Wheels were invented 5,000 years ago. Their first appearance was recorded in ancient Egypt. During the construction of the pyramids, special inventions were used to facilitate the movement of goods. They were called "skating rinks" and looked like round pieces of logs. They were placed under large boulders. This can be called the beginning in the history of the wheel.
Over the centuries, the wheel has been modified and improved. However, in the 19th century there was a real revolution in the entire history of the wheel. About 200 years ago, the pneumatic tire was invented, which is still used today to operate a modern car. Its discovery was facilitated by the discovery of the vulcanization process. What was the impetus for the development of the rubber industry in the industry.
What is a tire?
There are many opinions about what a tire is. Many people think that this is a rubber balloon. Geometrically, a tire is a torus. The mechanical point of view defines the tire as a vessel in the form of an elastic membrane with high pressure.
Chemistry takes a tire as a material that has macromolecules with long chains. The tire embodied the discoveries of the chemical industry, because various synthetic materials are used in the manufacture of tires. Tire production consumes several million tons of carbon black, elastomer oils, pigment and other materials each year.
In a broad sense, a tire is the achievement of scientific and technological progress, as well as the synthesis of scientific knowledge and modern technologies.
In 1844, the tire was officially patented for the first time.
The invention of the pneumatic tire was officially patented by Robert William Thomson, born in 1822. At 22, the year the tire was invented, he was a railway engineer and also had his own business in London.
In 1846, on June 10, a patent was dated, the essence of the invention, the design of the tire and all the materials necessary for its manufacture were described. The patent described that the "air wheel" was intended for a cart or carriage.
The invention was as follows: the tire was superimposed on a wheel that had wooden spokes. The wooden rim was upholstered with a metal hoop, and knitting needles were inserted into it. The tire consisted of a chamber, which was several layers of canvas, which were impregnated with a solution of gutta-percha or natural rubber. Also, the tire consisted of an outer coating, or rather, of pieces of leather that were connected with rivets. The tire was bolted to the rim. The patent stated that the leather tire had the necessary wear resistance, as well as numerous bends. The skin has the property of stretching when exposed to water and expanding with internal pressure. Therefore, the chamber was reinforced with canvas.
The tests were carried out with a crew with air wheels. Thomson measured the traction force, as a result, it was found that the traction force is reduced by 38% on a crushed stone pavement, and by 68% on a crushed pebble pavement. Tests have proven the ride comfort, quietness and smooth running.
After the tests were carried out, their results were published in the Mechanics Magazine in 1849. However, the appearance of this significant invention, as well as the evidence and justification for a thoughtful implementation, turned out to be insufficient for a reason for mass production. The main reason was that there were no volunteers to make this product at an acceptable cost. After Thomson's death, everyone forgot about the "air wheel", but samples of the product were saved.
The first practical application of a pneumatic tire.
The pneumatic tire was remembered in 1888. The Scotsman John Dunlop improved the tricycle by building wide hoops from a hose for watering the garden and, having inflated them with air, put them on the wheel. He received a patent for the invention and became known as the inventor of the pneumatic tire.
The tire quickly became widespread in use. In 1889, William Hume, who raced bicycles, used pneumatic tires for his transport. His talent in this matter was at an average level. However, he won all the races.
In 1889, this invention was also commercialized. The existing and still largest company, the Pneumatic Tire and Booth Bicycle Agency, was organized in Dublin. Now its name is Dunlop.
improvement
In 1890, engineer Chald Welch proposed to separate the chamber from the tire. He also found it necessary to insert a wire into the edges of the tire and put it on the rim. The Englishman Bartlett and the Frenchman Didier also contributed to the mounting and demounting of tires.
Frenchmen André and Edouard Michelin were the first to use a pneumatic tire on a car. They had a lot of experience in making bicycle tires. In 1895, for the first time, a car with pneumatic tires took part in an automobile race. The driver was French Bordeaux. He coped with the distance of 1200 km, and also came to the finish line. And already in 1896, pneumatic tires were installed on the Lanchester car.
Pneumatic tires were the impetus for the development of smoothness and patency of cars. But reliability was in doubt and required time for installation. The subsequent improvement in this area was associated with an increase in tire wear resistance, as well as their quick mounting and dismounting.
