Moscow State Engineering University
Department Cars and Tractors
Graduation project
On the topic: "Development of a diagnostic section for cars and trucks"
Moscow 2012
In this graduation project, the organization of the diagnostic site of the enterprise is considered.
The company is going to organize a car diagnostics section and plans to deal with:
Instrumental control of cars;
instrumental control during the technical inspection of the traffic police.
In the graduation project, the section for the diagnosis of trucks and cars is calculated.
The section "Characteristics of the enterprise" provides general information on the enterprise, the organization of work with the clientele, and considers the issues of managing production activities.
In the technological part, the annual volume of work was calculated, the number of workers in the diagnostic section was calculated, the volume of auxiliary work and the number of auxiliary workers were calculated, and the area of the diagnostic section was determined.
In the section "Organization of the work of the diagnostic site" the issues of organization and sequence of performing diagnostic work on the site are considered. A list of diagnostic work has been compiled, the necessary equipment and tools for the work have been selected. A description of the procedure for passing diagnostics by cars is made.
Technological maps have been developed for carrying out diagnostic work on diagnosing the lighting system and diagnosing the brake system of a car.
In the section "Safety and environmental assessment of the project" an analysis of potential hazards and harmful factors for the reconstruction of the diagnostic site was made. Issues of fire safety, fire extinguishing means are considered. An environmental assessment of the project has been made. Measures for environmental protection are considered.
In the design part, I calculated the ventilation of the diagnostic area. Picked up the necessary fan. He calculated the required amount of heat needed to compensate for ventilation and designed a heater for air heating.
In the “economic part”, I made a calculation to determine the cost of production in this case, the price of the 1st nomo-hour, which is 214.58 rubles. and determined the payback period of the project, which in my case is 5.13 years.
In the graphic part of the project, the following was done:
general plan of the site of the enterprise;
Plan of the production building;
Site plan before reconstruction;
Site plan after reconstruction;
technological map for carrying out diagnostic work on the diagnosis of the lighting system;
technological map for carrying out diagnostic work on diagnosing the brake system of a car;
air heater.
Compound: PZ, Specification, Technological map of lighting, Technological map of the brake, Master plan, Heater (SB), Building plan, Old workshop plan, workshop plan.
Soft: KOMPAS-3D 14
Introduction
Transport in agriculture is of great importance for the timeliness of the implementation of transport work, to ensure the continuity of technological operations, to carry them out in a short time, with the least losses.
A delay in carrying out transport work causes downtime of units, the death of products or a decrease in their quality, and a disruption in the rhythm of production.
Therefore, the ever-increasing importance of transport in agriculture requires the maximum use of its capabilities through careful planning of work, organization of maintenance, operational management of the widespread introduction of integrated mechanization of loading and unloading operations, and improvement of rolling stock.
A feature of carrying out transport work in agriculture is their seasonality, a large unevenness of cargo transportation by months of the year, dependence on the state of roads and weather conditions.
In the field of agricultural production, a large number of machines and equipment are employed, the operation of which is accompanied by processes of natural wear and deterioration of technical and economic indicators. The effective use of the machine and tractor fleet largely depends on the level of organization of technical service. The harmonious development of all components of the technical service creates favorable conditions for the production activities of all its participants: machine manufacturers, their consumers and intermediaries.
In the implementation of the tasks that agricultural production solves, it is important to increase the technical readiness of agricultural machinery, the efficiency of its use, ensuring safety, and reducing the cost of funds to maintain it in good working order. This requires the continuous development and improvement of the repair and maintenance base at all levels, which should ensure the creation of a service market and counteract monopoly in the field of technical service.
When carrying out maintenance and repair of machines, an important role in improving the technical readiness of agricultural machinery belongs to the repair and maintenance base of farms and regional technical service enterprises.
To ensure a more efficient use of modern agricultural machinery, its efficient and serviceable condition, it is necessary to raise both the scientific and technical level of technical workers. The mechanic of the agrarian sector, using scientific and technical developments, can successfully solve the tasks and contribute to the growth of the economy of farms.
The purpose of the course project is to design a site for technical diagnostics D-1 in the conditions of a service station with the development of repair operations for machine parts in this area.
The objectives of the course project are: calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines; calculation of labor intensity and annual volume of repair and maintenance work; distribution of the scope of work between the ROB and the district ROB; determination of technological operations performed at the project site; calculation of the labor intensity of maintenance repairs for the project site; calculation of the mode of operation of the economy and annual time funds; calculation of the number of production workers at the project site, distribution of performers by specialty and qualification; selection and calculation of the amount of technological equipment and tooling at the project site; calculation of the number of maintenance and repair posts and diagnostics; calculation of production areas of the project site; project area layout.
Introduction
2.1 Calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines
2.2 Labor intensity and annual volume of repair and maintenance work
2.3 Distribution of scope of work between ROB and district ROB
2.4 Technological operations performed at the project site
2.5 Calculation of the complexity of maintenance repair, for the project site
3. Organizational part
3.1 Mode of operation of the farm and annual time funds
3.2 Calculation of the number of production workers at the project site, distribution of performers by specialty and qualification
3.3 Selection and calculation of the amount of technological equipment and tooling at the project site
3.4 Calculation of the production area of the project site
4. Technological map
5. Safety
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Characteristics of the project site
The site of technical diagnostics is located in the service station and is designed to perform diagnostic (inspection) work. The farm is located in a moderately warm, humid climate with a highly aggressive environment and vehicles are operated in the third category.
In the service station there are tractors, cars: basic, dump trucks and combines: grain harvesters, special ones. Tractor K-701 in the amount of 13 units, with a planned annual operating time of 850 moto-hours; T-150K-22 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1040 motor-hours; MTZ-80-42 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1030 motor-hours; MTZ-1221-26 units, with a planned annual operating time of 1105 motor-hours. These tractors perform various agricultural work. Cars ZIL-431410 in the amount of 33 units, with an annual mileage of 40 thousand km; UAZ-451-12 units, with an annual mileage of 30 thousand km; GAZ-3507-30 units, with an annual mileage of 46 thousand km; KAMAZ-5320-23 units, with an annual mileage of 51 thousand km. These vehicles transport various goods. When harvesting and preparing fodder, combines are used: DON-1500 in the amount of 15 units, with a planned annual operating time of 140 moto-hours; KZS-10-14 units, with a planned annual operating time of 144 motor-hours; KZR-10-19 units, with a planned annual operating time of 160 moto-hours; KSK-100-33 unit, with a planned annual operating time of 265 moto-hours.
2. Settlement and technological part
2.1 Calculation of the number of maintenance and repairs of machines
Major overhaul planning. Number of tractor overhaulsN Kp calculated by the formula:
N Kp = N M η O η h η in , (2.1)
Where N M
η O - the annual coverage ratio for the overhaul of machines of this brand (taken from table 2.1 of the Guidelines);
η h - zonal correction factor to the annual coverage ratio for the overhaul of machines (for the conditions of the Republic of Belarus for tractors, it is recommended to take );
η V - correction factor to the annual coverage ratio for the overhaul of cars, taking into account the average age of cars in the park (we accept in the course project).
Example K-701: .
Similarly, we calculate for all brands of tractor and summarize in table 2.1
Number of car overhaulsN Kp calculated by the formula:
N Kp = N M η O η 1 η 2 η 3 , (2.2)
Where N M - the number of cars of this brand;
η O - the annual coverage ratio for the overhaul of machines of this brand (taken from table 2.2 of the Guidelines);
η 1 - coefficient taking into account the operating conditions of the car (accepted for a car of the 3rd category);
η 2 - coefficient depending on the modification of the rolling stock and the organization of its work (for the base car we accept );
η 3 - coefficient taking into account natural and climatic conditions (we accept).
Example ZIL-431410:.
Similarly, we calculate for all brands of cars and summarize in table 2.1
Number of overhauls of combinesN Kp calculated by the formula:
N Kp = N M η O η h , (2.3)
Where N M - the number of cars of this brand;
η O - the annual coverage ratio for the overhaul of machines of this brand (accept);
η h - zonal correction factor to the annual coverage ratio of the overhaul of machines (for the conditions of the Republic of Belarus for grain harvesters we accept , for the rest ).
Example DON-1500: .
