Safonov Sergey
abstract "The role of the car in human life. Why does a person need a car?"
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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Municipal educational institution
Secondary school №6
Project
"The role of the car
In human life"
leader: teacher
primary school
Nalabardina Olga Pavlovna
Tulun 2010
I.Introduction
II.Main part
1.History of the creation of the first car.
2. The appearance of the first car in Russia.
3. Types of cars by the way they use fuel for driving
4.Different types of aspects of the influence of the car on human life.
5. The first car accidents
6.Introduction of traffic rules.
III Final part.
IV. Bibliography.
Research objectives:
1. Conduct a sociological study of various groups of students on the subject of knowledge of the history of the creation of the car.
2. Study the history of the development of the automotive industry.
3. Identify the most popular cars, including in Russia.
4. Determine when the rules of the road first appeared.
5. Determine what a car is for people today - a luxury or a means of transportation.
6. Investigate and identify positive and negative transport, psychological, economic, medical, criminal aspects of the car, accidents on the roads.
Introduction.
What is the history of the car?
Which of the boys these days does not dream of a car? The appearance of a new car model does not leave indifferent neither children nor adults. Increasingly, on the roads of the country, including our city, you can see not only men, but also women driving a car. Primary school students of our school and parents of our class were interviewed in the form of testing.
Test No. 1 / for students /
- Do you have a car at home? If not, would you like to have one? Why?
- What are you using it for?
- When did the car appear?
- Would you like to have your own car and why?
Test №2 / for parents /
As a result of the survey, it was revealed that % of students have a car at home, % of students would like to have one, because:
It is easier to get to school and home - % of people.
No need to stand at bus stops and wait for the bus - % of people
Nice mode of transport - % of people
When did the car appear?
Who is the creator of the first car?
A) know -% of people. b) do not know - % of people.
When did the first car appear in Russia?
A) know -% of people. b) do not know - % of people.
Would you like to have your own car? -
Yes - % of people no % of people
Here are the results of the parent survey:
Can you drive a car? If not, would you like to learn?
Know how to drive a car - % of people.
would like to learn? - % of people
Is a car a means of transportation or a luxury for you?
vehicle - % of people luxury - % of people
Are cars useful or harmful?
benefit a person - % of people.
harm a person - % of people.
Did people's lives get better with the advent of the automobile?
Better - % of people worse - % of people.
What needs to be done to make the car a safe means of transportation?
The question arises: “What is the role of the car in human life. Why does a person need a car? Before answering these questions, you need to know the history of the appearance of the car. Who is the creator of the first car? The need of people for the need for accelerated movement on earth led mankind to the creation of various machines and mechanisms, the most convenient and beloved of which was the car.
Main part
The word "car" means "self-propelled cart", although in the modern sense it is customary to call cars only vehicles equipped with autonomous engines (internal combustion, electric, steam).
In 1725, Nicola Joseph Cugno was born in Lorraine, who already in his youth showed himself as a promising inventor and innovator. Since he himself was not sufficiently well off to finance his experiments, he entered the military service and, as a captain in the French army, made many inventions. Some of them have not lost their relevance to this day. The thoughtful Cugno was especially attracted by the steam engine. He thought about how to use it in the design of self-propelled carriages, and in the light of this - how to reduce its size, reduce weight and increase power. In 1764, the French Minister of War officially commissioned him to create a steam tractor for the needs of artillery. Cugno designed a model of a small machine and demonstrated it in Paris in 1769 on the site where the church of St. Magdalena.The road car "Cugno, as he called it, had three wheels and a huge steam boiler; steam energy powered the front wheel. The monster was not just heavy (several tons), not just slow (two and a half miles per hour) - every couple of hundred feet in his boiler ran out of steam. Nevertheless, this particular freak was the world's first car! On October 23, 1769, Cugno showed a reduced model, and on April 22, 1770, the official presentation of the mechanical carriage of the royal commission took place.The cart developed a speed of 4.5 km / h, and the operating cycle of the steam boiler was calculated for only 12 minutes.Then the cauldron had to be refilled, a fire was made on the ground under it, waited for steam to form, and again continued on the journey for 12 minutes. Despite all these shortcomings, the steam engine so captivated the Minister of War that he immediately commissioned Cugno to design a larger machine.During the demonstration of the device, which was initially successful, the control system jammed. The unit crashed into the wall, and it collapsed. Despite this blow, the structure remained intact, which testified to the high quality of this combat vehicle. However, as often happens in life, happiness turned away from the inventor, because the Minister of War fell out of favor at court. Indifferent to everything, forgotten by all Cugno died in 1804 in Brussels.The fire under the boiler of his car was lit only once more when it was transported from the arsenal to the Conservatoire Nacional des Artes e Metiers in Paris, where we can still see this exhibit today.