Many years passed, and the pneumatic tire replaced the molded rubber tire forever. To further improve the tire, more expensive and durable materials were used. A cord appeared in the tire - this is a durable layer that consists of textile threads. They also used quick-detachable structures, because this made it possible to change tires within a few minutes.
Modernization of the already existing model of pneumatic tires has become widespread and has led to a rapid surge of innovation in the tire industry. The first world war gave impetus to development, which consisted in the development of tires for trucks and buses. America was the first manufacturer. Truck tires had high pressure, and were able to take heavy loads. In addition, they had the necessary speed characteristics.
In 1925, almost 4 million cars with pneumatic tires were recorded in the world. The exceptions were certain types of trucks. Large tire companies began to emerge. Some of them are still working successfully today. For example: Dunlop (England), Pirelli (Italy), Michelin (France), Goodyear, Metzeler (Germany), Firestone and Goodrich (USA).
Science and pneumatic tires
The creation of tires ends by the end of the twenties of the last century thanks to the intuition of the designer. The fact is that there is a need for a scientific approach to the improvement of pneumatic tires. At that time, the base of chemical technology was already well mastered. It was used to prepare rubber compounds for tires.
Designing and testing tires for automobiles was not immediately gained experience. Numerous scientific studies have been carried out and used in practice in the activities of many companies in different countries. To develop further tire performance, special test benches were created.
In the thirties, designers modified the shape and pattern of the tread and tried to reflect the importance of the tire's role in car handling.
During the Second World War, synthetic rubber began to be used holistically. This was done to create improved tires in rubber formulations.
The next step in the development of tire production can be considered the use of viscose and nylon cords. Because viscose tires have improved tire performance and reduced some of the tire failure rates. Nylon tires were more durable. Thus, the gaps in the framework somehow reduced to zero.
The Michelin company in the middle of the twentieth century proposed a new tire design. The highlight of this idea was contained in a rigid belt, which consisted of layers of steel cord. The cord threads were located not in a diagonal form, but in a radial one - from side to side. Further, these tires were called radial and allowed the car to be a more passable vehicle. At the same time, the designers worked on the wear resistance and grip properties of the tire.
In the next ten years, the ratio of tire height to profile width was changed. The desire for lower tire profiles was due to the increased contact area with the road. This contributed to an increase in the overall life of the tire, as well as improved sidewall stability and traction.
In the seventies, compared with the fifties, the pneumatic tire has reached a certain level of improvement. The following changes were noticed: safety was increased, and fuel consumption was reduced. In addition, passenger cars have switched to using radial tires.
The Continental company in the eighties proposed a new improvement: a tire design with a special mount on the T-shaped wheel rim. This innovation has provided safer driving at low speeds, even if the tires are flat.
Simultaneously with space flights and space exploration, a new era in the creation of tires began. Since lunar rovers and lunar robots required the production of new types of tires, which would not be afraid of either heat or cold, or even vacuum, which could move on any surface.
Modern stage of development
In modern times, there is a trend towards the use of low-profile tubeless radial tires. These tires make it possible to use various vehicle performance in terms of load capacity and volume, and ensure the safety of transportation and the efficiency of the vehicle.
Tire modernization moves in all directions and is justified by a wide specialization in accordance with the purpose. For a long time, great attention has been paid to the grip, load capacity and rolling resistance of tires. Tire industry developers are working on the chemical composition, increasing the life of the tire and the safety of vehicles, tread pattern, simplifying production and improving the technical and economic performance of tires.
Inventor Story by: Charles Goodyear
A country: USA
Time of invention: 1839
Even the Spanish conquistadors brought wonderful products from South America (elastic balls, waterproof shoes). The Indians made them from the frozen hevea milky juice. It was done simply. For example, to make a ball, they covered a round object with juice layer by layer as it solidified. When a sufficiently thick layer was obtained, the mold was removed. Waterproof shoes were also made in a similar way, and their own feet served as a block. The Brazilians called this material “cauchou” (“kau” - wood, “learn” - cry), and now it is known as rubber.