Similarly, we calculate for all brands of combines and summarize in table 2.1
Maintenance planning. Number of scheduled current repairs of tractorsN Tp determined by car brands:
N Tp = N M IN gs / IN T - N Kp , (2.4)
Graduate work
The project of the diagnostic section of the car service station
1. RESEARCH PART
1.1 General information
2 General characteristics of the service station
2. TECHNOLOGICAL PART
1 Justification of capacity and type of service station
2 Technological calculation
3 Calculation of the annual volume of work of a service station
4 Calculation of the number of production workstation maintenance
2.5 Calculation of the number of posts and car - places in the painting area
3. ORGANIZATIONAL PART
1 Calculation of the area of the room
2 Selection of technological equipment and equipment for the site.
3 Development of a technological process for diagnosing the power supply system of a diesel engine VAZ-2110
ROUTING
1 Organization of technical diagnostics of cars
2 technical diagnostics of the running gear of the car
DESIGN PART
1 Description of fixture
2 Strength calculation of the structure
ECONOMIC PART
1 Calculation of the cost of fixed production assets
2 Calculation of payroll costs
3 Calculation of depreciation costs
4 Calculation of household overheads
5 Calculation of cost, profit and taxes
FINAL PART
1 Labor protection
2 Dangerous and harmful production factors affecting workers
3 Requirements for labor protection of workers in the organization and conduct of work
3.1 General
3.2 Fire safety
3.3 Mode of work and rest
CONCLUSION
LIST OF SOURCES USED
diagnosis maintenance engine car
1. RESEARCH PART
1.1 General information
Until recently, the development of a network of car service stations was not acutely raised, due to the small number of cars that are in the personal use of citizens, as well as the ease of maintenance of domestic cars due to their simple design.
The growth in the number of cars owned by citizens, as well as the complication of the designs of various mechanisms and assemblies installed on cars, requires significant capital investments in the development of a network of specialized car service enterprises - car service and repair stations.
It is known that until quite recently, about 50% of the entire fleet of cars that were in personal use were serviced by the owners themselves, but due to the improvement in the design of mechanisms and assemblies installed on cars, as well as an increase in the number of cars, it became possible to reduce this figure to a minimum, with construction of new or expansion of old service stations throughout the country.
At the moment, a network of specialized service stations satisfies the need for servicing only about 40% of the entire fleet of cars that are in personal use of citizens, and are mainly located in large cities of the country, which is approximately 30% of all cities.
The growth rate of the number of private cars, the improvement of the designs of mechanisms and units installed on them, the involvement of an increasing number of people in the transport process, as well as the increase in traffic intensity on the roads requires the rapid and high-quality development of service stations. Such stations are characterized by a number of features related to their activities: high-quality maintenance and repair of cars, ensuring a warranty period for a certain mileage or period, expert advice, selling quality spare parts and accessories for cars, providing customers with comfortable waiting areas (cafes, billiard rooms, rest rooms and etc.).
The design of additional sections at the service station and repair of cars in order to reduce material costs, while increasing the quality of service, must be carried out in the following closely interrelated areas:
Strengthening the production and technical base through the construction of new or reconstruction of old service stations according to more promising projects;
increasing the efficiency of the maintenance and repair system by improving the skills of workers, using high-quality spare parts, consumables and introducing modern equipment to work posts.
The task of the considered service station and repair of cars should be solved by modern methods developed as a result of research activities.
At the same time, the object of these studies are some features of the operation of cars in private use of citizens:
the value of average daily and average annual runs;
period of operation during the year;
car storage conditions (open or closed);
the degree of professionalism of owners in driving and car repair;
road conditions.
In addition to the features of operation, there are a number of other factors that are the subject of research, they have a significant role in the uneven arrival of cars at the posts, and, consequently, the uneven loading of the service station during the period of planning the scope of work.
The most important condition for the high-quality implementation of the diploma design for designing at the service station of the sites is a clear justification of the initial data accepted for this improvement, which includes the following steps:
selection of car brands to be serviced;
selection of a service station for designing the required section on it;
substantiation of the capacity of the service station.
To perform these steps, you must define the following data:
the number of population and cars in this city in the personal use of citizens (in our case, the city of Abay in the Karaganda region);
average annual car mileage.
As initial data, we accept that the population of the city of Abay is 53,000 people. We take all brands of cars that are in the personal use of citizens in the area. According to the authorities of the UDP of the city of Abay, their total number is 260 units per 1000 inhabitants. Given these facts, we can determine the number of cars N belonging to the population according to the formula:
N=A
n / 1000,
(1.1)
Where A- the number of inhabitants in the area of Novodolinka settlement; n - the number of cars per 1000 inhabitants.
N =53000 260 /1000 =13780 , cars
If we take into account that a certain part of the owners carry out maintenance and repairs on their own, then the estimated number of cars serviced at the stations N* per year is equal to:
N*=
NK,
(1.2)
Where TO- a coefficient that takes into account the number of car owners using the services of a service station.
N*=13780 0,75= 10335 , cars.
Also, according to the data of the traffic police of the city of Abay, the value of the average annual mileage for all brands of selected cars was obtained, which is 15,000 km.
This service station has 6 posts, serves about 720 cars a year, is located on the outskirts of the city of Abay near the passing highway of regional significance from Karaganda to Zhezkazgan. For the convenience of servicing not only the cars of Abay, but also other cars of the surrounding areas and cars that have left the road due to a failure, along the way.
1.2 General characteristics of the service station
The main production unit for servicing passenger cars owned by citizens is a service station.
In our country, service stations are divided by purpose into urban (for servicing a fleet of individual cars) and road (for providing technical assistance to all vehicles on the way). City stations can be universal or specialized by type of work and car brands, and by capacity and size they are divided into four categories: small, medium, large and large.
The station chosen for improvement is a small road station with six stations. The service station "Auto Center Abay" is located on the outskirts of Abay along 10 Years of Independence Street, in the form of a rectangular section of a two-story building with overall dimensions of 48x12 m, the total area of which is 576 m 2.
The territory of the station borders on two sides, in front of the road and a parking lot of cars waiting for tire repair at the tire fitting site. Behind it is bordered by a parking lot for storing finished cars and awaiting repairs. Entry to the territory of the service station is carried out from the courtyard on the right side, on the left side there is a reserve passage for the movement of fire trucks.
On the second floor with an area of 6x12m there is a store for car parts, for the needs of customers repairing their cars at this service station.
The owner of the service station is an entrepreneur Muzalev Vyacheslav Dmitrievich.
Service station work schedule, 1.5 shifts from 9 00 - 18 00.
2. TECHNOLOGICAL PART
2.1 Justification of capacity and type of service station
Justification of the capacity and type of service station are required as input data for technological calculation.
Production capacity is determined by the number of products produced in physical or value terms for a certain period. For a service station in general terms, such an indicator is the number of comprehensively serviced vehicles during the year. In turn, the size of the enterprise has a great influence on production capacity.
The size of the enterprise is determined by the amount of living and materialized labor, i.e. the number of employees and production assets. Basically, the value of production assets, and, consequently, the size of the service station can be characterized by the number of work posts, sections, waiting areas, etc.
When assessing the production capacity or size of the station, it is currently customary to characterize it with one indicator - the number of working posts. By definition, a work post is a car - a place equipped with appropriate technological equipment designed to perform technical actions directly on the car. During the analysis carried out in the first part of the project, it turned out that with the improvement at the station, it is necessary to organize an additional number of work posts in order to meet the needs of the population in maintenance and repair. One of the main factors influencing the main indicator (the number of working posts of a service station) is the number of services per year, which in turn depends on the expected number of cars serviced by the station.
Since the station is located near the Karaganda-Zhezkazgan highway, it is also necessary to take into account the number of cars that can arrive at the station for repairs.
When determining the type of station, it is necessary to be guided by the size of the city in which the station is located; certain brand of car.
The area in which the service station is located is considered small in terms of population, therefore, when improving the station, it would be advisable to leave the station universal with the number of working posts from 6.
As noted in the first part of the project, the number of cars, taking into account the fact that 25% of citizens maintain and repair cars on their own, is 7,500 units. Taking into account the fact that the station is located close to the highway of republican significance and there are road maintenance stations along its entire length, the number of car rides per day can be taken as insignificant, about three races.
2.2 Technological calculation
Table 1. Initial data
No. p / p Name of data Numeric value number of cars serviced by the station per year,
None hundred 720 cars/year station type road average annual mileage of serviced vehicles, we accept, LG number of arrivals per car per year, d number of car arrivals at the station per year,
Nyear the number of arrivals of cars from the highway per day, we accept NWithd number of working days of the station in a year - D WORK.G number of shifts working shift length T cm the number of arrivals of cars from the highway per year; number of car arrivals at the station per year: Nyear =
None hundredd, auth. (2.1) Where d- the number of arrivals of one car per year, we accept d
= 4 times. Nyear= 7204 = 1440 auto. the number of arrivals of cars from the highway per day, we accept NWithd
=
2 auth;
station operating mode: 1) the number of working days of the station in a year - D WORK.G= 365 days; ) number of shifts - C = 1.5 shifts; ) the duration of the work shift - T cm= 8 hours. the number of arrivals of cars from the highway per year; Nyeard =
NWithd
D WORK.G, auth. (2.2) Nyeard=
2365= 730aut. 2.3 Calculation of the annual volume of work of a service station
The station's annual scope of work includes maintenance, current repairs, cleaning and cleaning works. The annual volume of maintenance and current repairs for city stations can be determined from the following expression: Man-hours (2.3) Where Nhundred1,
None hundred2,.