Car with a fiery heart
The first car in Russia
IN Russia V 1780sa famous Russian worked on the car projectinventorIvan Kulibin. IN 1791he made a scooter-cart, in which he appliedflywheel, brake, gearbox, rolling bearings etc. Many of our contemporaries are fully convinced that pre-revolutionary Russia was a "backward agrarian country." Meanwhile, this "backward" country at the end of the XIX century. was one of the ten leading world powers in terms of the total length of railways, aluminum mining, the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products, as well as the number of cars available, although it must be admitted that the bulk of them were not of their own production. The crew itself in appearance is no different from similar foreign designs. A horizontal gasoline engine develops two forces, which is sufficient for the carriage to move at a speed of 20 versts per hour along a flat pavement. The cash reserve of gasoline is enough for 10 hours. The first Russian car Yakovlev and Frese in Nizhny Novgorod. Frese fire engine. 1904 |
Types of cars by the way they use fuel for movement
Steam powered cars. Ferromobiles
Continuing the work of their predecessors, Russian inventors set themselves the task of connecting a wheeled cart with a mechanical engine, that is, creating a self-propelled carriage for a trackless road. So, based on the development of steam engines by I.I. Polzunov, P.K. Frolov, E.A. and M.E. Cherepanov in 1830, the Russian fireman K. Yankevich with his two fellow mechanics came close to creating a wheeled self-propelled crew with a steam engine.
Ancestors of the trolleybus. electric vehicles
The search for a suitable engine for automobiles was not limited to work on steam engines and internal combustion engines. In parallel, research was carried out in the field of electrical engineering and its possible application in the automotive industry. However, the real conditions for the creation of self-propelled electric vehicles appeared only at the end of the 19th century. In Russia, work on electric carriages was carried out by engineer Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, known for his work in the field of suspended electric roads.
The first domestic cars with an internal combustion engine
The invention of the gasoline internal combustion engine is rightly considered one of the most important events in the development of technology, including automotive. It greatly facilitated the creation of a mechanical self-propelled vehicle and opened the way for improving trackless transport.
According to some researchers, the first Russian car with an internal combustion engine running on liquid fuel was built in 1882 by a group of Russian engineers led by Putilov and Khlobov in a small town on the Volga.
Various aspects of the influence of the car on human life.
Advantages and disadvantages of the car
Road transport requires goodroads. Now in developed countries there is a networkhighways- multi-lane roads withoutcrossroadsallowing speeds of over 100 kilometers per hour.
Despite the advantages, road transport has many disadvantages. Passenger cars are the most wasteful transport compared to other modes of transport in terms of the costs required to move one passenger. The main share (63%) of environmental damage to the planet is associated with vehicles. Significant environmental damage is caused to the environment and society at all stages of the production, operation and disposal of cars, fuel, oils, tires, road construction and other automotive infrastructure. In particular, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur emitted into the atmosphere during combustiongasoline, cause acid rain. According to the environmental committeeState Duma of the Russian Federation, car parkRussia back to top year amounted to 27.06 million vehicles. The amount of annual environmental damage from the functioning of the transport complex of the Russian Federation is 3.4 billion US dollars. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from motor vehicles amounted to 12,190.7 thousand tons.
Transport aspects (positive)
- With the help of a car, it becomes possible to get to any point more freely and faster.cities (countries, continent) than it would be on foot or withpublictransport. You do not need to wait for public transport, and you can also choose the route yourself.
- You can bring family members, friends, and more personal items (items,food, clothes, money).
- A mass phenomenon in the developed countries of the world has becomecaravanning, for the needs of which a variety ofcaravansself-propelled and trailed types.
Transport aspects (negative)
- In urban traffic jams, it often turns out that you can get to your destination faster bymetro or light rail, and buses And trolleybusesmoving in lanes specially designated for public transport than in a private car.
- When traveling long distancesair transport And high-speedtrains , on average, much faster than a private car.
- It is more expensive to travel by car than by public transport.
Psychological aspects (positive)
- a personal car, depending on the size and prestige of the brand, has become an indicator of the social status of the owner, a symbol of success.
- Driving your own car has long been considered a means of obtaining additional positive emotions.
- Having your own car gives you a sense of social independence.
- Traveling by private car allows you to minimize contact with strangers.
- A personal car is perceived as "one's own territory", "home on wheels" and serves to maintain and strengthen friendly and family ties.
Psychological aspects (negative)
- Many people develop a kind of "car addiction" - they tend to always drive a private car, even if it would be faster to walk, and when they have to use public transport. Traveling by private car minimizes contact with other people.
Social aspects
- The ability to carry a significant amount of luggage contributes to the concentration of purchases and the appearance of hugesupermarkets And hypermarketswhere people buy a lot of food and household goods at one time.
- The widespread use of private cars is leading to an increase incities, mass migration of people insuburbs.
- « Traffic jams"become an integral attribute of life in big cities and lead to the loss of a large amount of time.
Medical aspects
- The health of people (both riders and pedestrians and people living near roads with heavy traffic) is adversely affectedtraffic fumes, noise And vibration. This leads to an increase in oncological, pulmonary, neurological and other diseases, an increase in mortality against their background.