Serious attention was paid to rubber only after the French engineer from Cayenne, Francois Freycinet, delivered rubber, products from it and a description to the Paris Academy of Sciences from South America. 
ways to extract it. His note and samples fell into the hands of the explorer Charles Marie de la Condamine, who used the samples to shelter his tools from the rain. In 1751, Condamine reported on the note by F. Freycinet to the Paris Academy of Sciences.
For a long time, rubber was used mainly for the manufacture of soft toys, they tried to cover shoes with it to make them waterproof. They also tried to use rubber for wagon tires, but the material was very soft and easily rubbed off on the road surface. In addition, in the heat it became sticky, and in the cold - brittle.
The English chemist and inventor Charles Mackintosh (1766-1843) found a new use for rubber. He made a raincoat from two layers of matter bound with a solution of rubber in petroleum hydrocarbons, and began producing waterproof coats, later named after him. In 1823 C. Mackintosh 
received a patent for this invention. But even macs deteriorated at high and low temperatures, so the rubber industry experienced a period of decline.
Many researchers have tried to eliminate the shortcomings of rubber, while retaining its advantages, but to no avail. Finally, the American inventor Charles Goodyear succeeded.
Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 - July 1, 1860) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. In his youth, he divided his time between the shop, factory and farm of his father, who, among other tools, sold his own inventions. In 1826, Charles and his father organized the first American specialized hardware store in Philadelphia, the business was unsuccessful: in 1830 the company went bankrupt.
An energetic young man took up invention. In 1834, in a New York shop window, he became interested in rubber products. Having learned that it was necessary to improve the thermal stability of this promising material, Goodyear, after a series of experiments, suggested adding magnesium and calcium oxides to rubber. He began to make shoes from the resulting "gumm-elastic", but in severe frost it behaved no better than ordinary rubber.
In 1836, the inventor learned how to process rubber with nitric acid, bismuth and copper nitrates and received a patent on June 17, 1837, and then founded a factory in New York. However, things were not going well. Goodyear continued experimenting. In 1838 he acquired Hayward's patent for mixing rubber with a solution of sulfur.
But it wasn't until 1839 that Goodyear invented what is now called vulcanization and is widely used throughout the world. This was partly by accident, when a sample of rubber and sulfur mixture left on a hot oven did not spread, but turned into a hard, charred material, which we know as rubber. The inventor devoted another five years to hard work on the technological process, before patent No. 3633 appeared on June 15, 1844. However, the author could not make a profit from the patent, because he did not have the means to legalize it.
In 1841, Goodyear gave some pieces of rubber to an Englishman. These samples, which fell into the hands of the English chemist T. Hancock, helped him repeat the vulcanization technology and receive a British patent in 1843. The name of the process named after the god Vulcan was also proposed by an English inventor.
C. Goodyear tried to widely disseminate his invention, first in the USA, then in Europe, he spent a lot of money on exhibitions in London and Paris, the exposition of which consisted of rubber products, up to the pages of Goodyear's book. The inventor contributed to the development of the rubber industry in the Old and New Worlds, but he himself could not get rich. He joked that he could be recognized as a man dressed all in rubber and with a rubber purse without a single cent. Goodyear died in poverty, leaving large debts. Only his "son, also Charles, who continued his father's work, managed to succeed in the rubber business.
In 1846, A. Parks proposed the process of cold vulcanization using sulfur chloride. Rubber products at room temperature are placed in sulfur chloride dissolved in carbon disulfide, or in a chamber filled with sulfur chloride vapor. The process lasts 1-2 minutes, after which the remnants of the reagent are removed from the product. This method is used in the manufacture of thin-walled products (gloves, children's toys, etc.). Products obtained by cold vulcanization have worse properties than hot vulcanized products.
The developing industry needed more and more rubber. Huge hevea plantations grew in South America and Indonesia. Around the same time, an enterprising Englishman smuggled out 70,000 hevea seeds from Brazil, but they took root in only one place - in the Ceylon Islands, which then belonged to England.
Two large monopolists appeared on the world rubber market, and it became clear: natural rubber is not economical and not profitable, it is necessary to find a way to obtain artificial rubber. The further history of the development of rubber is the history of chemical research, mainly in Russian chemical science.
In Russia, the rubber industry arose in the first half of the 19th century. Before the revolution, rubber production was represented by four enterprises: "Triangle", "Provodnik" and relatively small plants "Bogatyr" and "Kauchuk". In 1913 they employed 23,000 people and produced mainly footwear.