None hundred3- accordingly, the number of cars of especially small, small and middle class, serviced by the designed station per year. According to the statistics obtained in the authorities of the UDP of the city of Abay for this area, it is known that the number of cars of an especially small class is 10%, small - 55%, medium - 35%. Based on these data, we get: Nhundred1= 0.1720 = 72 cars, None hundred2= 0.55720 = 396 cars, None hundred3= 0.35720 = 252 cars; LG1,
LG2,
LG3- average annual mileage of cars of especially small, small and middle class, LG1=
LG2=
LG3= 15000 km; t 1
,
t 2
,
t 3
- specific labor intensity of work on maintenance and repair of cars of especially small, small and medium classes, t 1
= 2.4 man-hours / 1000 km, t 2
= 2.8 man-hours / 1000 km, t 3
= 3.3 man-hours / 1000 km. Person-hour The annual volume of maintenance and current repairs for cars entering the station from the highway can be determined from the following expression: Man-hours (2.4) Where NWith- number of car arrivals per day; D WORK.G- number of working days of the station in a year; tSR- the average labor intensity of the work of one run, we accept tSR= 3.6 man-hours The total annual volume of maintenance and current repairs for cars at the station will be: Man-hours (2.5) The approximate distribution of the total annual volume of maintenance and current repairs in percent and man-hours is summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Approximate distribution of the scope of work by type and place of their implementation at the station At work posts, % On plots, % Total per person Diagnostic maintenance in full Lubricants Adjusting, for setting the angles of the front wheels Adjusting, on brakes Tire Rechargeable TR units and assemblies Painting The annual volume of diagnostic work is calculated based on the number of arrivals per year for one car. It is generally accepted that the interval between one and the second race is about 800 - 1000 km. Taking this standard as a basis, we have about 11 races of one car per year. The annual volume of diagnostic work can be determined from the following expression: Person-hour (2.6) Where dmind.- number of visits to car service stations per year; tmind
- average labor intensity of cleaning and washing works of one car, we accept tmind
= 0.2 man-hours Annual volume of ancillary work. Auxiliary works include station self-service works (maintenance and repair of technological equipment of zones and sections, maintenance of engineering communications, maintenance and repair of buildings, manufacture and repair of non-standard equipment and tools), which are carried out in independent divisions or in the corresponding production sites. The volume of ancillary work of the plant is usually about 15-20% of the total annual volume of maintenance and repair work. In the calculation we take 15% of the total annual volume of work: Substituting the values into formula (2.5) we get: 2.4 Calculation of the number of production workstations of maintenance
Production workers include working areas and sections that directly perform maintenance and current repair of vehicles. Distinguish technologically necessary (attendance) and regular number of workers. For the service station in this project, we will calculate only the technologically necessary number of workers, which can be determined using the following expression: Person(2.8) Where Ti .
G- annual volume of work in the zone or section, man-hour; FT- the annual fund of time of a technologically necessary worker in one-shift work, we accept FT= 2070 hours The technologically necessary number of workers for the diagnostic section is calculated based on the following expression: People (2.9) Where T g m- the annual volume of work on the preparation, inspection, listening to cars, performed at the working posts of the site, man-hours. accept P T m = 2 workers. 2.5 Calculation of the number of posts and cars - places in the diagnostic area
To calculate the number of posts in the maintenance and current repair zone, as well as some sections, the following data are required: − annual volume of guard work T P, which, depending on the post, is taken in Table 2; − Coefficient of non-uniformity of arrival of cars at the posts of the service station
φ
, whose value is 1.1-1.3, depending on the conditions; − Average number of workers simultaneously working at the post R SR, which is from 1 to 3 people, depending on the need. Annual fund of working time F P, whose value can be found using the following expression: Ch.(2.10) Where D WORK.G- number of working days of the station in a year; T SM- length of work shift WITH- number of shifts; η
- coefficient of use of working time, we accept η
=
0.9. Posts(2.11) Where T P- annual volume of guard work; φ
- the coefficient of uneven receipt of cars at the posts, we accept φ
= 1,1; F P- annual fund of working hours of the post, hours; R SR- the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post. The number of posts of the diagnostic section can be calculated using the following expression: Where T p m\u003d - the annual volume of guard work man-hour; R sr m- the average number of workers simultaneously working at the post of the diagnostic section, we accept R sr m= 1 worker. accept Hm= 1 post. 3. ORGANIZATIONAL PART 3.1 Calculation of the floor area
To calculate the area of industrial premises, the following indicators are required: number of posts X i adopted for a given zone or site; the area occupied by the car in plan
fA, which depends on the overall dimensions of the largest vehicle serviced at the posts of the corresponding zone or section; posting density factor K p, which depends on the number and overall dimensions of the equipment used at the posts, as well as on the number and method of arranging posts, and is taken for posts with one-sided placement equal to 6 - 7, for two-sided equal to 4 - 5, and with the number of posts less than 10 can be taken 4 and below. The area of the production site can be calculated using the following expression: F 3
=
f aX pK o, m 2 (3.1) Where
f a
-
the area occupied by the car in the plan, we take f a\u003d 8.7 m 2; Xi
-
number of posts; K o
-
the density coefficient of the arrangement of posts, we accept K o = 3. Area of the diagnostic area: 3.2 Selection of technological equipment and equipment for the site
The following equipment is used for the diagnostic section: bath for washing parts 2239-P, devices: for checking jets and shut-off valves of the carburetor NIIAT-528, for checking fuel pumps and carburetors 5575, for checking limiters and the maximum number of revolutions of the crankshaft NIIAT-419, for to check the elasticity of the diffuser plates NIIAT-357, to check the elasticity of the diaphragm springs of the fuel pumps GARO-357, to check the fuel pumps of cars 6276, as well as: table-pipe machine NS-12, tank for control measurements of fuel on the GARO-361 line, manual rack press 6KS-918, electric grinder I-138A, pneumatic clamping device for disassembly and assembly PRS-22, probe set No. 3 of plates, GOST-8965-88, table for instruments 1010-P, equipment stand ORG-1012-210, cabinet for storing materials, waste chest 2317-P. At the diagnostic site, two workers with the fourth category are employed in one shift. Ventilation in the diagnostic area is supply and exhaust. The air supply is provided by fans installed in the air duct system with air preheating in winter. In winter, when the gate is opened, the ventilation flow is redirected with the help of dampers to the ventilation ducts mounted around the openings, from which the air flows out, thus providing a thermal curtain. Extraction is also provided by fans. 3.3 Development of a technological process for diagnosing the power supply system of a VAZ-2110 diesel engine The injection engine fuel system rarely worries the car owner. But if something happens, troubleshooting may require both effort and time. Especially if the driver does not have the necessary skills ... and grabs one thing after another. Meanwhile, in the fuel system, everything is quite simple and logical. Let's walk through it? Let's start with an electric fuel pump, which, as you know, must supply fuel from the tank to the engine under sufficient pressure. Refusal pump<#"804249.files/image023.gif">
Figure - 3. Support post. Upper support plate of the rack; 2 - retractable cylinder; 3 - lower support cylinder; 4 - thrust pin; 5 - lower support plate of the rack 5.2 Strength analysis of the structure
In the design part of the design, it is proposed to calculate the shear of the thrust pin of the layout support post. Pin (German Stift) - a rod of a cylindrical or conical shape for a fixed connection of parts, as a rule, in a strictly defined position, as well as for transmitting relatively small loads. Before installing the pin, the parts that will be connected by it are fixed in the required position, a hole for the pin is drilled and unrolled in them, and then the pin itself is inserted into the specified hole, which fastens them. A conical pin is more versatile than a cylindrical one, since due to the peculiarity of its shape it can be used repeatedly without reducing the accuracy of the location of parts. Sometimes the pin is threaded (usually for attaching orders and decorations) l
= 200 mm Ø = 20 mm Check the tensile strength of the rod, its heads for shear if Rod diameter d= 20 mm = 0.02 m; therefore, the cross-sectional area of the rod, and the normal force in this section N=2kN=2000N. Working stress in cross section 2. The head of the rod can be cut along a cylindrical surface with a diameter of d=20 * 10-3 m and a height of h = 20 * 10-3 m (Figure 1, b), i.e. Therefore, the operating voltage of the cut The overload is (3.8/60)100%=6.33%, which is unacceptable. It is necessary to either reduce the load, or take a rod with a higher head. The contact surface between the rod head and the support has the shape of a flat ring (Figure 1, c), i.e. The working stress of crushing is calculated by the formula 6. ECONOMIC PART 6.1 Calculation of the cost of fixed production assets
The main production assets are those means of labor that participate in many production cycles, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the finished product for a long time, their value is determined by: Soph. = Healthy. + Inc. + Synv. + Ref. + Page The cost of the building is determined by the formula: Szdr. =S
∙
P,
Where S
- building area, 576m 2 P- the cost of one sq. square meters, 80400 tenge Szdr.= 576 ∙ 80400 = 46310400tg. Balance sheet value of the equipment:
Own bal.= 2975726.6 rubles. The cost of the equipment is determined by: Inc.=
∑WITHi
∙
n= С1∙1 + С2∙1 + …+ С9∙1,
Where WITHi- the cost of a piece of equipment, n- number of units. equipment. The cost of equipment is determined based on the market value and is reflected in Table. 8. Tab. 8. Equipment cost Name Quantity Price, tg. for 1 piece The device for checking jets and shut-off valves of the carburetor NIIAT-528 Fuel pump and carburettor tester 5575 The device for checking the limiters and the maximum number of revolutions of the crankshaft NIIAT-419 bath for washing parts 2239-P Device for checking the elasticity of diffuser plates NIIAT-357 The device for checking the elasticity of the springs of the diaphragm of fuel pumps GARO-357 Vehicle Fuel Pump Tester 6276 Desktop-pipe machine NS-12 Manual rack press 6KS-918 Tank for control measurements of fuel on the line GARO-361 Probe set No. 3 of plates, GOST-8965-88 Total Sob. Inc.= 2705206tg. The cost of inventory is 2% of the book value of the equipment: Sinv.=
0.02 ∙ Sob.bal Sinv.\u003d 0.02 ∙ 2975726.6 \u003d 59514.32 tenge. The cost of instruments is 10% of the book value of the equipment: Ref.