- Door-to-door travel leads to a decrease in the level of physical activity of the population, i.e., leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, which in a numberdeveloped countrieshas become a national security issue.
- Since driving while intoxicated is prohibited, driving your car while intoxicated often leads to accidents. In Russia, driving under the influence of alcohol has become the main reason for the increase in the number of road accidents with serious consequences.
- A private car is a vehicle of increased danger. Literally all states of the world suffer significant losses from accidents and deaths duringcar accident. For example, in China in 2006, 100,000 people died in road accidents and another 400,000 people were injured (1st place in the world in terms of accident rate).
Criminal Aspects
- Theftpersonal cars - one of the most common and financially significant types ofcrimes. A private car is often used in other crimes (to arrive at the crime scene and then hide, to take away stolen items, to transport the victim or corpse to the place the criminals need, etc.).
- In countries with underdevelopedinsuranceliteracy of car owners (including Russia, before the introductionOSAGO) "auto-substitutions" are common. In this case, a pre-selected car owner (new, but not very expensive car) forced to violate SDA, jeopardizing his (old, but prestigious brand) car. The bewildered violator, realizing his formal guilt, as a rule, agrees in this case to "immediate compensation for damage" without calling representatives of the authorities and the insurance agency.
The owner of a personal car, driving it, runs the risk of committing a crime through negligence, and incurring appropriate punishment.
The first car accidents.
With the advent of the first car, the first car accident appeared in the history of mankind. The first car hit a pedestrianAugust 17 years in Londona car driven by Arthur Edsell hit Bridget Driscoll, a 44-year-old (according to other sources, 45-year-old) mother of two children. It was the first case in the world of a fatal collision with a pedestrian by a motor vehicle. According to witnesses, the car was traveling at a "tremendous speed." The driver Arthur Edsell, an employee of the Anglo-French Automobile Company, which was demonstrating its new product to the public, was supposed to drive at a speed of four miles per hour, but doubled it - apparently to impress the young lady he undertook to drive. According to witnesses, during the incident he was talking to her animatedly. Edsell's driving experience spanned three weeks. Lack of experience, distractionsfactors, speeding - all these are the main causes of car accidents to this day. After a six-hour trial of the first evercar accidentfataljury trialruled that it was an "accidental death" and v. Edsell and companycriminal casedid not excite. On trialcoronersaid, "This should never happen again." Mrs. Driscoll stepped out onto the road, ignoring the guardrail and signs announcing the movement of motorized vehicles. Seeing a cart without a horse rushing towards her, she tried to protect herself from it with an umbrella, but in vain. The judge issued a historic verdict: "Mrs. Driscoll was the victim of her own negligence."
Driscoll, Bridget
Bridget Driscoll (English Bridget Driscoll) (or - August 17, London) - the world's first victimautomotive collision. Bridget Driscoll (circled) in a family photo |
Traffic Laws
Ancient Rome
The first known attempts to streamline urban traffic were made back inAncient RomeGaius Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. e. on somestreets of the city was introduced one-way traffic. From sunrise until the end of the “working day” (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private wagons, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot, or by hiringpalanquin. At the same time, a special service was established to supervise the observance of these rules, it recruited mainly former firefighters, from amongfreedmen. The main duties of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could ensure unhindered passage through the city - they sent forward their carriages of runners who cleared the streets for the owner to pass.
Modernity
The history of modern traffic rules dates back toLondon. December 101868on the square in front of the Parliament, a mechanical railway semaphore with a colored disc was installed. Its inventor, J.P. Knight, was an expert on railroad semaphores. The device was manually operated and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - a stop signal; and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals in red and green light. A servant in livery was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the arrow and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device was unsuccessful: the grinding of the chain of the lifting mechanism was so strong that the passing horses shied away and reared up. Didn't even work for a monthJanuary 21869the semaphore exploded, the policeman who was with him was injured.
The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered plates, which indicated the direction of movement to the settlement and the distance to it. The decision to create common European traffic rules was taken in1909at the world conference inparis. In view of the increase in the number of cars, the growth of speeds and traffic on city streets, an international convention on road traffic was adopted. In accordance with which the first road signs were introduced, indicating the presence of a crossroads, a railway crossing, a winding road, and bumps on the roadway.
The modern Rules of the Road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians and passengers, describe road signs, markings, traffic lights, etc.
Children are pedestrians and passengers, they must know the traffic rules (rules of the road). Rules are needed for safe movement on the streets and roads. Due to violations of traffic rules, accidents occur, pedestrians, drivers and passengers are killed and injured.
Final part
So why does a person need a car?