Raw materials and equipment were foreign, technical management was carried out by foreigners. Few people know that the production of a toilet sponge was the secret of the Triangle factory in the 19th century; oddly enough, this uncomplicated item was the most competitive rubber product on the world market. After the October Revolution, the rubber industry was a fairly powerful industry. A general course towards industrialization was taken, and therefore the need for component rubber products increased sharply.
But the production of rubber was exclusively dependent on the import of natural rubber. There were two possible solutions to the problem. The first is the search for rubber plants suitable for breeding in temperate regions. In the USSR, N.I. Vavilov, in the USA the initiators of these works were T. Edison and G. Ford.
The second option is the creation of synthetic rubber. Chemical studies of the composition of rubber began with the experiments of M. Faraday in 1826. In 1879, A. Bouchard observed the transformation of isoprene into a rubbery mass, and 
in 1910 - I. L. Kondakov similar transformation of dimethylbutadiene. In 1909, Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev showed a substance similar to rubber, prepared from divinyl, a colorless volatile gas. But after much work, he managed to get only 19 grams.
In Russia, I. I. Ostromyslensky worked in the same direction, conducting experiments at the Bogatyr plant, in Germany - K. Harries, in England - F. Matthews and E. Strakej. Thus, science followed in the footsteps of nature: first it was necessary to obtain a polymer of diene hydrocarbons, and then synthesize rubber from them.
In 1926, the Soviet government announced a worldwide competition for the production of artificial rubber, 
moreover, 3 conditions were put forward: 1) raw materials should be cheap; 2) quality is not worse than natural; 3) the term until the presentation of the results of developments is 2 years. In May 1928, this competition was won by S. V. Lebedev. As a raw material, he used ordinary potatoes, from which he obtained alcohol, and already from alcohol - divinyl. And at first, from 1 liter of alcohol, he received 5 grams of divinyl, and two years later - 50 grams, thereby reducing costs by 10 times.
But this unconditional breakthrough did not solve the problem, since, for example, it took 500 kg of potatoes to make one. Then scientists, having improved the invention of S. V. Lebedev, began to extract divinyl from natural gases. And already in 1929, the government decided to build in Leningrad a pilot plant for the production of synthetic rubber from alcohol using the Lebedev method and two more plants that were supposed to test other well-known methods: B. V. Byzov and a group of scientists led by A. L. Klebansky .
On February 15, 1931, newspapers around the world reported that the first large batch of artificial rubber had been produced in the USSR. Neither Germany nor England at that time were ready to offer their own solution to this industrial problem.
Interestingly, T. Edison in his interview assessed this event as follows: “The news that the Soviets have achieved success in the production of synthetic rubber from oil is incredible. This cannot be done. I would even say more: this entire report is fake. Based on my own experience and the experience of others, it cannot now be said that the production of synthetic rubber will ever be successful at all. And yet, already in 1932, the first synthetic rubber plant produced in Yaroslavl.
Since 1951, the production of rubber from petroleum gases and oil refining products has begun. For a long time, artificial rubber, surpassing real rubber in certain indicators (temperature range, strength, chemical resistance), was inferior in one thing - in elasticity (which is very important for, for example, car and aircraft tires), but this problem was also solved.
Thus, both the natural gift - the hevea tree, and a number of accidents, and the long painstaking work of scientists have made rubber one of the most necessary and versatile materials in demand every day, in a variety of situations, in a variety of areas of human activity.
The history of the discovery of rubber dates back to the discovery of the American continent. For a long time, the original population of Central and South America obtained rubber by collecting milky juice from rubber trees.
Columbus once noticed that the balls played by the Indians were made of black rubber mass, and they bounced much better than the leather balls made by the Europeans. They made not only balls from rubber, but also utensils, used to seal the bottom of the cake, created “stockings” that did not get wet (this was a rather painful technology: the legs were covered with rubber mass, then they had to be held over the fire until a waterproof coating was formed) . Rubber was also used as glue, the Indians used it to decorate their bodies with feathers.
Columbus reported the existence of an extraordinary substance with numerous properties, but Europe did not pay due attention to this, although even the first settlers of the New World actively used rubber. For a long time, rubber was used to create soft toys, and attempts were also made to create a waterproof shoe coating.