= 0,1
∙ Own bal. Ref.= 0.1 ∙ 2975726.6 = 297572.66 tenge The costs associated with the transportation and installation of new equipment are 10% of its cost: Page = 0.1 ∙ Cdop. Page = 0.1 ∙ 2705206 = 270520.6 tenge. Additional capital investments are: Kdop. = Event + Page Kdop. = 2705206 + 270520.6 = 2975726.6tg. Determine the cost of fixed production assets Soph.: Soph.= 2749680+2705206+59514.32+297572.66+270520.6=6082494tg. 6.2 Calculation of payroll costs Payroll at the rate: FZPT. = SC. ∙ Tguch.,
Where sch.- hourly tariff rate, 800 tenge. Tguch.- annual volume of work on the site, 2172.6 man-hours. FZPT.= 800 ∙ 2172.6 = 1738080 tenge. Performance bonuses are: Etc. = 0.35 ∙ FZPt. Etc.\u003d 0.35 ∙ 1738080 \u003d 608328tg. The basic payroll is determined by: FZPosn. = FZPT. + Ex. FZPosn. = 1738080 + 608328 =2346408tg. The fund of additional wages is 10-40%: FZPad. = FZPosn. ∙ 0.10 FZPad. = 2346408 ∙ 0.10 = 234640.8tg. The general wage fund consists of the main and additional wage fund: FZPtot. = FZPosn. + FZPadd. FZPtot. = 2346408 + 234640.8 = 2581048.8 tenge. Average salary of a production worker per year: ZPsr. = FZPtot. / Rpr.,
Where Rpr.- the number of production workers, 2 people. ZPsr. = 2581048.8 / 2 =1290524.4tg. 1 person per month = 12900524tg. Payroll charge 26.0% : Initial = 0.26 ∙ FZPtotal Initial = 0.26 ∙ 2581048.8 = 671072.7tg. General payroll with accruals: FZPgen.beg. = FZPtot. + Hini. FZPgen.beg. = 2581048.8 + 671072.7 = 3252121.5 tenge. 6.3 Depreciation cost calculation
Depreciation expenses consist of two items: a) for the complete restoration of equipment is taken equal to 12% of the balance sheet value of the equipment - Ca.ob. Ca.ob.= 2975726.6 ∙ 0.12 = 357087.19 tenge. b) deductions for the restoration of buildings are taken equal to 3% of their value - Sa.zd. Sa.zd.= 2749680 ∙ 0.03 = 82490.4tg. In total, the total depreciation costs will be: Sa.tot. = Ca.ob. + Sa.zd.
Sa.tot. = 357087.19 + 82490.4 = 439577.59 tenge. 6.4 Calculation of household overheads
Costs associated with the operation of equipment: for power electricity: Se. =W
∙
STo.,
Where Se.- cost of electricity per year, rub.; W
- annual electricity consumption, 300 kW/h; STo.- the cost of one kWh of power electricity, 20 tenge;
Se. = 300 ∙ 20=600tg. - for water supply: St. =QV. ∙Sm.,
Where St.- cost of water consumed per year, rub.; QV.- annual water consumption, 2000 m 3; Sm.- the cost of 1 m 3 cu. water, 80tg./m 3; St. = 2000 ∙ 80=160000tg. Approximately 5% of its cost is accepted for the repair of equipment. Thus, the cost of repairing equipment: Avg. = 0.05 ∙ Int.bal. Avg. = 0.05 ∙ 2975726.6= 148786.33tg. other expenses are accepted in the amount of 5% of the amount of expenses for the previous articles: Ref.\u003d 0.05 ∙ 309386.33 \u003d 154693.2 tenge. 6.5 Calculation of cost, profit and taxes The cost of a person-hour is determined by the formula: S= ∑ Comm. / Tguch.,
Where Message- total costs for the year, 10083579.22 tenge. Calculate cost - S.
S
=
10083579.22/ 2772.6 = 3637 man-hours Labor cost: C =S
∙
R,
Where R- profitability. Taking the profitability equal to 10-25%, we determine the price of a person-hour - C. C = 3637∙ 1.25 = 4546tg. Revenue is calculated as follows: D \u003d C ∙ Tguch. D = 4546 ∙ 2772.6 = 12604240 tenge. Profit from sales: Etc. \u003d D - Ztot., Where Ztot- general expenses, 10083579.22 tenge. Etc. = 12604240- 10083579.22=2520663tg. Non-operating expenses are defined as the sum of property taxes: Rvn. = Nimushch.,
Where Nimushch.- property tax, is 2% of the residual value of fixed production assets. The residual value of fixed production assets is equal to: Comp. = 0.5 ∙ Sof. Comp. = 0.5 ∙ 6082494 = 3041247 tenge. The property tax is determined by the following relationship: Nimushch. = 0.02 ∙Stat. Nimushch. = 0.02 ∙ 3041247 = 60824.94 tenge. Balance sheet profit is determined by the formula: Pb. = Ex. - Nimush. Pb. = 1648951.01 - 60824.94 = 1588126 tenge. Net profit is equal to balance sheet profit, tk. the company does not deduct income tax: Pch. = 1588126 tenge Net Income: Chd. = 1588126 tenge The financial results of the site should be presented in the form of a table. eleven. Tab. 11. Financial results of the site Profitability of expenses on balance sheet profit: Rcosts = Pb. / ∑ Message Rcosts =
1588126 / 6595804,04 = 0,24% Profitability of fixed production assets in terms of balance sheet profit: Rosn.f. = Pb. / Sof. Rosn.f. =
1588126 / 6082494 = 0,26% The return on assets of the site is calculated as follows: Fo. = D / Sof. Fo. = 8244755.05 / 6082494 = 1.36 tg. Capital intensity, the reciprocal of capital productivity: Fe. = 1 / Fo. Fe. = 1 / 1.36 = 0.74 tg. capital-labor ratio: fv. = Sof. / Rpr., tg./person fv. = 6082494 / 6 = 1013748.97 tenge / person Payback period: T = Kdop. / Pb. T = 2975726.6 / 1588126 = 1.87 years Tab. 11. Summary table of technical, economic and financial indicators of the site Indicators Values in the project Annual production program of the enterprise Annual volume of site work Land area Additional investment Cost of equipment Number of production workers Average salary per month Cost price return on assets capital intensity Profitability of expenses on balance sheet profit Payback period of capital investments Profitability of funds based on book profit
, person-h (2.7) 
,
, posts(2.12) 
,
,
.
7. FINAL PART
7.1 Labor protection
In our country, labor protection is a system of legislative acts and the corresponding socio-economic, technical, hygienic and organizational measures that ensure the safety, health and performance of a person in the process of work.
At an enterprise where the labor protection of workers should be given constant attention, the attitude of engineering and technical and managerial employees to the implementation of measures to improve working conditions in production conditions should serve as a criterion for their civil maturity and professional preparedness.