A car today is the best means of transportation, both in the city and off-road. It is difficult to imagine the life of people without this transport. with the help of a car, it becomes possible to get to any point more freely and fastercities (countries, continent). A mass phenomenon in the developed countries of the world has becomecaravanning. All this is possible only under one condition - compliance with the rules of the road, both on the part of pedestrians and drivers. Moreover, there are no big differences between these groups, since at any moment they can change places - a pedestrian got behind the wheel of his car and became a driver, a driver left the car for some reason and became a pedestrian. Studies by scientists have shown that if road users 100% observed the Rules of the Road, the number of injured in road accidents would be reduced by 27% (± 18%), and the number of deaths by 48% (± 30%). No wonder it says: “Pedestrian and driver, follow the rules of the road and be mutually polite!” And then the car will become a real assistant in a person's life. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the work, in the form of recommendations and visual aids, can be used by elementary school students of general education schools in the lessons of life safety, in extracurricular activities when studying the rules of the road, in technical modeling circles, as well as during class hours. . As a visual aid, you can use Smeshariki "The ABC of Security" / a collection of cartoons / - see the application
Bibliography:
- Davis E., Salaria D.., Strokes of time. Transport. On the ground, on the road, on the rails. "Rosmen" Moscow. 1994
- Danilov A.V., Zolotov A.V., Shugurov L.M. Cars; "Rosmen" Moscow. 2007
- Kuprin E., Rubets A. Russian road transport is 100 years old. // Automobile transport. 1996. No. 10.
- See: Yakovlev N.A. Development of domestic automotive technology. M., 1955. P.3.
- Isaev A.S. From self-running stroller to ZIL-111. M., 1961. S. 28.
- Gordienko M.P., Smirnov L.M. From cart to car. - Alma-Ata, 1990. P. 112 Gordienko M.P., Smirnov L.M. From cart to car. Alma-Ata, 1990.
1672
Ferdinand Verbiest may have built the first car powered by a steam engine
1740
Jacques de Vucanson demonstrates a wagon with a factory
1764
Russian hydraulic engineer Kozma Dmitrievich Frolov built an ore mining and processing enterprise in Altai where trolleys loaded with ore moved along the world's first metal rails.
1769
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrating his experimental steam artillery tractor
1784
William Murdoch built a working model of a steam wagon in Redroof, England
1807
Isaac de Rivas built a hydrogen car
1862
Etienne Lenoir made a car engine on gasoline
1885
Karl Benz builds the world's first practical car with an internal combustion engine
1908
Henry Ford develops an assembly line to make a car
1924
In the USSR (Sormovsky and Kolomna machine-building plants) a steam locomotive of the C y series was built (power 1650 hp, speed up to
115 km/h).
Smeshariki "The ABC of Security" / a collection of cartoons /
Name
Short description
Traffic light
Seeing a traffic light, Smeshariki-children are surprised, but soon they understand how to use it, and explain this to the viewers.
walking zebra
Barash, Nyusha, Krosh and Hedgehog accidentally spilled paint, got a walking zebra and learned how to use it.
The scariest car
Barash says that the most terrible car is the one that is standing. Krosh and the Hedgehog do not believe, but soon they are convinced of the opposite ...
Metro
Barash, Krosh and Hedgehog go down to the Metropolitan and study the rules of conduct on the escalator, in the car, on the platform and at the entrance to the subway.
Traffic Light Harmony
Pin and Losyash talk about traffic lights.
dancing men
Losyash talks about traffic lights.
Flashing little men
Losyash warns not to cross the road at a flashing green traffic light.
Overboard
Extinguishing electrical appliances 1
Extinguishing electrical appliances 2
Smeshariki show and tell how to put out electrical appliances on fire and who to call in case of fire.
Games with fire
Uncultured cars
Hedgehog, Krosh and Barash talk about bad cars. Western series.
Dangerous icicles
Obstacle racing
Where to ride?
Smeshariki - adults explain to the children where to ride a bike, rollerblade, etc.
Who is faster?
Smeshariki - children arrange competitions "Who is faster?" and get into an accident. Kopatych explains to Krosh and Hedgehog what is the danger of these games.
So, let's get to the main point: A car is not just a means of transportation, but a brief description of the style and character of its owner. Well, who will take seriously, for example, the owner, Oka "", with the inscription, Do not overtake, do not offend the baby "". But at the same time, each of you with great pleasure will conclude a serious deal with the owner of a Japanese mass-produced car, Isuzu VehiCross "". I think the meaning is clear.
You can find out a lot of information by appearance, also by the brand and price of the car. By the way, those who are enthusiastic about cars are well versed in the psychology of other car owners. There are people who are literally obsessed with cars and their number is growing every day, since people have become more serious about driving. Previously, cars were more used as a way to get around, so as not to stand for hours at stops and waste time, and now having a car is also very cool.
In this regard, now every second seeks to buy it, but important details are often not taken into account: brand, speed. Many people just buy what is cheaper and do not care about the rest. Usually this method of purchasing a car is no different from buying ordinary junk. There is a famous expression: “A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation.” I am not ashamed to say that this is complete nonsense. To such people who still hold this opinion, I again advise you to buy a garbage truck.