And only in 1839, the American inventor Charles Goodyear made a discovery. He stabilized the elastic composition of rubber by mixing raw rubber and sulfur, with further heating. This method was called vulcanization, most likely it was the first polymerization process in the industry.
The material that was obtained as a result of the vulcanization process was called rubber. Later, rubber began to be actively used in the engineering industry, creating various seals and sleeves. And in its just beginning development, electrical engineering needed a durable and elastic material for cables. Today, rubber is used everywhere. These rubber mats are in high demand. http://www.ru.all.biz/kovriki-rezinovye-bgg1001384. They are used in corridors, vestibules, in front of the entrance to the room, on the porch. These rugs prevent dirt and snow from entering the house.
The production of rubber from refined petroleum products and gases dates back to 1951. For a long time, rubber, created artificially, surpassed the real one in all respects, except for one - elasticity. But this problem has also been solved.
Thus, the hevea tree, being a natural talent, both random experiments and long-term painstaking work of scientists have developed one of the most necessary and versatile materials in use - rubber. Rubber is in demand every day, in various situations, in absolutely any field of human activity.
Rubber
Rubber
elastic material formed during the vulcanization of natural and synthetic rubbers. Natural (natural) rubber (from the Indian "tears of a tree": "kau" - "tree", "learn" - "cry") - hardened milky juice (latex) of a tropical plant hevea. In con. 15th c. rubber was brought to Europe. In 1839, the American inventor C. Goodyear, by heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulfur and lead, obtained a new material, which was called rubber (from the Greek rezinos - resin), and the process of obtaining it - after the name of the god of fire Vulcan - vulcanization. Rubber - mesh elastomer; being in an amorphous state, it retains its mechanical properties longer than natural rubber.
With the development of the automotive industry, rubber produced from the hevea milky juice was not enough. The synthesis of the first artificial (synthetic) rubber was carried out in 1931 by the Russian chemist S. V. Lebedev. Rubber from rubber is obtained by vulcanization of complex compositions containing, in addition to rubber, vulcanizing agents, vulcanization activators, fillers, plasticizers, dyes, modifiers, blowing agents, antioxidants and other components. Rubber is mixed with ingredients in a mixer or on rollers, semi-finished products are made, blanks are assembled and vulcanized at 130–200 °C. As a result of vulcanization, the shape of the product is fixed, it acquires the necessary strength, elasticity, and other valuable properties. The deformation of the reversible stretching of rubber reaches 500-1000%. The properties of rubber change significantly when different types of rubbers are combined or modified with active fillers (highly dispersed carbon black, silica gel). Rubber hardly absorbs water; during long-term storage and operation, it ages, its strength and elasticity decrease. The service life depends on the working conditions and ranges from several days to several tens.
General purpose rubbers operate at temperatures from -50 to 150 ° C; used for the manufacture of car tires, conveyor belts, drive belts, shock absorbers, rubber shoes. Heat-resistant rubbers retain their properties at 150–200 °C. Frost-resistant rubber suitable for operation at temperatures (-50 to -150 °C). Oil - and petrol-resistant rubbers work for a long time in contact with fuels, oils, lubricants, etc.; seals, rings, sleeves, hoses are made from them. Rubbers that are resistant to aggressive media (acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents) are used in the manufacture of seals, flanges, hoses of chemical equipment. Dielectric rubbers with low dielectric losses and high electrical strength are used in the insulation of wires and cables, special shoes, gloves, carpets, etc. Conductive rubbers are used to manufacture antistatic rubber products, high-voltage cables and long-distance cables. There are also vacuum, friction, food rubber, medical rubber, fire-resistant and radiation-resistant rubber, as well as transparent, colored and porous (spongy) rubber. More than half of the world's rubber production goes to the manufacture of car tires.
Encyclopedia "Technology". - M.: Rosman. 2006 .