Labor protection is also an important economic factor, the improvement of conditions affects labor productivity and product quality, a decrease in the number of accidents, a decrease in staff turnover, injuries and occupational diseases, as well as related economic losses.
An important factor in improving labor protection at the enterprise is to provide the employees of the enterprise with the necessary reference literature.
7.2 Dangerous and harmful production factors affecting workers
Maintenance, repair and inspection of the technical condition of the automatic telephone exchange is carried out in specially designated places (posts) equipped with the necessary equipment, devices, instruments, fixtures and inventory. Vehicles sent to maintenance, repair and technical condition checkpoints must be washed, cleaned of dirt and snow. Setting up the automatic telephone exchange at the posts is carried out under the guidance of a responsible employee (foreman, head of the section, controller of the technical condition of the automatic telephone exchange, etc.).
The entry of the vehicle into the production premises of the stations and points of the state technical inspection and their placement at the working posts of the check must be carried out by the inspectors of the technical condition of the vehicle, who must have the license of the driver of the vehicle of the corresponding category.
The speed of vehicles should not exceed 10 km / h on the territory of the organization, 5 km / h - in production and other premises.
The speed of vehicles on turns, when entering and exiting gates, leaving from around the corner of a building, crossing railway tracks, at intersections, in places of heavy traffic of workers, when reversing should not exceed 3 km/h. When servicing the PBX on a lift (hydraulic, electromechanical), a sign with the inscription "Do not touch - under by car
If it is necessary to perform work under a vehicle that is outside the inspection ditch, lift, overpass, workers must be provided with sunbeds.
When removing and installing parts, assemblies and assemblies weighing 30 kg by men and 10 kg by women (up to two times per hour) and 15 kg by men and 7 kg by women (more than twice per hour), it is necessary to use lifting and transport mechanisms. Vehicles running on gas fuel may enter maintenance posts only after their engines have been converted to run on petroleum fuel.
Before surrender cars
When working in winter, it is not allowed:
Release on a flight ATS with faulty devices for heating the cabin and cabin;
Touch hands to metal objects, parts and tools without special gloves;
Warm up the engine with an open flame;
To transport passengers, loaders and workers accompanying cargoes in an open body.
The battery compartment should have a washbasin and soap. If acid, alkali or electrolyte gets into open parts of the body, a long (1 hour) washing with a stream of cold water, applying a dry aseptic (sterile) dressing and immediately contacting a doctor is necessary. If acid, alkali or electrolyte gets into the eyes, it is necessary to immediately rinse the eyes with a stream of running water, apply an aseptic bandage and urgently consult an ophthalmologist.
When sending two or more ATS drivers to work together for a period of more than two days, the employer is obliged by order to appoint an employee responsible for labor protection. Compliance with the requirements of this employee is mandatory for all drivers of this group of vehicles.
Transportation of people in the back of a truck car
When working on road trains, the coupling of a road train consisting of car
Each vehicle must be provided with special stops (at least two pieces) for placing under the wheels, a wide lining under the heel jack
The movement of traffic flows on the territory of the organization must be carried out in accordance with the Scheme of the movement of vehicles approved by the head of the organization, installed on billboards in prominent places: at the entrance gate, in the transport workshop, at highway interchanges and in other places of heavy traffic of vehicles. Signs regulating the movement of vehicles and workers should also be installed there.
Employees performing maintenance and repair of automatic telephone exchanges must be provided with appropriate serviceable tools, devices, as well as personal protective equipment (PPE).
Laundry and dry cleaning of special clothing is carried out by the organization at its expense according to the schedule and within the time limits established taking into account production conditions. During this time, replacement kits should be issued to workers.
In general cases, washing of special clothing should be done once every 6 days for heavy soiling, once every 10 days for moderate soiling. After finishing work, you must thoroughly wash your hands and face with soap and take a shower.
Automatic telephone exchanges are allowed to be stored in heated and unheated premises, under sheds and in specially designated open areas. Tank trucks for the transportation of hot and flammable substances should be stored in open areas, under sheds or in isolated one-story ground garages with direct access to the outside and equipped with explosion-proof supply and exhaust ventilation.
Cars running on gas fuel may be parked in a closed space only if it has a sealed gas supply system.
7.3 Labor protection requirements for workers in the organization and performance of work
Personnel not younger than 18 may be allowed to drive vehicles years
The employer is obliged, together with the relevant trade union body or other authorized employees of the representative body, to draw up a list of positions and professions of employees who are required to undergo preliminary (upon employment) and periodic (during employment) medical examinations, and coordinate it with the local bodies of Rospotrebnadzor.
If an employee avoids undergoing medical examinations or fails to comply with the recommendations based on the results of the examinations, the employee is not allowed to perform work duties.
Briefing by their nature and timing are divided into:
Introductory;
Primary workplace;
Repeated;
unscheduled;
Target.
Each employee with a profession, after the initial briefing at the workplace to master the skills of safe working methods, is attached for 2 to 5 shifts (depending on the nature and complexity of the profession) to a foreman-mentor or an experienced worker, under whose guidance he performs work. After that, the head of the site, making sure that the newly hired employee has mastered safe working methods, issues an admission to independent work.
Re-briefing held
Unscheduled briefing is carried out in the following cases:
When changing the rules on labor protection;
When changing the technological process, replacing or upgrading equipment, fixtures, tools, raw materials, materials;
And other factors affecting labor safety;
In case of violation by the employee of labor safety requirements, which can lead or has led to injury, accident, explosion or fire, poisoning;
During breaks in work: for 30 calendar days or more - for work that is subject to additional (increased) labor safety requirements; 60 days or more - for other works.
Primary at the workplace, repeated and unscheduled briefings holds
Conducting primary, repeated and unscheduled briefings is recorded in a special journal with the obligatory signature of the instructed and instructing, the permit for admission to work is indicated in the journal.
The logs for registration of briefings at the workplace must be numbered, laced, sealed and issued to the heads of departments against receipt.
Targeted coaching held
Performing one-time work not related to direct duties in the specialty (loading, unloading, cleaning the territory, etc.);
Elimination of the consequences of accidents, natural disasters and catastrophes;
The production of works for which a work permit, permit and other documents are issued;
Conducting excursions in organizations; organization of public events with students.
Conducting a targeted briefing is recorded in the work permit for the production of work and in the logbook of the briefing at the workplace.
Employees who have a profession and documents confirming that they have completed the relevant training are allowed to work independently without prior training after passing the introductory and primary briefings.
Newly hired managers and specialists must pass a knowledge test no later than one month after their appointment, and employees - periodically, at least once every three years.
Based on these Rules, the employer develops instructions on labor protection for employees of relevant professions.
All production and auxiliary areas must be provided with instructions on labor protection for professions and types of work.
Individuals under the age of 18 are allowed to independently work on the repair and maintenance of batteries. years
7.3.1 General
The main tasks of technical inspection of automatic telephone exchanges are:
a) checking the compliance of the technical condition and equipment of the automatic telephone exchange with the established requirements in the field of ensuring the safety of life and health of people, the environment and road traffic (instrumental technical inspection);
b) control of the admission of drivers to participation in road traffic;
c) prevention and suppression of crimes and administrative offenses related to the operation of automatic telephone exchanges;
d) identification of stolen vehicles, state registration plates, as well as forms of certificates of registration of vehicles and coupons for passing a technical inspection;
e) identification of vehicles of road users who have fled the scene of road accidents;
f) specification of the number and ownership of the automatic telephone exchange, as well as other registration data;
g) formation and maintenance of the state information database
about the results of the technical inspection.
The components of the instrumental part of the technical inspection, carry out
7.3.2 Fire safety
Equipment, tools and fixtures must meet the safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.2.003-83 during the entire period of operation. When placing equipment, the requirements of ONTP 01-86 must be taken into account.
Devices for stopping and starting the equipment should be located so that they are convenient to use and exclude the possibility of their spontaneous activation.
The commissioning of new or overhauled equipment is carried out only after its acceptance by a commission with the participation of employees of the organization's labor protection service. The operated equipment must be in good working order, and its technical condition must be under the control of the chief mechanic and the head of the diagnostic station.
Faulty equipment is labeled “Do not turn on, malfunctioning”. Such equipment must be switched off or de-energized. Do not work on equipment with a defective, removed or loose guard. Do not clean, lubricate or repair the equipment while it is in operation.
Use of portable ladders
Technological equipment, as well as the equipment of the production facility, must be made in compliance with electrical safety standards.
All electric motors, electrically powered equipment, and control panels must be properly grounded or grounded. Work without grounding or grounding is not allowed.
Grounding conductors must be accessible for inspection and protected from corrosion.