And for those who enthusiastically read my article, I will give a lot of normal, useful advice. Firstly, even if you have financial difficulties, by no means buy a car just because it suits you in price. In any case, you should listen to yourself, even if buying the car of your dreams will cost you a lot. You can take out a loan or wait a couple of years, but it's a good idea to buy a car that will scream "" about your character right and left.
For example, if you are a calm, balanced and intelligent person, then a German Mercedes Benz E-class car, which contains both calmness and elegance, will perfectly suit your character. For temperamental people, sports cars are suitable, and for serious lovers, the same serious cars that are able to climb uphill and generally overcome various kinds of obstacles, these are mainly German, Russian or Japanese SUVs. It can be our favorite Russian, Niva "" or the Japanese I mentioned twice, Isuzu "". In one word, I can’t list all the brands, but it’s already clear how you should make your choice. After you buy a car using my article, in no case should you forget about car care.
Her appearance will also easily betray your character. By the way, you always need to monitor both the serviceability and cleanliness of the car. Do not forget to buy tires that correspond to the season, for example, in winter, you won’t go far on Naked tires. In addition, the music in the car also says a lot and try to choose it carefully, instead of throwing off on a disk and putting anything. Driving speed also plays a role, but try not to reach a speed that you are not completely in control of and then you will feel much more confident.
It is also important not to clog the trunk so that it remains half open, my advice to you is that it will not look nice. And the last thing: before you confidently step on the gas and go on a long and exciting journey in a new, comfortable and undoubtedly cool car, do not forget to check the presence of a full gas tank so that there are no awkward situations with finding gas stations on the road. And as the ending of the famous saying, Do not drive faster than your guardian angel can fly "".
MBOU "Secondary School No. 1", Shelekhov, el. address: golubeva. *****@***en
"A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation."
Henry Ford
INTRODUCTION
Human society, solving the problems of its rapid development, owes much to the car. Cars have firmly taken their place in human life. They have become so familiar that the dangers associated with their use are involuntarily forgotten. Like any achievement of progress, the car also harms the environment. However, the car is at the same time a tireless assistant, if a person thinks through all the moments of communication with him, follows the rules of operation and safety. And I set out to find out:
When did the first car appear? Who created it?
How much does the car affect the environment?
What is the role of the car in human life?
Revealing the importance of the car in the lives of my classmates.
To achieve these goals, the following tasks were set:
1. Study the history of the car.
2. Determine the impact of the car on the environment and human health.
3. Reveal the role and importance of the car in the life of classmates.
Research hypothesis: having collected information about the history and reasons for the creation of the car, I will find out whether its invention is really necessary for mankind.
Object of study: information sources.
Subject of study: photographs, newspaper articles, encyclopedic and Internet sources.
Research methods: theoretical, comparison and analysis.
1. The history of the creation of the car
1.1. The first cars in the world.
For many years, people dreamed of flying carpets and walking boots. These dreams were embodied in fairy tales. But in real life, it was necessary to work to feed yourself and your loved ones. It took long months to overcome the distances between cities, the construction of buildings went on for years, because there were too few of the own physical forces of man and the forces of animals.
This went on for thousands of years, until man began to create machines capable of working hard, doing hard work and remaining obedient to the will of man. So there were wagons, carriages.
In the carriages, people strived for comfort, improving everything more and more. The desire of people to increase speed accelerated the change of events in the history of transport development. From the Greek "autos" - "self" and the Latin "mobilis" obilis - "mobile" in European languages, the adjective self-propelled, literally "auto - mobile" has developed.
In 1490, Leonardo da Vinci designed a hand-operated carriage.
Russian mechanic - self-taught peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov created a "self-running carriage", which was set in motion by the power of two people. In 1 years, the Russian inventor Kulibin worked on a "self-running scooter".
In his "scooter" such elements of the car as a gearbox, steering gear, brakes were used for the first time.
In the 18th-19th centuries, steam power began to be used as a driving force for carriages. In 1769, the French inventor Nicolo-Joseph Cugno made a "steam cart" that moved at a speed of 3.6 km / h.
The next source of crew movement was electricity. The first electric carriage was built in 1837 by the Englishman Robert Davidson. Such a crew moved at a speed of 3 km / h due to the energy from the batteries installed on the vehicle.
But it is the years that are considered to be the year the car was created, and its inventors were German engineers Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. The first car with a gasoline engine was made by Benz and had 3 wheels, weighed 230 kg and could reach speeds of up to 16 km / h.
The term "car" was established in the world after 1894, when the first international motor racing took place in France. Prior to this, the most commonly used phrase was “vouurotomobile”, that is, “self-propelled cart”
1.2 Henry Ford era
There is one legend, according to which, for the first time, the idea of creating a vehicle that would be safe and did not require the use of animal power came to the mind of a young American when, while working on a farm, he fell off his horse and hurt himself badly. That unfortunate rider was Henry Ford.
By that time, cars were already being produced in America and Europe, but they were very expensive and accessible to few. And Henry Ford believed that "the car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation." Together with his faithful friends, having collected 28 thousand dollars, he organized the world's first in-line production of cheap and public cars.