Synonyms:
See what "rubber" is in other dictionaries:
Resinat … Russian word stress
rubber- uh. GUM and, well. resine lat. resin resin. 1. Rubber, gum. The general name Apterkarskoe of all mastic juices flowing through a notch in the bark of some trees, what are the resins of pine and spruce, trepetine turpentine? And… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (lat. resina resin). The elastic resin of the rubber tree, the same as rubber. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. RUBBER lat. resina. See RUBBER. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (from lat. resina resin) (vulcanizate) elastic material resulting from the vulcanization of rubber. In practice, it is obtained from a rubber compound containing, in addition to rubber and vulcanizing agents, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, ... ...
RUBBER, rubber band for women, lat. (generally resin); dry viscous, elastic resin of a rubber tree; rubber, eraser or gum. Rubber, elastic help, garters. Rubber galoshes. Rubber man. mountain resin, elastic fossil. Dahl's explanatory dictionary ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Vulcanizate, gummilastic, eformvar; tire; wire Dictionary of Russian synonyms. rubber n., number of synonyms: 26 tires (1) ... Synonym dictionary
Rubber- (from the Latin resina resin), an elastic material resulting from the vulcanization of rubber. It also contains fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers and other components. The bulk of rubber is used in the production of tires (over 50%) and … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Rezina), a city (since 1940) in Moldova, on the river. Dniester, 6 km from the railway station. d. st. Rybnitsa. 15.2 thousand inhabitants (1991). Food industry, production of building materials. Known since the 15th… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
RUBBER, rubber, pl. no, female (lat. resina resin). Soft elastic substance, which is a vulcanized rubber. Rubber products. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
RUBBER, s, female. 1. An elastic material obtained by vulcanizing rubber. 2. A tire (in 2 values) from such a material (simple). Pull the rubber (simple neod.) Tighten what n. case, the decision of which | adj. rubber, oh, oh (to 1 value). ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- - wheel tyres. Edwart. Dictionary of automotive jargon, 2009 ... Automobile dictionary
Who Invented Winter Tires?
The calendar of a car enthusiast is different from the calendar of an ordinary person. The change of seasons for the owner of the car is marked by an important event for him: the change of tires. As it turned out, not everyone knows and understands why it is necessary to “change shoes” before and after the onset of cold weather. Many perceive it only as an occasion for carping of traffic cops. In fact, traffic safety directly depends on it, and changing tires is a vital matter!
1. Differences between summer and winter tires
The main differences between summer and winter tires are the composition of the rubber itself and the tread pattern.
Rubber, like any other material, tans at low temperatures. Accordingly, the tire in the cold loses its softness, becomes "plastic". This negatively affects the tire itself - it is rather, and the safety of the ride. It is recommended to change summer tires to winter ones when the air temperature drops to +7°C. At this temperature, and even more so at lower temperatures, summer tires become unsafe.
Winter tires, due to special additives, retain softness even in the cold. Knowing this, you will understand why you should not ride on winter tires in summer: in warm weather, and even more so in hot weather, a winter tire becomes too soft to ensure driving safety.
The tread of winter tires has a pattern made up of "checkers" of various configurations. Their purpose is to ensure tire grip on snowy roads. On summer asphalt, "checkers" are useless, and even dangerous, since such a tread reduces the car's handling.
2. When did winter tires appear?
The first attempts to create winter tires were made in Finland. The pioneer was Suomen Gummitehtas, later renamed and known today as Nokian.
Winter tires went on sale in the 1960s. They differed from summer tires only in the presence of metal parts, the prototype of modern spikes. The spikes improved the wheel's grip on the road, but the rubber itself continued to crack and burst in the cold. 
The next step in the evolution of winter tires was taken by Metzeler. Its specialists, after a series of experiments, found an additive that allowed the rubber to maintain elasticity in the cold. Silicic acid became such an additive.
Meanwhile, a number of countries have banned the use of studded tires, due to the fact that they have a negative impact on the road surface. Manufacturers have focused their efforts on creating tires with a special, "winter" tread pattern. The first non-studded winter tires were offered to consumers by Bridgestone in 1982.
Thus, we owe the appearance of modern winter tires not to any one brilliant inventor, but to the joint efforts of engineers from the world's leading tire manufacturers.
3. Tire fitting
It is carried out according to the same rules as summer tires. Make sure that the direction of rotation of the tires is observed during installation. Have the workshop staff carefully balance the wheels. It will be useful after installing winter tires to check and adjust the alignment.