Burnt out lamps, damaged equipment must be replaced with new ones.
In all protective devices, only calibrated fuses are installed; the use of home-made inserts ("bugs") is not allowed.
The doors of electrical switchgears in industrial premises must be locked, one copy of the key to which must be kept by the electrician, and the second by the head of the diagnostic station in the specified place.
To power general lighting fixtures in rooms, as a rule, a voltage of no higher than 220 V is used.
Lighting the inspection ditch with fluorescent or general conventional lamps powered by a voltage of 127 ... 220 V is allowed under the following conditions:
All wiring must be internal, have reliable electrical and waterproofing
Lighting equipment and switches must have electrical and waterproofing
Luminaires must be covered with glass or protected with a protective grill
The metal body of the luminaire must be grounded
To power portable lamps in inspection ditches, a voltage of no higher than 12 V should be used.
An important role in ensuring safety is played by compliance with the technological process of performing work and the rules for operating technological equipment.
The performance of work by the personnel of the diagnostic station should be carried out in accordance with the instructions for labor protection brought to them during the briefings.
Participation of drivers, workers of other specialties in the process of checking the technical condition of vehicles is not allowed. An exception is the execution of simple commands by the driver, who is driving the vehicle, to actuate individual controls or turn the vehicle's instruments on and off.
Checking the technical condition of vehicles held
The location of diagnostic posts, the distance between vehicles installed at the posts, as well as between vehicles and building structures must comply with ONTP 01-86.
Vehicles must be delivered to the posts clean and dry. Setting up posts should be carried out under the guidance of employees of the diagnostic station.
Not allowed to enter posts cars
Gas-balloon vehicles can enter the diagnostic line posts only after they have been transferred to petrol
Checking the gas supply system for leaks should be carried out
When switching the engine to petrol
In the production zone of diagnostics it is not allowed:
storage of flammable and combustible liquids, acids, paints, calcium carbide, etc.
refueling cars
storage of clean cleaning materials with used
blockage of passages and exits from the premises (materials, equipment, containers, etc.)
Spilled oil or fuel must be immediately removed with sand or sawdust, which after use should be poured into metal boxes with lids
Used cleaning materials should be immediately put away in metal boxes with tight lids, and at the end of the working day - removed from the production facilities to specially designated areas.
During work it is prohibited:
be in the inspection ditch, under the overpass when the checked vehicles move along them
work on faulty equipment, as well as with faulty tools and fixtures
Troubleshoot equipment independently
leave the tool on the edges of the inspection ditch
When checking buses and trucks cars
When working in an inspection ditch with high-lying parts, stable special stands should be used.
To work in front and behind the vehicle located on the inspection ditch, as well as to cross it, it is necessary to use transitional bridges, and for lowering and lifting - special stairs
To check the effectiveness of the brake systems on the stand, it is necessary to take measures to prevent the car from rolling off the stand rollers. Work at diagnostic posts with the engine running is allowed only when the local suction is turned on, which effectively removes exhaust gases.
When inflated tires
Fire extinguishers should be placed on the floor in special pedestals or hung in conspicuous places so that the instructive inscription on their bodies is clearly visible and that a person can freely, easily and quickly remove them. The distance from the floor to the bottom of the fire extinguisher should be no more than 1.5 m. From the edge of the door when it is opened, the fire extinguisher should be located at a distance of at least 1.2 m. visors.
External inspection of fire extinguishers and their cleaning from contamination should be carried out at least once every 10 days. During an external examination, the integrity of the seal and safety plate of foam fire extinguishers should be checked.
It is forbidden to use fire equipment and equipment for household, industrial and other needs not related to fire fighting.
Fire hydrants of the internal fire-fighting water supply should be equipped with sleeves, well rolled up and attached to the faucets and trunks.
On the door of the fire hydrant cabinet, the letter index "PK", the serial number of the fire hydrant, the number phone
7.3.3 Work and rest schedule
The mode of work and rest of employees should be established in accordance with the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 15, 2007 N 251.
For workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, a reduced working time should be established - no more than 36 hours per week in the manner established with Ch. No. 19, article No. 202, of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Kazakhstanskaya Pravda" dated May 22, 2007 No. 76 (25321) Gazette of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007, May, Art. 65, No. 9 (2490)).
In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chapter No. 17, Article No. 179 ("Kazakhstanskaya Pravda" dated May 22, 2007 N 76 (25321) Gazette of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2007, May, Art. 65, N 9 (2490)) it is prohibited to allow persons under the age of 18 to perform work with harmful or dangerous working conditions.
The list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited, is established by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Article No. 186 Chapter No. 17, (Kazakhstanskaya Pravda "of May 22, 2007 N 76 (25321) Gazette of the Parliament of the Republic Kazakhstan 2007, May, Art. 65, N 9 (2490).
Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan states “Everyone has the right to rest. Those working under an employment contract are guaranteed the statutory hours of work, weekends and holidays, and paid annual leave.” In this regard, the state establishes the maximum length of working time, the minimum amount of weekly rest and annual leave.
Working time is the time during which the employee, in accordance with the acts of the employer and the terms of the individual labor contract, performs labor duties (Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Labor in the Republic of Kazakhstan.”). The labor duties of an employee are those duties that the employee has assumed under an individual labor contract. Acts of the employer may take the form of orders, instructions, instructions, rules, which should not contradict the provisions of the current legislation, collective and individual labor contracts.
Working hours are mainly determined by agreement between the employee and the employer. The state legislates only the maximum working hours - 40 hours a week. An individual labor contract may stipulate a shorter working time.
During working hours, the parties must fulfill their labor duties: the employee must come to work on time, observe the established working hours, use all working hours exclusively for productive work; the employer is obliged to ensure the full and productive use of working time by the employee, not to violate the established duration of work, the daily work schedule (working hours), the right of employees to rest.
Actual hours worked are recorded in the timesheets.
Types of working time. The current labor legislation provides for the following types of working time: normal duration, reduced duration, part-time work.
Normal business hours. Normal working time is such a duration of work that does not harm human health and development, therefore, the legislation establishes that the length of working time at enterprises (in institutions, organizations), regardless of the form of ownership, cannot exceed 40 hours per week. This length of working time is the limit and cannot be increased by agreement of the parties: the employee and the employer. Acts of the employer or a collective agreement may establish a 5-day or 6-day work week. With a six-day working week, the duration of daily work cannot exceed 7 hours, and with a five-day working week - 8 hours.
The working day of normal duration is designed for workers and employees working in conditions that do not require increased physical and neuro-intellectual stress.
Reduced working time is established for certain categories of workers in order to protect labor, create favorable conditions for the successful combination of training with production.
Reduced working hours are set:
a) for persons under 18 years of age;
for employees aged 14 to 16 - working hours should not exceed 24 hours per week;
for employees aged 16 to 18 - 36 hours per week. According to this maximum number of working hours per week, the length of the working day is set.
b) for workers engaged in heavy physical work with harmful working conditions - working hours should not exceed 36 hours per week.
Heavy physical work is considered to be the activities of the employee associated with lifting and moving weights manually, or other work with an energy consumption of more than 300 kcal / hour. Harmful (particularly harmful) working conditions are those under which the impact of certain production factors leads to a decrease in working capacity or illness of an employee, or a negative effect on his offspring. The list of heavy work, work with harmful and especially harmful working conditions is determined by the list of industries, workshops, professions and positions, as well as the list of work with harmful working conditions.
Part-time work may be established by agreement between the employee and the employer. The mode and amount of part-time work is determined by the parties in an individual labor contract upon its conclusion or during the validity of the contract.
When changing the normal length of working time to part-time work, at the request of the employee, the interests and possibilities of production are taken into account. These changes are made by agreement of the parties.
Working on a part-time basis does not entail any restrictions on the rights of the employee (the amount of annual labor leave). Remuneration is made only for the work performed and in proportion to the hours worked.
Part-time work can be in the form of a part-time work week (for example; working - Monday, Tuesday, Thursday) or part-time work (four hours daily). At the same time, in the individual labor contract, the parties must determine the number of working hours per week and the mode (part-time work week or part-time work day) of working time.
Certain restrictions are set for those working at night. Night time is considered from 22:00 to 06:00 in the morning. Night work is allowed in cases where work is necessary, for example, in communications, transport, etc.
Pregnant women may be allowed to work at night only with their consent. And persons under the age of 18, and other persons with a medical certificate prohibiting work at night, are not allowed to work at night.
CONCLUSION
The developed graduation project provides for the project of the diagnostic section of the car service station. For calculations, the production and technical base of the service station "Avto Center Abai" was taken.
The project was carried out on the basis of the existing rolling stock repair and maintenance base. The number of mobile and the number of residents are taken according to the traffic police and the statistics department of the city of Abay on 01.01.2014.