The number of cars is constantly growing. By the beginning of 2012, according to the official website of the traffic police, there are cars in the Irkutsk region.
Every summer, specialists from the Department for Environmental Protection and Ecological Safety of the Irkutsk city administration, together with the traffic police and Rospotrebnadzor, conduct raids to control the toxicity and smoke of exhaust gases from cars. In 2011, from May to October, 34 such raids were carried out, 1319 vehicles were checked.
The main tasks set by the administration of Irkutsk to improve the environmental situation in the region include the development of the road network, the transfer of municipal enterprises to gas, greening the streets, the use of environmentally friendly reagents in the fight against icing, the replacement of small-capacity buses with buses of medium and large capacity, equipping places of sludge for passenger vehicles with heating devices in winter. According to the press service of the city administration
In order for people to get sick less and children to be born healthy, environmentalists propose a number of measures, including large-scale landscaping of the city, as well as the mandatory installation of filters in the exhaust systems of cars. To solve the problems of traffic jams, a lot of money is being invested in the construction of roads, bypass roads, and new bridges. A significant reduction in environmental pollution and gasoline savings are achieved by replacing traditional types of petroleum fuel - gas.
2.2. The role and importance of the car in the life of 3rd grade students.
In addition to the undeniable conveniences that a car creates in a person's life, the social significance of the mass use of personal cars is obvious: the speed of communication increases when traveling; the number of full-time drivers is reduced; the delivery of the urban population to places of mass recreation, to work, etc. is facilitated. The 21st century, no doubt, has gone down in history as the century of the automobile. At the beginning of the century, at the dawn of the automobile era, the slogan appeared "Automobile is not a luxury, but a means of transportation”, now this slogan has become a reality. Modern passenger transport provides transportation of people, their hand luggage and luggage. For passengers, the use of transport is primarily associated with saving time and effort spent on movement. Road transport, as one of the types of land transport, has become the most widespread and occupies a leading position in the transportation of passengers, goods, and goods over various distances.
In the course of my research work, I conducted a sociological survey on the number and use of personal cars in the families of 3rd grade students. Below is a table of survey results.
Number of respondents | |
Have one car | |
Have da car | |
Use car every day | |
Use the car seasonally | |
Rarely use car | |
Do you need a car for your business? | |
Is using a car harmful to the environment? Which? |
Conclusion.
As a result, I concluded that the car has become an integral part of life for most people, many cannot imagine life without a car. People are so accustomed to cars that they sometimes treat them like living beings. And, perhaps, it is very difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without such a tireless assistant as a car!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Automobiles of the world Series: The most beautiful and famous, Publisher: Avanta +, 2004
2., Autoencyclopedia Publishers: Prestige Book, Ripol Classic, 2006
3. Larry Edsall Legendary cars. Cars that made history from their invention to the 21st century
4. Internet sources: www. *****,
The car has become an integral part of the modern world. But this vehicle, which changed the life of all mankind, is a little over a hundred years old. The word "car" is formed from two parts - the Greek "autos" ("self") and the Latin "mobi-fox" ("moving"). This means that a car is a self-propelled (sometimes they said “self-running”) car. The first cars were called so: self-propelled carriages. They appeared at the end of the 19th century.
What is a car in the modern sense? It is a transport trackless machine, mainly on wheels, driven by its own engine. Cars include not only passenger cars, but also buses, trucks, various special vehicles - construction, fire, military ... And of course, racing cars that look like rockets on wheels.
It all started with a wheel. Who invented it? Nobody knows the answer. The name of the genius was lost in the darkness of centuries. It is only known that from about the middle of the 4th millennium BC, the wheel was already known in Mesopotamia. It was there that archaeologists unearthed images and remains of the first wagons.
On January 29, 1986, the world celebrated a significant date: the car turned 100 years old. In 1886, Karl Benz (1844-1929), an engineer from Mannheim, received a patent for his first invention, a vehicle with an ignition motor. The fact that this patent would later become evidence of the birth of the automobile could not even be imagined by Benz himself.
The centenary of the car could have been celebrated even earlier. Because long before Benz and his patented car, the British and French were already driving fantastic cars. Like most great inventions, the automobile had not one, but several fathers. Mankind has long dreamed of a transport that would move itself. The ancient Egyptians, for example, used a scooter - a plank with two wheels and a rod to maintain balance. Then they lifted the plank, began to sit on it and move, pushing off the ground with their feet. However, even in the 17th century, the dream of self-propelled transport was still a dream. Only the discovery of the steam engine revolutionized the means of transportation. The first inventors experimented with large steam boilers.
