with hydromechanics, then the manual transmission will be much lighter in weight and have a higher efficiency;
• Manual transmission does not require such cooling as automatic transmission;
• Simplicity and reliability of the design (even in the version with manual transmission for cars with front-wheel drive);
• Cars with manual transmission are more economical than those with automatic transmission (this does not apply to the latest automatic transmission models, which can be more economical than "mechanics");
• Repairing a car with a manual transmission does not cause difficulties and can be done independently;
• Manual transmission is more suitable for sports cars, allowing the use of extreme driving techniques, controlled skidding and so on;
• A car equipped with a manual transmission can be started by pushing, and if it doesn’t work out, then towed to any desired distance.

Disadvantages of the manual transmission are as follows:

• Gear shifting takes longer than when using automatic transmission, as there is a separation of the engine and transmission at the time of shifting;
• For smooth gear shifting, driving skills with this type of gearbox are required;
• The clutch often fails and needs to be replaced;
• When driving a car with a manual transmission, the driver gets tired more, as he is forced to constantly change gears. This problem is especially relevant in large cities.

Gradually, the global automotive industry is reducing the number of cars with manual transmission, especially for the markets of countries with a high standard of living.

Manual transmission maintenance

Maintenance for a manual transmission usually consists of checking the oil level in it. It is necessary to monitor whether there are smudges on the crankcase, joints and filler and drain plugs.

Cars equipped with an on-board computer can signal to the owner about problems with the manual transmission unit. Each computer signal is decoded, after which appropriate measures are taken. The decryption can be in the manual for your car or in a special program on a laptop that can be connected to the car's on-board system. In most foreign cars, the oil in the box does not change if there are no problems. It is only necessary to occasionally check its level (if there are no signs of leaks).

Manual transmission is a fairly simple and maintainable system. If you need a simple and reliable car, then choose a car equipped with a manual transmission.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Due to the widespread use of automatic transmissions, more and more novice drivers prefer to learn on such cars. But a real driver must be able to handle a vehicle with any transmission, so
learn better on a car with a manual transmission. In addition, a manual gearbox has a number of advantages over an “automatic” one - it allows you to gain more control over the machine, spend less fuel in operation, and thanks to a simpler
design, it is cheaper both to purchase and to maintain. The only negative is that shifting gears on a manual gearbox may seem difficult for a beginner, but this will certainly pass with experience.

Before starting the practice, it is necessary to have some knowledge about the mechanical box. Most manual transmissions have 4 or 5 gears and one reverse, there is still neutral, when turned on, torque will not be transmitted to the wheels. From the neutral position, you can shift to any gear, including reverse. Be sure to learn the location of the gears so that you do not have to look at the gearshift lever while driving. 1st gear is used to a greater extent for starting off or when parking the car. You need to be careful with the rear - it has a greater speed range than the first, and with prolonged use it can damage the box.

And so, to start moving, you need to fully depress the clutch pedal and turn on the 1st gear, then, slowly releasing the clutch pedal, also gently press the gas pedal. At some point, you will feel how the car starts to move, hold the clutch in place for a while, then slowly release it completely. Having dispersed the car to a speed of 20-25 km / h, you need to switch to the second one, then release the gas pedal, depress the clutch all the way, turn on the second one and release the clutch. The transition to the third and higher speeds is carried out according to the same scheme. Do not jump gears: if the speed is insufficient, then the engine may not cope - stall or simply start to slow down. The change to the next gear is made approximately every 25 km / h, but it costs
keep in mind that shift ranges for different cars may be different - they depend on engine power and gear ratios. Having gained a little experience, it will be possible to learn how to shift gears in time, focusing on
engine sound.

To switch to a lower speed - release the gas pedal and press the brake until the car slows down to the desired speed, then depress the clutch and switch to the desired one, release the clutch and press the gas pedal.
When lowering, always reduce the speed of the car - if you turn on a low gear at high speed, the car will brake sharply and may go into a skid. Also, when shifting gears, be sure to fully squeeze
clutch - otherwise you will hear a characteristic rattle in the box, and over time it will completely fail.

Knowing how to switch gears on a mechanical box, you can begin to practice. You need to understand that at first you may not succeed in many things, for example, smoothly release the clutch and switch to the right gear in time.
The most difficult thing at first will be a smooth start, so it's worth spending enough time training somewhere in a free area.