The calculation of the annual production program for maintenance and repair of vehicles is made according to the methodology for designing vehicle service stations.
A brief description of the enterprise, as well as the design object (diagnostic section) is given. The initial data are analyzed, on the basis of this, a technological calculation of the production program for maintenance and repair for the enterprise is made. Based on the results of the technological calculation, the following was determined: the annual number of daily maintenance services and the labor intensity of current repairs; the number of workers in the diagnostic section was calculated. The selection of technological equipment was made.
On the issues of human life safety and safety, the issues of safety in the performance of diagnostic work, fire safety, dangerous and harmful factors affecting workers, work and rest regimen were considered.
In the technological map, the organization of technical diagnostics of cars was considered and a technical map for diagnosing a VAZ-2110 car was developed. For the convenience of maintenance operations on the car, wings were cut out, passenger seats were removed, and door trim was removed.
In this graduation project, a special task was completed in the design part. It includes the development of a model of a VAZ-2106 passenger car.
In the economic part of the project, the efficiency of investments in the production and technical base of the designed diagnostic site was calculated.
The cost of the work performed, the cost of equipment, depreciation deductions for buildings, equipment, and the wage fund of workers were calculated. The cost recovery for equipment and buildings was calculated, they will pay off within 1.87 years. A list of used literature was also provided with the help of which the graduation project was made.
9. LIST OF SOURCES USED
1) Aleksandrov L.A. "Technical regulation in road transport" M .: Transport 1998
) Arshinov V.A., Alekseev T.R. "Cutting metals and cutting tools" M .: Mashinostroenie 1993
) Turevsky L.L., Ostrovsky N.B., Zuckerberg S.M., “Unified transport system and road transportation” M .: Transport 2008
) Demin P.A. "Safety Handbook" M.: 1998
) Dolik P.A. "Safety Handbook" M .: Energosetizdat, 1994
) Ivorev S.A. "Economic issues in the organization of ATP" M .: Higher School 1991
) Karagodin V.I. "Repair of cars and engines" M .: Mastery Higher School, 2001
)Kramarenko G.V. "Technical operation of cars" M .: Transport 1998
) Spichkin G.V., Tretyakov A.M. "Workshop on diagnosing cars" / Textbook. Manual for SPTU.-2nd ed., Revised. And add.-M .: Higher School, 1986.-439 p.
) Novak V.M. "Handbook of a machine builder technologist" M .: Mashinostroenie 1993
) “Depreciation rates and methods for determining wholesale prices for engineering products”, edited by Simonev A.A. M.: Economics 1992
) Serov I.P. "Methods for determining wholesale prices for products of the machine-building complex" M .: Economizdat, 1993
) Savin V.I. Shchur D.L. "Transportation of goods" M.: business and service 2007
) Kondratko I.I., Kireeva M.V., Levchenko I.V. "Requirements and rules for the design of text documents and graphic parts of the VKR (DP), KP (KR) in the educational process."
) Shadrichev V.A. "Fundamentals of automotive technology and car repair." - L .: Mashinostroenie, 1976.-560 p.
Diagnostic information greatly increases the efficiency, unambiguity and reliability of decisions made, and also involves the transition from average estimates of the state of vehicle elements and processes to determining the actual need for these elements in technical and other influences.
The direct implementation of the diagnostic capabilities falls on the shoulders of the production personnel employed in the maintenance and repair of vehicles. Therefore, they first of all need knowledge on managing diagnostic devices, stands and equipment produced by mass-produced industrial enterprises. We are talking about new equipment for diagnosing cars and processes used in transport companies and car service stations (STOA).
In order to increase the efficiency of transport, it is necessary to accelerate the creation and implementation of advanced equipment and technology, improve the working and living conditions of service personnel, improve their qualifications and interest in the results of their work, develop new types of transport, increase the rate of renewal of rolling stock and other technical means, and strengthen the material and technical and repair base, at the same time improve traffic safety, reduce the negative impact of transport on the environment.
Taking into account the above shortcomings in the work of the ATP on the organization of car maintenance, the purpose of the diploma design is:
- Improvement of the vehicle maintenance system in the conditions of this enterprise;
- To equip points of technical diagnostics with modern equipment;
- Design design developments to improve the efficiency of technical diagnostics;
- Develop measures for the safety and environmental friendliness of the project;
- Substantiate these design decisions with economic calculations.
The activities developed in this project show that the annual economic turnover amounted to 1432082 rubles. The costs invested in carrying out work on technical diagnostics pay off within 0.74 years.
The developed design of the stand for checking the air pressure in the tires of cars during the diagnosis gives an annual time saving of 57 hours.
Economic efficiency from reducing vehicle downtime per year amounted to 25,650 rubles. The cost of manufacturing and maintaining a stand for checking the air pressure in the tires of a car will pay off within one year.
INTRODUCTION 8
1 ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES OF THE UCHALINSKY MOTOR TRANSPORT 10
- 1.1 General information about the company 10
- 1.2 Structures on the territory of the motor depot 10
- 1.3 Natural and climatic conditions 10
- 1.4 Organizational management structure 11
- 1.5 Analysis of enterprise performance 12
- 1.6 Rolling stock of the enterprise 17
2 PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS OF VEHICLES IN A MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE 24
- 2.1 Substantiation of the method of organizing technical diagnostics of vehicles 24
- 2.2 Calculation of the number of technical diagnostics, labor input and determination of the number of workers at the post of technical diagnostics 37
- 2.2.1 Calculation of the annual production program for technical diagnostics of vehicles 38
- 2.2.2 Determining the number of services, the annual scope of work and their distribution by months 43
- 2.2.3 Selection and justification of the method of organizing the technological process 46
- 2.2.4 Calculation of the number of production workers 51
- 2.2.5 Distribution of labor intensity of technical diagnostics by types of work 52
- 2.2.6 Selection of technological equipment 54
- 2.2.7 Calculation of the production area for the zone of technical diagnostics 55
3 DESIGN OF A STAND FOR CHECKING AIR PRESSURE IN PNEUMATIC TIRES OF VEHICLES 56
- 3.1 Rationale for the need to implement stand 56
- 3.2 Overview of existing structures 57
- 3.3 Description of the work of the developed stand for checking the air pressure in the pneumatic tires of vehicles 61
- 3.4 Structural calculations of the details of the stand 65
- 3.4.1 Calculation of bolts for fastening the backstage 65
- 3.4.2 Weld strength design 67
- 3.4.3 Finger shear calculation 68
- 3.5 Economic efficiency from the implementation of stand 69
- 3.5.1 Determining the cost of manufacturing the stand structure 69
- 3.5.2 Determination of savings from the implementation of stand 71
4 PROJECT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 73
- 4.1 General provisions 73
- 4.2 Geographic location of the enterprise 74
- 4.3 Hazardous and harmful production factors 74
- 4.4 Workplace safety training 75
- 4.5 Organization of emergency medical and material assistance at the enterprise 76
- 4.6 Measures for environmental protection 77
- 4.7 Fire prevention measures 78
- 4.8 Protecting fire and injury in workers' areas from electric shock 79
- 4.9 Conclusions 84
5 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 85
- 5.1 Calculation of the economic efficiency of the introduction of technical diagnostics 85
- 5.2 Determining the cost of technical diagnostics 86
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 89
REFERENCES 90
3.1 Choice of method of organizing production
car technological diagnostics
The most progressive method of organizing the production of maintenance and repair is currently the method based on the formation of production units on a technological basis (the method of technological complexes) with the introduction of centralized production management (CUP), but due to relatively small production capacities and the average number of vehicles serviced on the line, the method of integrated teams is adopted.
The method of complex teams
The method of integrated teams provides for the formation of production units on the basis of their subject specialization, i.e. assigning a certain group of vehicles to the brigade (for example, cars of the same column, cars of the same model, trailers and semi-trailers), for which the brigade conducts TO-1, TO-2 and TR. As a rule, EO, diagnostics and repair of units are performed centrally. Complex brigades are staffed with performers of various specialties (mechanics, locksmiths, electricians, oilers) to perform the work assigned to the brigade.
Each team, as a rule, has jobs assigned to it, posts for maintenance and repair, its own generally universal technological equipment and tools, a stock of turnaround units and spare parts, i.e. there is a reduction in the program and the dispersal of material resources of the ATP, which complicates the organization of the production of maintenance and repair of vehicles.
The difficulties of managing with this method are explained by the difficulties of maneuvering production capacities and material resources and regulating the load of individual performers for various integrated teams. There are situations when the workers of one integrated team are overloaded, and the other is underloaded, but the teams are not interested in mutual assistance.