We can say that the very first car appeared in 1770. This miracle of technology was created by the Frenchman Nicolas Joseph Cugno. Being an artillery officer and faithfully serving his king, he was looking for a way to quickly deliver heavy guns to the front. And he came up with a car that dragged a load weighing up to 3 tons at a speed of up to 4 kilometers per hour. He built three huge wheels. It was powered by a steam engine without a firebox. A fire was made under the boiler and water was heated. Brakes for cars have not yet been invented. When Cugno wanted to demonstrate his sensational steam engine in 1771, his car crashed into a stone wall at full speed and survived! She was stronger than the wall. This was the first historically recorded traffic accident involving a self-driving car.
But despite the inglorious end of this invention, the French are proud that their compatriot built the first functional car.
The idea of using more miniature steam engines to move down the street did not leave the inventors alone. In 1803, a steam car was created in England, which was used in London to transport passengers. People called the three-wheeled 7-passenger omnibus the "puffing devil".
Londoners were very frightened when they saw steaming vehicles on the road, and soon the Red Flag law came out - the world's first law regulating road traffic. He demanded that a man with a red flag walk in front of each steam car during the day, and with a red lamp at night. In addition, the cars were required to drive at a pace.
In 1804, the Swiss Isaac Rivats succeeded in creating the ancestor of the modern motor. Instead of steam, Rivatz experimented with combustible gases. The Swiss traveled only a meter on his invention, which opened a new era in technology.
The true history of cars is associated with the names of German inventors. One of them was Karl Benz (1844-1929), the owner of a small factory that produced internal combustion engines.
In 1885, Karl Benz designed his first self-propelled carriage. This ancestor of modern automobiles was three-wheeled. The car has survived to this day, now it is in one of the museums in Germany. The engine ran on gasoline and allowed speeds up to 16 kilometers per hour.
Already in August 1888, Benz's wife Berta and his sons, teenagers Eugen and Richard, made the world's first motor rally. Leaving early in the morning from Mannheim, in the evening they arrived in Pforzheim, where my grandmother lived, having overcome 180 kilometers in a day. On the way, the brave travelers ran out of fuel, and they bought gasoline ... in a pharmacy!
“The father of the car” is called not only Karl Benz, but also another German designer and entrepreneur - Gottlieb Daimler (1834 - 1900). Daimler has been developing and improving engines for many years. In 1883, he patented a horizontal engine that made up to 600 revolutions per minute, and two years later - a vertical one. In November 1885, the inventor installed his motor on a two-wheeled carriage and made a test drive on it. So Daimler created the "saddle car" - the first motorcycle.
In 1886, just a year after the invention of the "saddle car", Daimler created a self-propelled carriage on the basis of a cab - a small carriage that was harnessed to horses.
The inventor “simply and simply” attached the engine and steering to the span - the result was a car. Its maximum speed was 18 kilometers per hour. From that moment on, Daimler could rightfully claim that he had created the world's first four-wheeled car.
And despite this, Daimler was late: the car with an internal combustion engine had already been invented by Karl Benz.
Several hundred inventors claimed to have invented the "horseless carriage". But it was Daimler and Benz who were able to complete all four necessary first steps. After all, only they put forward the very idea of a car, filed a patent - a document confirming their rights to an invention, built working models of cars and, finally, mastered the production of cars. These two geniuses did not even imagine that they would soon lay the foundation for the world-famous automobile company Daimler-Benz, which has existed for more than a decade.
Since 1902, all passenger cars of the Daimler plant began to be called Mercedes. It happened like this. In March 1899, the Austrian diplomat and car enthusiast Emil Jelinek won one of the very first races in the world in a Daimler car. In an effort to perpetuate his success, Jelinek insisted that Daimler cars be named after his ten-year-old daughter, Mercedes.
This company still produces cars of the famous Mercedes model. True, over the years the name of the company has changed - now it is not called Daimler-Benz, but Daimler-Chrysler, but this does not prevent it from producing more than a million cars annually.
The first Russian car was created in the spring of 1896 by Evgeny Yakovlev and Petr Frese. Their car with a 2 horsepower engine was demonstrated in Nizhny Novgorod at the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition. Yakovlev and Frese's machine has not been preserved, but a copy of it is in the Moscow Polytechnic Museum.
Car (lat. mobilis - moving) - a self-propelled trackless vehicle designed to move on the surface of the Earth. For fast and comfortable movement of cars, special highways or paved roads are built. Two-wheeled self-propelled vehicles, even with a trailer, as well as small three- and four-wheeled self-propelled vehicles, are not classified as cars.
The story began back in 1768 with the creation of steam-powered machines capable of transporting a person. In 1806, the first machines appeared, driven by internal combustion engines in English. combustible gas, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the gasoline or gasoline internal combustion engine commonly used today. Electric cars appeared briefly at the beginning of the 20th century, but almost completely disappeared from view until the beginning of the 21st century, when interest in low-toxic and environmentally friendly transport arose again. Essentially, the early history of the automobile can be divided into stages that differ in the predominant mode of self-propelled propulsion. Later stages were determined by trends in size and style of appearance, as well as preferences for intended use.
History of creation
The first known drawings of a car (with a spring drive) belong to Leonardo da Vinci, but neither a valid copy nor information about its existence has survived to this day. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science in Florence were able to restore this car according to the drawings, proving the correctness of Leonardo's idea. During the Renaissance and later in a number of European countries, "self-propelled" carts and carriages with a spring engine were built in single quantities to participate in masquerades and parades.
In Russia in the 80s of the XVIII century. the well-known Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin worked on the car project. In 1791, he made a cart - a scooter, in which he used a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox, rolling bearings, etc.
In 1769-1770. the French inventor J. Cugno started building a log house and at the same time built a three-wheeled tractor for moving artillery pieces. The Cugno cart is considered the forerunner of not only the car, but also the steam locomotive, since it was driven by steam power. In the 19th century, steam-powered stagecoaches and rutiers (steam tractors, i.e., trackless locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and used in a number of European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and inconvenient, so they were widely used have not received.
The appearance of a light, compact and sufficiently powerful internal combustion engine opened up wide opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, the German inventor G. Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot K. Benz manufactured and patented the first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895, K. Benz manufactured the first bus with an internal combustion engine. In 1896, Daimler produced the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the 19th century, the automobile industry was born in Germany, France and England.
In 1906, a Stanley steam car set a speed record of 203 km/h. The 1907 model traveled 50 miles on one tank of water. The steam pressure required for movement was reached in 10-15 minutes from the start of the machine. These were the favorite vehicles of the New England police and fire departments. The Stanley brothers produced about 1,000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first luxury hotel in Colorado. From the railway station to the hotel, made of logs, the guests were transported by a steam bus, which was the actual beginning of car tourism. Stanley produced steam-powered cars until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel), steam cars left the scene by the 1930s due to their uneconomical and operational difficulties. In 1923, Benz manufactured the first truck with a diesel engine.
Car classification
Passenger car - with a gross weight of not more than 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and luggage. Passenger cars are produced with closed bodies (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon and van) and with retractable bodies (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).
SUV - a passenger car adapted to travel off-road with a hard surface. SUVs are usually characterized by all-wheel drive, tires with a special tread pattern and other technical features.
Pickup - a cargo-passenger modification based on a passenger car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Load capacity from 150 to 4500 kg
Racing car - a car designed specifically for sports competitions, as well as for setting speed records and so on.
Truck (truck) - a vehicle for the transport of goods. Specialized and special-purpose vehicles are also produced on truck chassis.
An electric car is a car that uses electricity from its own batteries or batteries to move.
A hybrid vehicle is an economical vehicle that uses both an electric and a conventional internal combustion engine at the same time.
The role of the car in society
In addition to the undeniable conveniences that a car creates in a person's life, the social significance of the mass use of personal cars is obvious: the speed of communication increases when traveling; the number of full-time drivers is reduced; the delivery of the urban population to places of mass recreation, to work, etc. is facilitated. The 21st century, no doubt, has gone down in history as the century of the automobile. At the beginning of the century, at the dawn of the automobile era, the slogan “A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation” appeared, now this slogan has become a reality. Modern passenger transport provides transportation of people, their hand luggage and luggage. For passengers, the use of transport is primarily associated with saving time and effort spent on movement. Road transport, as one of the types of land transport, has become the most widespread and occupies a leading position in the transportation of passengers, goods, and goods over various distances.
A person has always needed to move both himself and various loads - stones and tree trunks for construction, household utensils and food during a forced change of habitat. Most often, these operations were carried out on the back of tamed animals or dragged along the ground. But someone put a round wooden chock under the load, and then pierced it with an axle, getting a wheel. The wheel is one of the most remarkable inventions, which largely determined the development of our civilization. Almost all modern mechanical devices incorporate either elements of a wheel, or its axis, or surfaces of rotation.
Gradually, the development of mankind began to acquire an increasingly technogenic character. Now it is difficult to judge why the development of human society has taken the path of mechanization of labor, and not the path of biological development.
Apparently, the rejection of the path of biological development is associated with the very limited bioresources of our planet. When trying to create biological helpers, a person immediately faces the need to constantly maintain their minimum standard of living - that is, the need to feed the animal, which in this case becomes a competitor to the person himself. At the same time, even in the recent past, the mineral wealth of the planet, used in the construction of "mechanical substitutes" for man, seemed inexhaustible. Technogenic development was also facilitated by the competitive struggle between individual communities for the most profitable habitat and vital resources, which often turned into bloody wars, success in which required the rapid movement of combat resources.
The need to accelerate the movement of various goods and people was also facilitated by the economic principles of human existence - the faster the cargo is transported, the faster the capital turns, the greater the profit. The faster information or business papers move, the faster decisions are made, the faster events are carried out, the faster profits appear again. That is, the pursuit of profit, the main component of the economic development of modern society, requires the acceleration of transport operations for various purposes. This circumstance is the main parameter that determines the development of transport in modern society.
Equally important for the development of transport is the provision of recreation. Transport is widely used in the field of life safety and in the performance of combat missions.