However, a significant advantage of this method is the team responsibility for the quality of maintenance and repair work. This is justified as follows:
where is the annual complexity of the general diagnostics D-1;
Annual complexity of element-by-element diagnostics D-2;
Annual labor intensity TO-1;
Annual labor input TO-2;
Thus, on the projected site of the ATP, it is most advantageous to create integrated teams working at universal posts.
The scheme of production management with the method of complex teams is shown below.
3.2 The choice of the method of organizing the technological process at the site
The technological process at the D-1 section is organized according to the method of universal posts.
Method of universal posts.
Universal post - a post on which it is possible to perform several types of typical maintenance work.
When servicing at several universal posts, it is possible to perform an unequal amount of work on them (or servicing cars of different brands, as well as performing related technical work) with different lengths of cars staying at each post. The disadvantages of this method with a dead-end location of the posts are: a significant loss of time for the installation of cars at the posts and exit from them; air pollution by exhaust gases during vehicle maneuvering in the process of entering and exiting posts; the need for multiple duplication of the same equipment. A dead-end method of maintenance is installed on the projected object. With the dead-end method of car maintenance, all work is performed at the same type of universal posts, with the exception of cleaning and washing, which are performed at posts located separately, in special rooms or in open areas. When servicing cars at universal posts, the time spent by cars on them may be different. This makes it possible to service cars of different brands at the same post and at the same time perform current repairs, the need for which was identified during maintenance, which is an important positive feature of the dead-end maintenance method.
When servicing vehicles at universal posts, the use of high-performance garage equipment is limited, the mechanization of maintenance processes becomes more difficult, the average level of work increases, and the time spent by the car in service increases, the need for a production site increases. A significant disadvantage of this method is that when the car is installed at the post and exited from it, the air in the working rooms is polluted with exhaust gases.
The essence of this method is that all the work provided for this type of maintenance is carried out in full at one post by a group consisting of workers of various specialties or universal workers.
Advantages: the ability to perform a different amount of work at each post; the ability to service cars of various models.
Disadvantages: it is necessary to repeatedly duplicate the equipment of the same name, which limits the possibility of equipping the enterprise with highly productive means of labor; increased maintenance costs; workers of higher qualification and with a combination of professions are required; limited the possibility of specialization of workers and specialization of labor.
At the projected site, general diagnostics D-1 will be carried out in the TO-1 zone, element-by-element diagnostics D-2 in the TO-2 zone. Daily maintenance will be carried out at a separate post.
3.3 Scheme of the technological process at the site
From the maintenance waiting area, the car enters the general diagnostics post D-1. diagnostics allows you to assess the technical condition of the car as a whole and its individual units and assemblies without disassembly, identify malfunctions that require adjustment or repair work, and also predict the reliability of the car.
In general diagnostics, the technical condition of components and assemblies that ensure road safety is determined and the suitability of the car is assessed for further operation.
Next, the car is transferred to the post of fastening work. It mainly checks the condition and fastening of the front and rear suspensions and shock absorbers, measures the play in the wheel bearings and pivot pins, as well as assesses the condition of the frame and front axle beam. At the post of adjustment work, the shortcomings identified during the general diagnostics are eliminated, which can be eliminated by adjustment.
At the lubrication and filling station, units and assemblies are lubricated, oil and other technical fluids are added.
At the end of the maintenance, the car passes the quality control department and is transferred to the car storage area. Since the general diagnosis of D-1 is carried out before TO-1, the flow diagram is performed as for TO-1.
3.4 Selecting the mode of operation of the production unit
The work of the production unit in the ATP is coordinated with the mode of operation of vehicles on the line. When assigning their mode of operation, one should proceed from the requirements to perform large amounts of maintenance work.
For the design of the site for the general diagnosis of TO-1, we accept the number of working days in a year D WG = 302 days. Work on the site is carried out in two shifts. The duration of the shift is 8 hours. The lunch break is 48 minutes (0.8 hours) (Appendix 7.8). First shift starts at 8:00 am - ends at 4:00 pm. Start of the second shift at 16:00 - end at 0:30. Considering that a third of the ATP vehicles operate according to the “peak” scheme, many vehicles can pass TO-1 during the daytime, i.e. between morning and evening "peak".
The combined work schedule of vehicles on the line and production units of the ATP is shown in Figure No. 4.
Rice. 4
From the above graph, it can be seen that the exit of cars on the line starts at 5:30 and ends at 7:30. The peak starts at 10:00 and ends at 11:30. The exit to the evening "peak" starts at 14:00 and ends at 16:00. Gradually, the cars leave the line from the line, starting at 19:30 and ending at 0:30. time D-1 from 0 h 00 min to 0 h 30 min.
3.5 Calculation of the number of posts of general diagnostics D-1
The calculation of the number of diagnostic posts D-1 is determined by the formula:
Annual labor intensity of diagnostic work;
The duration of the shift of work posts D-1;
R - the number of workers simultaneously working at the post;
Number of working days in a year;
Coefficient of load unevenness = 1.10 (Appendix 23)
3.6 Distribution of performers by specialty and qualification
The number of performers for each type of work is determined approximately by the distribution of the total amount of work (Appendix 1).
The number of performers, taken into account the possible combination of professions, is presented in Table 3.
3.7 Selection of process equipment
The list of necessary technological equipment for diagnostics and production of TO-1 is given in Table 4, the list of technological equipment in Table 5.
|
Name |
Type, model |
Plan dimensions, mm |
Total area, m 2 |
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1 Trench hoist two rack, electromechanical, |
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2. Combined installation for filling engines with oil, water, tire inflation |
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3. Compressor |
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4. Table drilling machine |
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5. Sharpening machine |
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4. Backlash dynamometer |
Portable - manual |
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5. Tire changer |
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6. Smoke meter |
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7. Desk for drafting documents |
3.8 Technological equipment, organizational equipment and tools
3.9 Calculation of the production area of the site
The production area of the maintenance and diagnostics zone is calculated by the formula:
where is the area of the horizontal projection of the car,
Number of posts in the diagnostic zone (accepted 1)
The total area of the horizontal projection of the equipment;
Coefficient of density of posts and equipment arrangement (v. 4.6)
3.10 Operational and technological map D-1 of the KamAZ 5410 car
The total labor intensity of D-1: 17.9 people. h
Number of performers in the post: 1
|
Name and content of the work |
Place of work |
Number of places of influence |
The complexity of the work performed, man-min. |
Devices, tools, fixtures |
Technical requirements and instructions |
|
Check the tightness and condition of the devices and hoses of the pneumatic system. If necessary, repair the leak or drive the machine to the TR area. |
Top, bottom |
Device K-235 M (2.1), open wrenches 12-27 mm, screwdriver, pliers |
Air leakage is not allowed. The pressure drop in the pneumatic system should not exceed 0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf/cm2) from the nominal pressure of 0.8 MPa (8.0 kgf/cm2) for 30 minutes. With switched off consumers of compressed air and within 15 minutes. - when enabled. |
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Check brake pedal free play. Adjust if necessary. |
wrench 17 mm, pliers hammer, screwdriver |
The adjustment is made by changing the length of the rod of the brake valve drive mechanism. The brake pedal free play should be 15-20 mm. |
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Check the efficiency of the front wheel brakes. Adjust if necessary. |
The braking system must meet the following parameters: - braking force, kN: ………………….35 - difference in braking forces on the left and right wheels -11% - non-simultaneity of response - 0.1 s - response time - 0.8 s; - the force of pressing the brake pedal, N, not more than ... .686 |
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Check the effectiveness of the rear wheel brakes. Adjust and recheck if necessary. |
Brake test site |
The braking system must meet the following parameters: - braking force, kN: ………………….31 - difference in braking forces on the left and right wheels -11% - non-simultaneous operation - 0.1 s - response time - 0.8 s; - the force of pressing the brake pedal, N, not more than ... 686 |
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Check the effectiveness of the parking brake. Adjust and recheck if necessary. |
Brake test site |
The braking force of the parking brake must be at least 64 kN. The parking brake lever must be securely locked in the locked position. |
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Check the operation of the auxiliary brake system. |
The performance of the motor retarder is checked with the engine running. |
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Check the integrity and operability of the pressure gauges on the instrument panel. |
Checked visually. |
3.11 Calculation of the degree of coverage of workers in mechanized labor
The overall degree of coverage of workers by mechanized labor in the unit is calculated by the formula:
where - the degree of coverage of workers by mechanized labor,%;
The degree of coverage of workers by mechanized-manual labor,%
The degree of coverage of workers by mechanized labor is calculated by the formula:
where - the number of workers in all shifts in this unit, performing work in a mechanized way, people;
The number of workers in all shifts who complete the work in a mechanized-manual way, people;
Number of workers in all shifts performing work manually, pers.
The degree of coverage of workers by mechanized-manual labor is calculated by the formula:
