The use of lubrication in the engine provides a thin film between the contacting elements, which reduces friction, noise and heat, and also reduces fuel consumption. Today we will consider and decipher in detail the viscosity of SAE 5w-40. Let's talk about the advantages and disadvantages, the temperature regime and what you can mix with.
The most important characteristic of a lubricant for a power unit is viscosity, as well as the dependence of this property on temperature. This is evidenced by the SAE classification, whose indicators are indicated in the most prominent place on the packaging. The numbers on either side of the W symbol indicate that the grease is multigrade.
The first digits of the marking show the minimum negative temperature at which the engine can be started. The symbols after the letter W define the permissible viscosity change range at 100 °C.
According to the API classification of oils, all lubricants are first divided into two categories:
- S (Service) - liquids for gasoline engines.
- C (Commercial) - oils for diesel engines.
The performance properties in this division are expressed by an additional letter in ascending order, based on quality requirements. The closer to the end of the alphabet is the second letter, the higher the properties of the oil. So, for gasoline engines, the most technologically advanced designation is SN, and for diesel engines - CF. Universal lubricants suitable for both types of engines have four letters in their marking.
When choosing engine oil for your car, it is also important to pay attention to tolerances. This is a lubricant quality standard with certain characteristics that the automaker considers the most suitable for use in a particular engine.
Information on tolerances is contained in the operational documentation for the vehicle.
Specifications 5W-40 - decoding
The viscosity index has a direct effect on the temperature at which the lubricant can fully operate. For use in temperate climates, oils are often selected that can work both in summer and winter, and for cold regions they are suitable with a reduced viscosity.
To determine the temperature regime of the technical fluid, subtract the number 30-35 from the first digit of the indexSAE, the resulting value will be the lower temperature limit. To derive the maximum positive temperature limit for the grease, subtract 5 from the second number of the index.
Deciphering oil 5w-40 means efficient operation in the temperature range from -25 ° C to +35 ° C. It is important to understand that at -28 ° C or -30 ° C the liquid will not harden, but the use of such a composition outside the working norm will reduce the performance of the lubricant.
Modern engines require a low viscosity index lubricant that has reduced energy saving characteristics, which results in lower fuel consumption. In the factory, manufacturers use oil with a viscosity of no more than 30.
If the vehicle's mileage exceeds 50% of the planned resource, 5w-40 oil will be an excellent choice. This is due to the fact that high wear requires compensation for the bearing capacity by the increased viscosity of the technical fluid.
Benefits of SAE 5w-40 motor oils
5w-40 grease has gained high popularity due to its outstanding properties and unpretentiousness in relation to weather conditions. The additives used in synthetics of this viscosity provide anti-corrosion, anti-acid and detergent characteristics to the liquid. Compared to mineral-based lubricants, synthetic oils are able to perform excellently under significant temperature fluctuations.
The 5w-40 product allows motorists to stand in traffic jams, move off-road or open road with consistently high performance. The production of fluid is carried out according to the most advanced technologies, which exclude the curtailment of lubricant and engine breakdown. And also manufacturers subject their products to numerous tests and derive the best formulas.
All formulations with a viscosity of 5w-40 have the following advantages:
- Ensuring effective engine start in cold weather.
- Increasing the resource of the power unit.
- High-quality enveloping of engine elements with a durable protective film, which is not allowed if all conditions of use are met.
- Resistance to oxidative processes and prevention of corrosion.
- Excellent detergent properties, guaranteeing the cleanliness of engine parts.
- No evaporation.
Which 5W40 oil is better: synthetic or semi-synthetic?
Automotive oils labeled 5w-40 are basically divided into mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic. So, mineral water is a product of oil refining, and semi-synthetics, depending on the manufacturer, can use 60-70% of the mineral base and 30-40% of various additives that increase the viscosity and temperature stability characteristics. Synthetics are created artificially, therefore they are more resistant to waste and loss of technical characteristics.
The base and the presence of additives is not an indication of the quality of the oil. This characteristic depends on the very basis, manufacturing technology, and only then on the introduction of certain additives into the composition.
The use of oil with one or another base directly depends on the technical condition of the engine. If, based on diagnostics and tests, the engine is in good condition, the type of technical fluid is still determined by the actual mileage.
Mineral lubricants demonstrate themselves well when operating in heavily dusty areas. Severe conditions require more frequent changes due to increased oil contamination during operation. So the interservice mileage before replacement needs to be reduced several times.
There is a higher demand for semi-synthetic 5w-40 oils. The introduction of synthetic additives into the natural base improves the stability of the lubricant in hot conditions and allows you to maintain the desired viscosity of the film in cold weather. Various additives ensure that the service interval is followed and even extend the period before changing the technical fluid.
Modern high-tech units work best with synthetic oils. Artificial fluids have excellent resistance to oxidation and do not need to be replaced prematurely. Moreover, the use of synthetics allows you to increase the service interval prescribed by the automaker.
Among the most important tasks of lubrication is the removal of wear products that occur when the engine elements rub against each other. Synthetic 5w-40 lubricants have excellent detergency properties to remove abrasive particles from mating parts. Certain additives in the composition of such liquids provide thermal conductivity of the liquid, which leads to optimization of the temperature regime of the motor.
Why choose 5w-40 oil over 5w-30?
Most automakers recommend using a 5w-40 lubricant for the engine due to the versatility of this product. Products with an index of 30 are suitable for new cars, and oils with an index of 50 are designed for vehicles with a fairly worn engine.
(REFERENCE) In our climate, the use of viscosity 5w-40 becomes even more successful due to the increase in the average annual temperature, which increased the likelihood of summer surprises in the form of +35 ° C.
Comparing 5w-40 and 5w-30 products with each other, the following advantages of the 5w-40 index can be distinguished:
- Considering the average liquid temperature at +120 ° С +140 ° С, 5w-40 oil will have 1.5 times higher viscosity than 5W
- 5w-40 grease is suitable for high-tech internal combustion engines that are characterized by increased thermal loads. This viscosity is able to perfectly retain its properties, successfully holding the film and preventing the appearance of friction between parts at high speeds.
- 5w-30 oil has a lower temperature range than 5w-40, in which the viscosity is reduced to effectively start the engine in cold weather. At elevated temperatures, the fluid becomes excessively fluid, minimizing lubricity.
Maintaining a normal oil level is essential for proper engine operation. Each motorist has had situations when it is urgent to add lubricant to the engine, but the required fluid is not currently available. A lot of people at the same time begin to mix oils, but for a positive outcome of such an action, you must have certain knowledge. Here is some basic information:
Combination of 5w-40 grease of different types
According to experts, in extreme cases it is possible to mix mineral and semi-synthetic lubricants. For a mixture of mineral water and synthetics, one condition is important - an artificial product must be based on polyalphaolefins. If there has been a drop in the level of synthetics or semi-synthetics, as a last resort, you can add a little natural lubricant.
As for the combination of fluids based on the same composition, for example, synthetic with synthetic, this bundle will work, but there are risks. You can reduce them by using the same viscosity.
Mixing 5W40 with a synthetic base from different manufacturers
Synthetics from different brands can be mixed if the properties of the liquid match according to the API. Owners of cars with uprated or turbocharged engines who need only the highest quality 5w-40 lubricant should be especially careful about this. If you have chosen a high quality certified oil, the fluid should not foam or precipitate, but such a mixture is still not suitable for long driving.
Mixing semi-synthetics and synthetics
For example, your engine contains 5w-40 synthetic oil and needs to be replenished urgently, but only 10w-40 semi-synthetic oil is at hand. In this situation, a similar “cocktail” can be used, due to a change in the total viscosity, as well as a slight drop in low-temperature characteristics.
Mixing 5w-40 lubricants with different viscosities
Let's analyze the same situation, but now for topping up there is a lubricant with the same marking from the same manufacturer, but with a different viscosity - 5w-30. It can be added to the engine without fear, but the viscosity at high temperatures will be average between 30 and 40. The oil additive packages will most likely be the same as the base, which will allow you to add quite a lot of liquid. At low temperatures, the engine will start efficiently.
Mixing 5w-40 oils from different manufacturers
Such mixing is the most risky, because no one can guarantee compatibility, especially in a different base. This also applies to additives, although additives often do not conflict with each other. The overall characteristics of the resulting fluid may be reduced, which will have a negative impact on engine performance.
Resource testing of anything is extremely expensive. It is necessary to simulate real operating conditions as accurately as possible, record the results obtained, analyze them and make the correct conclusion about the tests performed.
We are familiar with the life tests of cars. This is done not only by the leading Western auto publications, but also by the automotive press of our country. The newspaper "Autoreview" "rolled back" more than one car to the resource. The magazine "Behind the Rulem" is also engaged in this direction. But this time we will analyze the resource test not of cars, but of synthetic motor oils for the engine.
Engine oils of viscosity grade 5W40 according to SAE were tested by the magazine "Behind the wheel", and the test of oils with the index 5W30 was carried out by the newspaper "Autoreview".
Both publications had the same task - to competently compare engine oils, obtaining the most objective results. But the methods are different. Za Rulem magazine undertook tests in the laboratory, pouring test oils into two VAZ injection engines, which had to be modified to bring them closer to the engines of modern cars. And the Autoreview newspaper got at its disposal several identical second-generation Ford Focuses with an atmospheric gasoline engine 1.6 (100hp) and mechanics. All cars are practically new, but during the tests they had to wind 10,000 km to check the oil filled in their engines.
Magazine "Behind the wheel"
The list of tested oils included motor oils Castrol Magnatec C3, Shell Helix HX8, Mobil Super 3000, Esso Ultron, BP Visco 5000, Elf Excellium NF, Total Quartz 9000 and ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic. Together, these oils account for 75% of the Russian market. According to the European quality classification, all of them belong to the high-quality group A3 / B3 / B4. And according to the classification of the American API system (American Petroleum Institute - American Petroleum Institute) - most oils belong to the SM / CF category, Castrol oil - to SN / CF, others - to SL / CF. In everyday language, this means that oils of these categories are suitable for use in modern gasoline and diesel engines of both passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Bench engines "Behind the wheel" should work in a mode corresponding to a mileage of 15,000 km, which is a service interval for most cars. It is noteworthy that over the entire period of operation of the engines, oil was not required even once: four liters of one canister (the oil of each manufacturer was poured into such canisters) was enough for all eight brands. It took 0.6-0.7 liters of ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic and Castrol Magnatec C3 oils to waste. The remaining oils were consumed more - from 1.2 to 1.5 liters for the entire distance.
BP Visco 5000 - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURES
BP Visco 5000 engine oil with a viscosity of 5W-40 (according to SAE), according to the manufacturer, has a CleanGuard protective system. The manufacturer is very vague about the claimed technology. From the available, we can conclude that CleanGuard prevents the formation of soot and its sticking into lumps. It is a multigrade synthetic engine oil for diesel and gasoline engines of passenger cars and vans (small commercial vehicles) designed to keep the engine clean, reduce wear of its parts and increase their service life under intensive vehicle operation. This oil is officially approved by leading automakers and is suitable for use in engines of most manufacturers.
The manufacturer also claims a reduced value of oil consumption for waste.
According to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute, BP Visco 5000 oil has an API SL / CF quality code, according to the European ACEA A3 / B3, A3 / B4.
TEST RESULTS
BP Visco 5000 is the cheapest synthetic motor oil tested. Engine work equivalent to fifteen thousand mileage, BP oil survived. But a little more and it would have gone beyond what was permitted - at the end of the run, the viscosity of the oil increased greatly, which negatively affected the efficiency of the power unit. Of the minuses, it should also be noted that the viscosity began to grow immediately after the start of the engine.
On the other hand, the power increased slightly. Deposits on the details of the cylinder-piston group of products of chemical reactions, alas, are slightly higher than those of rivals, the maximum figure in the group. At the same time, 1.4 liters of oil burned during the test, this is one of the highest rates in the test. So if you looked at the dipstick, you would see a mark below the minimum. Engine wear protection when using BP Visco 5000 synthetic engine oil is average, which is why the iron content in the drained oil turned out to be quite high.
Synthetic motor oil BP Visco 5000, despite the fact that it was the cheapest in the test, withstood all 15 thousand km of the test run, but just a little more and the viscosity value would have gone beyond the limits allowed by SAE, and it would not have remained in the engine because of the waste of 1.4 liters.
Castrol Magnatec C3 - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURES
Castrol Magnatec 5W-40 C3 is a synthetic engine oil suitable for use in all seasons. the manufacturer claims that it contains special molecules (Intelligent Molecules) that provide reliable and long-term protection of engine parts, helping to increase its resource by attracting engine surfaces and forming a strong, protective oil film on them that protects friction pairs from wear. Everything guarantees reliable protection of such important parts as the camshaft or valve lifters. Castrol engine oil has been tested and approved by ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association) and API (American Petroleum Institute).
Castrol Magnatec 5W-40 C3 is formulated for use in ultra-modern gasoline and diesel engines, including turbocharged engines, intercoolers, direct injection, diesel common rail systems, catalytic converters, and diesel particulate filters (DPF) . Magnatec 5W-40 C3 engine oil is excellent for the engines of those vehicles for which the manufacturer recommends oils of ACEA A3 / B3 / B4, C3 or API SM / CF viscosity grades according to SAE 5W-40.
Castrol Magnatec 5W-40 C3 is approved by Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz for use in both gasoline and diesel engines. Bench tests using the latest equipment that measures wear using radiation have shown that Magnatec Diesel provides more protection for parts than traditional oils, especially during engine start-up. In addition, this oil has a high stability of viscosity characteristics throughout the entire service life, thereby maintaining both engine power and throttle response and its economy at a stable level from oil change to oil change.
Castrol Magnatec 5W-40 C3 protects the engine from wear under a wide range of operating conditions and driving styles: high ambient temperature; start-up and warm-up; traffic jams; high-speed autobahns - at all stages of vehicle operation.
TEST RESULTS
The American Petroleum Institute (API) awarded Castrol Magnatec C3 with the highest API SM/CF quality level. This is the only SM grade oil tested by Za Rulem magazine. The imitation of the 15,000th march only proved this. The oil is really of high quality. For a large number of kilometers, the experts of the publication, although they noticed signs of aging of the oil, are still far from a dangerous level of thickening. For the entire test cycle, the kinematic viscosity decreased by just over one from 13.34 to 14.42 cSt. Castrol Magnatec C3 oil consumption for waste was not high 0.9 liters. But at the same time, the level of oil deposits on the cylinder walls turned out to be one of the highest in the test, although the content of iron in the used oil turned out to be one of the lowest in the test. At the same time, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noticed before testing by 2.6 and 4.4%, respectively, then by the end of the "run" these values leveled out and an increase in fuel consumption by 3.1% was noted.
Synthetic motor oil Castrol Magnatec C3 gave conflicting results on the one hand, the declared high quality according to the API classification - SM / CF. On the other hand, a high level of deposits on the cylinder walls.
Elf Excellium NF - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURES
Elf ExcelliumNF synthetic engine oil, SAE 5W40 viscosity, recommended for all gasoline and diesel engines in passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. High-performance synthetic lubricant, according to the manufacturer, is suitable for all types of vehicle and engine operation in any driving style and provides excellent protection in the gas distribution system. In addition, the French manufacturer promises reliable engine protection even at extreme temperatures, as well as an increase in the intervals between replacements (which is completely contraindicated on Russian fuel).
The manufacturer declares that Elf ExcelliumNF oil meets the most stringent requirements of the following specifications: ACEA A3 - for the latest generation of gasoline engines; ACEA B4 - for diesel engines with direct injection; API SL - for latest generation gasoline engines; API CF - for latest generation diesel engines.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic motor oil Elf Excellium NF performed well in the motor test. the change in kinematic viscosity over the whole period of operation turned out to be very small, only 0.52 cSt, which indicates the high stability of the polymer thickener used. Oil consumption for waste was average and amounted to 1.27 liters. At the same time, experts noted a low level of high-temperature deposits, which will also have a positive effect on the engine filled with Elf Excellium NF oil.
Due to the stability of the characteristics, the oil passed the fuel economy test fairly evenly. There was an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption before testing by 3.5 and 2.6%, respectively, then by the end of the “run”, these values leveled out and an increase in fuel consumption by 1.85% was noted. Not the most successful were the results of the oil on the test for the proportion of iron in mining, which Elf Excellium NF turned out to be one of the largest in the test.
Synthetic engine oil Elf Excellium NF showed excellent quality of the polymer thickener and stability of performance throughout the entire test cycle, only in terms of engine wear it was also in the lead.
Mobil Super 3000 X1 - SAE 5W-40 synthetic engine oil, test
MODEL FEATURES
Mobil oils represent, in a way, a line of first-class motor oils. On the official website of the company itself, the following is written on this topic: “synthetic motor oil of an advanced level of properties for passenger cars.”
Mobil Super 3000 X1 5W-40 is a synthetic motor oil designed to provide extended engine life in a wide range of makes and models of vehicles, as well as improved engine protection over a wide temperature range.
It is noteworthy that Mobil itself recommends the use of the Mobil Super 3000 range of oils for regularly occurring difficult driving and operating conditions, along the way reminding: "Always consult your vehicle's owner's manual for the correct oil selection for viscosity grade and property level."
It should also be added that according to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute, Mobil Super 3000 X1 oil has an API SN / CF quality code, according to European ACEA A3 / B3, A3 / B4. API SN is the latest standard adopted only in 2009.
TEST RESULTS:
Synthetic engine oil Mobil Super 3000 X1 performed well during resource tests. Changes in kinematic viscosity were within SAE class tolerances from 13.33 cSt at the start of testing to 14.59 cSt at the end of the 15,000 run. At the same time, high-temperature deposits on the cylinder walls were low. It can also be stated that topping up during the operation of the Mobil Super 3000 X1 is practically not required, since only 650 ml of oil was consumed for waste, these are one of the best indicators in the test. According to the iron content in the mining, the oil gave an average result.
During the tests, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noted before testing by 2.9 and 3.8%, respectively, then by the end of the "run" these values leveled out, and an increase in fuel consumption by 1.48% was noted.
Synthetic motor oil Mobil Super 3000 X1 showed a decent result. It has good stability of the used additive formula and good performance.
Esso Ultron - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURESEsso Ultron 5W-40 is a synthetic oil designed to provide reliable performance and protection of all types of passenger car engines to the highest standards.
Esso Ultron 5W-40 is recommended for use in all types of engines, especially modern multi-valve gasoline or diesel engines equipped with microprocessor injection systems, turbocharging and other power boosting systems. Esso Ultron 5W-40 is excellent for all cars, light trucks and vans. This oil is an ideal choice for those who want to get the highest quality and reliable protection from the oil.
The manufacturer claims excellent thermal-oxidative stability of the oil, which prevents the formation of deposits and sludge, improved anti-friction properties - save fuel, excellent low-temperature properties provide easy start-up in cold weather and quick engine protection, enhanced high-temperature characteristics in order to create a margin of protective properties in the most difficult driving conditions.
Esso Ultron 5W-40 meets or exceeds the following industry and OEM specifications: API SL/SJ/CF and ACEA A3, B3, B4.
TEST RESULTS
The thermal-oxidative stability of the oil declared by the manufacturer turned out to be rather weak in practice. During the test, the kinematic viscosity of the oil dropped by 3.43 cSt and fell outside the SAE viscosity group to a value of 17.13 cSt. At the same time, in terms of waste, the oil also turned out to be in the group of leaders and its volume during the tests decreased by 1.28 liters. At the same time, in terms of the level of high-temperature deposits, the oil turned out to be at its best, but the iron content in mining was the maximum in the entire test.
During the tests, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noted before testing by 2.8 and 3.75%, respectively, then by the end of the "run" these values leveled out, and an increase in fuel consumption by 2.4% was noted.
SUMMARY
Synthetic motor oil Esso Ultron showed no ability to overcome the entire 15 thousand km race. 10,000 km is the limit for him.
Shell Helix HX8 - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURES
Shell Helix HX8 Synthetic Motor Oil is formulated with a unique active cleaning technology to help prevent dirt build-up and sludge build-up. Shell Helix HX8 is a fully synthetic oil specially formulated to increase output and improve engine performance. As a result, the engine operates at maximum efficiency throughout the entire oil change interval. Shell's unique low viscosity formulation is designed to provide additional fuel economy and engine protection for extended drain periods.
In order to clean and protect the engine, the oil must maintain its performance until it is changed at the next vehicle service. Some car manufacturers recommend extended oil change intervals, so the ability of the oil to retain its properties becomes even more important.
Throughout its life, Shell Helix HX8 oil must disperse more and more dirt, hold the dirt and keep it out of the engine.
High shear resistance - maintains a stable viscosity throughout the entire interval between oil changes.
Specially selected synthetic base oils - reduced volatility and, as a result, oil consumption and the need for topping up.
Vibration Reduction and Engine Noise Reduction - For a smoother ride and reduced driving noise.
According to the manufacturer, the characteristics of Shell Helix engine oils not only meet the requirements of international specifications, which are becoming more stringent every year, but, as a rule, exceed them.
Shell Helix HX8 performance exceeds the following specifications: API SM/CF; ACEA A3/B3/B4;BMW LL-01; Mercedes-Benz 229.5; VW 502 00/505 00.
TEST RESULTS
Shell Helix HX8 synthetic engine oil showed a good result in terms of thermal and oxidative stability. The kinematic viscosity value remained within the limits specified in the SAE for the entire test period, while the change in viscosity from 12.73 cSt at the beginning of the test to 14.37 cSt after its completion can be considered small. Still, there would have been less fumes, but what a small 1.2-liter weed burned out during the operation of the engine. But high-temperature deposits turned out to be small, and according to this indicator, Shell Helix HX8 is clearly in the group of leaders. Also, the oil was among the leaders in terms of the minimum amount of iron content in mining.
During the tests, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noted before the tests by 2.55 and 3.7%, respectively, then by the end of the "run" these values leveled out, and an increase in fuel consumption by 1.55% was noted.
Shell Helix HX8 synthetic motor oil performed well during the tests. Confirming the thermo-oxidative stability of the additive formula declared by the manufacturer.
Total Quartz 9000 - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-40, test
MODEL FEATURES
All-weather synthetic engine oil for gasoline and diesel engines. TOTAL Quartz 9000 engine oil has been developed to meet the most stringent specifications of gasoline and diesel engines. The manufacturer especially recommends it for use in turbocharged engines, including injection and multi-valve engines.
It provides high performance in high-load driving on the highway and in the city at any time of the year and is excellent for vehicles equipped with catalysts and using leaded gasoline or liquefied gas.
The manufacturer claims excellent thermal and oxidative stability, preventing any degradation of engine oil even under very severe operating conditions. TOTAL Quartz 9000 provides fast lubrication of engine parts after starting in cold weather, which extends the life of the engine, and also that the product meets the requirements of automakers for oils with extended service intervals.
It should also be added that according to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute, TOTAL Quartz 9000 oil has an API SM / CF quality class, according to the European ACEA A3 / B4.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic engine oil Total Quartz 9000 left mixed impressions. On the one hand, changes in kinematic viscosity did not lead to going beyond the limits set by the SAE classification, on the other hand, going beyond the established limits at the beginning of the test, when the viscosity was below the set one and one of the largest, in percentage terms 22% change in viscosity per test. Also, the iron content in the waste oil, which turned out to be quite high, was not pleased. Also, the highest in the test was the loss of oil -1.5 liters. But the level of high-temperature deposits turned out to be low.
During the tests, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noted before testing by 3.7 and 3.2%, respectively, then by the end of the "run" these values leveled out, and an increase in fuel consumption by 1.9% was noted.
Synthetic motor oil Total Quartz 9000 did not impress us with its results.
ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic - SAE 5W-40 synthetic engine oil, test
MODEL FEATURES
ZIC XQ is a premium quality fully synthetic engine oil for gasoline and diesel engines in passenger cars and recreational vehicles (SUVs and crossovers).
The manufacturer claims that ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic oil is produced on the basis of the highest quality base oil and additive packages from Lubrizol, Infinium, Oronite (USA) using VHVI technology and has the highest level of performance properties. The use of YUBASE base oil guarantees an additional resource of operational characteristics, which allows ZIC XQ oils to work in an engine with a significantly extended drain interval, if recommended by the equipment manufacturer.
Thanks to the use of the latest additive system developed by SK Lubricants, ZIC XQ differs from other synthetic products in increased durability and better fuel economy. The performance and viscosity characteristics allow the use of ZIC XQ all-weather, in any extreme climatic conditions.
The oil contains a special anti-friction modifier that reduces friction in the engine, which increases its power and significantly reduces fuel consumption; guarantees the preservation of excellent performance properties and reliable engine protection even with extended drain intervals; significantly reduces friction in the engine, allows you to enjoy a comfortable and dynamic driving; synthetic base provides low oil evaporation and minimizes its consumption, and also prevents the formation of carbon deposits and deposits in the engine.
It should also be added that according to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute, ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic oil has an API SM / CF quality class, according to European ACEA A3 / B4.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic engine oil ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic turned out to be the leader of the test in many respects. First, the change in kinematic viscosity during the entire test turned out to be insignificant, only 0.52%. Secondly, the waste consumption turned out to be minimal, only 0.58 liters. And this is for 15 thousand kilometers! Further, the achievement should include the minimum value for the test of the iron content in used oil. In addition to this, the pour point of the oil turned out to be lower than all other competitors and was equal to -57 C at the beginning of the test and -55 C after the end of the test. For example, BP Visco 5000 oil at the end of the run froze already at -35 C.
Deposit formation on engine parts is also minimal throughout the test.
During the tests, an increase in power and a decrease in fuel consumption were noted before testing by 3.1 and 4.7%, respectively, then by the end of the “run”, these values leveled out, and an increase in fuel consumption by 1.15% was noted.
Synthetic engine oil ZIC XQ Fully Synthetic was the discovery of this test. No one expected such high performance from him. So we recommend that you take note of this product.
Oils with a viscosity index of 5W30 according to SAE participated in the test of the Autoreview newspaper. Among them were Castrol Magnatec A1, G-Energy F Synth EC Secured fuel economy, Mobil Super FE Special (fuel economy), Motul 8100 Eco-nergy, Shell Helix Ultra Extra, THK Magnum Professional F, Total Quartz 9000 Future fuel economy and ZIC XQ LS - eight oils in total.
The cars were prepared for the test, first running them in factory oil, after that the first batch of test oils was poured into the car engines, and after 25 minutes of engine idling, another oil change, and then the start of the test itself.
For eight types of oil - eight Focuses and four drivers. While one group of cars is winding up the mileage around the Dmitrovsky auto-polygon, the other is cooling down. Every hour the machines changed the roles of the machines. Driving on the high-speed road of the auto-polygon is strictly regulated: the speed is 130 km/h, third gear, 6000 rpm. In this mode - four days. And on the fifth - traffic jams. On this day, each Ford Focus stood idle for three hours. Then the route through traffic jams, 1.5 km long. Then an hour to cool down, and then another three hours of traffic jams.
As a result, 10,000 km actually covered, during which the engines worked 100 hours at 6000 rpm, 54 hours at idle and made 45 cold starts.
But we paid attention to the main feature of the test conducted by the newspaper later, when we began to evaluate the results. The behavior of motor oils, the characteristics of their oxidation and the results obtained did not fit into the usual picture, which was shown by the tests of the magazine "Behind the Rulem" and our early tests of the oxidative dynamics of motor oils.
We began to take a closer look at the results, and it seemed strange to us how fuel consumption is less when driving on used oil than on new one? The newspaper's experts do not give an answer to this question in the article, and the results of the test of the magazine "Za Rulem" speak directly about the opposite trend. Yes, and a simple logical analysis shows that driving on fresh, thinner oil should be more economical than on old and thickened.
The second significant question to the test arose when studying the results of the Mobil Super FE Special oil test. It is indicated that 2.62 liters of this engine oil burned during the run, while the viscosity change was only 15.92%, which is the average result for the test. With a volume of oil with a filter of 4.1 liters, it turns out that 64% of the oil has burned out, and the viscosity has changed by only 16%?
The answer to this question lay in the conditions of the test, we quote: “ We also added fresh oil to other engines: after each sampling, the same level was set in all crankcases, up to the MAX mark on the dipstick. And so that the “renewal coefficient”, that is, the ratio between fresh and already used oil, was the same, of those cars where the waste consumption was the lowest, part of the used oil was drained. For the entire test cycle, we added 1.4 liters of fresh oil to all cars.”.
It turns out that oil was constantly added to the engine and the second part of the race from 5,000 to 10,000 thousand kilometers, the engine ran on a mixture of old oil and new. Moreover, the share of new oil ranged from 32% to 64%. This explains why the average fuel consumption in the second half of the test run is lower than in the first half.
To all this we must add the anomalous behavior of the kinematic viscosity.
The standard behavior of the oil in the engine is as follows
The kinematic viscosity of the new oil must be within the limits specified by the SAE requirements. The limit values for the group are given with sufficiently large tolerances. The oil must not exceed this viscosity tolerance during the entire period of operation in the vehicle. But as soon as little gets into the engine, aging processes immediately begin to go on in it. It falls under the action of high temperatures in the area of the upper piston ring and two counter processes begin to take place. On the one hand, the base of the oil begins to thicken; on the other hand, the polymer thickener begins to break down, which leads to dilution of the oil and a decrease in kinematic viscosity. Thus, at first the oil liquefies due to the operation of the polymer thickener, and when its “reserve” runs out and it does not have time to compensate for the increase in viscosity, the viscosity curve starts to go up and the oil begins to thicken. At that moment, when the viscosity of the old oil has become equal to the viscosity of the new one, this is the optimal moment to replace it. Since further the viscosity of the oil will only increase, which can lead to tragic consequences for the engine.
In our tests on oxidation and the ZR test, just such a trend is observed, but the AR test shows a completely different picture. None of the tested oils became thicker than new! Viscosity in all samples and at 5000 km and 10000 km is lower than the original factory viscosity. What are good oils? No, just a mixture of new and old oil was investigated.
As a result, it turns out that of all the parameters tested by the AvtoRevue newspaper, only its waste consumption can be objectively used to assess the antioxidant properties of engine oil.
At the same time, we still decided to present the results obtained in the test.
Castrol Magnatec A1 - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES
Castrol Magnatec A1 synthetic engine oil, specially designed for Ford car engines, contains special molecules (Intelligent Molecules) that provide reliable and long-term protection of engine parts, helping to increase its resource by attracting to engine surfaces and forming a strong, protective oil film on them that protects vapors wear friction. Everything guarantees reliable protection of important parts such as camshafts or valve lifters, keeping them at peak efficiency for a long time.
CastrolMagnatec A1 5W30 engine oil has been tested and approved by the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). Ford engines (the oil has an official Ford approval - editorial note).
Castrol Magnatec A1 is also intended for use in modern, fuel-efficient gasoline and diesel engines from other manufacturers, including those with automatic air cooling and turbochargers, where the automaker recommends ACEA A1/B1, A5/B5, API SM or ILSAC GF-4 oils.
Castrol MagnatecA1 uses fully synthetic base oil technology to provide superior performance under extreme cold start conditions.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic motor Castrol Magnatec A1 performed well during sea trials. In terms of viscosity change, it did not go beyond the group indicators, thickening only by 16.35% relative to the initial viscosity. And the oils turned out to have good anti-wear properties and the content of iron in the used oil did not exceed 20 mg, which was the average in the test, while the oil showed a fairly high value of the residual base number and with a relative change of less than 50%. You can also positively evaluate the reduction in the amount of oil for waste. 1.74 liters is certainly not small, but this is the average for the test. At the end of the test, the oil had the highest acid number in the test, which indicates the need to change it.
Synthetic motor Castrol Magnatec A1 proved to be worthy during the test, it initially has high washing properties, but when used in Russia, where there is a high probability of refueling with high-sulfur fuel, experts recommend changing it more often.
G-Energy F Synth EC - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES
G-Energy F Synth EC is the latest generation synthetic engine oil that meets the latest requirements of car manufacturers. Thanks to the synthetic base, the oil has a margin of reliability and stability. Suitable for low temperature applications. It is primarily intended for passenger cars with gasoline and diesel engines, minibuses and SUVs, where an oil with energy-saving properties is required.
The main advantages of this oil, declared by the manufacturer: high fuel efficiency, good detergent properties that guarantee the cleanliness of engine parts, high-quality oil film and high resistance to both low and high temperatures. The oil has been adapted for use in the latest Ford engines.
TEST RESULTS
Russian synthetic motor oil G-Energy F Synth EC from Gazpromneft is bottled in canisters in Italy. According to the change in viscosity during the test, it turned out to have thickened by 15.35% in the middle group. Waste consumption also did not show anything criminal, and with a value of 1.87 liters, this turned out to be an average. It should be noted that this is one of the lowest values of the base number in the new oil, which reduces its cleaning properties and ability to resist high-sulphur fuels. G-Energy F Synth EC turned out to have good anti-wear properties, since the iron content in the mining was low.
G-Energy F Synth EC synthetic motor oil is a good product from a domestic manufacturer. The integral characteristics of the oil turned out to be worthy, but still we recommend not to delay its replacement, since the range of its detergent properties is not high.
Mobil Super FE Special - SAE 5W-30 Synthetic Motor Oil Test
MODEL FEATURES
On the company's website regarding Mobil Super FE Special 5W-30 oil, there are two loud statements at once: “Mobil Super is a premium line of oils!” and "Mobil Super oil is made for long engine life!"
Mobil Super FE Special Synthetic Motor Oil is a high performance multigrade motor oil for gasoline and diesel engines in passenger cars, vans and SUVs. Thanks to the use of high-quality base oils in combination with an additive package containing friction modifiers, this oil provides improved fuel efficiency and, as a result, reduced harmful vehicle emissions. Mobil Super FE Special 5W-30 has been specifically formulated to meet Ford WSS-M2C913-A, WSS-M2C913-B specifications, but may also be used in other vehicles where oils of the same quality level and viscosity grade are recommended. .
TEST RESULTS
Mobil Super FE Special synthetic motor oil is made on a hydrocracking base. The change in viscosity during the test, the oil was not high, did not exceed 16%, which is a good indicator. In this case, it should be noted a strong oil consumption for waste. For believing the test, 2.62 liters of oil were used! This is the highest score in the test. At the same time, it turned out that Mobil Super FE Special oil has the highest metal content of 27 mg. All other indicators were average. The change in base number was 43%, while its value in fresh oil was quite high 8.36, which indicates high detergent properties.
Mobil Super FE Special Synthetic Motor Oil showed the highest waste oil consumption and also one of the highest iron content in used oil.
Motul 8100 Eco-nergy - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES:
French lubricants manufacturer Motul positions Motul 8100 Eco-nergy synthetic motor oil in a class of energy-saving motor oils specially designed for modern direct injection gasoline and diesel engines, which are designed to use oils with low high temperature viscosity under high shear rates (HTHS). This oil meets ACEA (Association of European Automobile Manufacturers) A1/B1 and A5/B5 approvals. Therefore, it is compatible with exhaust gas aftertreatment systems.
Motul 8100 Eco-nergy Synthetic Motor Oil has been developed and tested to meet the requirements of American and European car manufacturers for fuel economy and exhaust emissions reduction. An ester-based synthetic base and special anti-friction additives significantly increase oil film strength, reduce friction and temperature in the engine and stabilize oil pressure. Motul 8100 Eco-nergy engine oil, due to its excellent performance, resists high temperatures, allows you to control oil consumption and reduces engine wear . Antioxidant, anti-wear, anti-corrosion, non-foaming.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic motor oil Motul 8100 Eco-nergy performed well in the motor test. The change in kinematic viscosity during the test did not exceed 17.27%. Oil consumption for waste also turned out to be not the largest 1.87 liters. The antiwear properties were average for the group, and the total change in base number did not exceed 44%, while the value of the acid number at the end of the test was low.
To summarize, the Motul 8100 Eco-nergy synthetic motor oil lacked stars from the sky, and demonstrated good stable performance during test operation.
Shell Helix Ultra Extra - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES
Shell Helix Ultra Extra Synthetic Motor Oil is a unique lubricant that provides maximum engine and aftertreatment protection in the most intense driving, approved by leading car manufacturers such as Mercedes Benz, VW and BMW for extended drain applications in modern eco-friendly cars.
Shell Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 is a premium full synthetic motor oil designed to keep your vehicle's engine as clean as possible with detergent additives that actively and continuously protect engine parts from hazardous contaminants and deposits. Shell Helix Ultra Extra is a unique lubricant that provides maximum protection for engines and aftertreatment devices in the most intense driving, approved by leading car manufacturers such as Mercedes Benz, VW and BMW for extended drain applications in today's environmentally friendly vehicles . Shell Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 engine oil is the right choice for your car.
The main advantages of this engine oil, which the manufacturer promises, are: high-quality engine cleaning; its maximum protection and long service life; preservation of useful properties in any operating conditions, including the start-stop mode typical for the city and operation at maximum speeds and in any engines; high fuel efficiency; confident start at low temperatures; high-quality basis of base esters and oils, which reduces the volatility of the oil. In addition, Shell Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 contains an extremely low chlorine content, which saves not only the engine, but the environment when disposing of the oil.
The oil is intended for all naturally aspirated, injection, turbocharged (including those with an intercooler) and multi-valve gasoline and diesel passenger car engines for which 5W-30 viscosity grade oil is recommended. It is specifically designed for the latest Mercedes Benz, VW and BMW diesel engines equipped with exhaust aftertreatment devices. The oil is also suitable for use in older diesel engines that use 5W-30 viscosity oils. The product meets ACEA C2/C3 requirements and can be used in PSA and Renault vehicles.
TEST RESULTS
Shell Helix Ultra Extra synthetic engine oil performed well in the test. The change in kinematic viscosity was 17.35%, and its absolute values were lower than the initial ones. Waste consumption was below average and amounted to 1.54 liters per 10,000 kilometers. At the same time, for some reason, the oil turned out to have the lowest alkaline number of only 5 KOH / g, while 8 KOH / g is considered accepted, its changes during the test period amounted to an average value of 42%, but the acid number of the used soap was not high. But the iron content in the working out turned out to be the lowest in the test, only 15 mg.
Shell Helix Ultra Extra synthetic engine oil performed well in the test. Oil burn was one of the lowest in the test.
THK Magnum Professional F - SAE 5W-30 synthetic engine oil, test
MODEL FEATURES
THK Magnum Professional F 5W-30 is a new generation fully synthetic oil specially formulated for use in modern Ford gasoline and diesel engines (Ford approved) and other vehicles where the manufacturer recommends ACEA A5/B5 oils with energy saving properties.
THK Magnum Professional F oil has the following features: low oil viscosity provides fast oil supply at start-up to all engine components, helping to improve fuel economy by reducing frictional power loss; excellent low temperature characteristics provide easy engine start at low temperatures, and the Magnum SV viscosity modifier provides consistently high performance in various operating conditions throughout the entire service life (“stay-in-grade” category) meets the latest requirements of the world's leading manufacturers of modern gasoline engines passenger cars, including direct injection and turbocharged engines.
THK Magnum Professional F 5W-30 meets the following specifications: ACEA A5/B5. THK Magnum Professional F 5W-30 meets the requirements of the following vehicle manufacturers: Ford WSS-M2C-913-C, Renault 0700.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic motor oil THK Magnum Professional F surprisingly performed well in the test. In terms of its properties to resist waste, it turned out to be in the lead, having spent only 1.3 liters of oil per 10,000 km of track. Anti-wear properties also turned out to be leading, since the content of iron in mining was not high - only 18 mg.
The basic alkaline number was within the limits accepted in Russia at 9 KOH / g, and during the test it changed by 43%.
If we add price to the evaluation criterion for THK Magnum Professional F synthetic motor oil, then it will be the undisputed leader of the test in terms of price / quality ratio.
Total Quartz 9000 Future fuel economy - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES
Synthetic engine oil Total Quartz 9000 Future fuel economy 5W-30 is an all-weather engine oil for gasoline and diesel engines, created using modern synthetic technology. It not only meets but exceeds the most stringent requirements of today's passenger car gasoline and diesel engine manufacturers (since model year 2000), is recommended for turbocharged, multi-valve and direct injection engines, and can also be used under the most difficult operating conditions (highway, city traffic jams) at any time of the year. In addition, the oil is compatible with engines equipped with catalytic afterburner systems, running on unleaded gasoline or liquefied gas.
Synthetic engine oil Total Quartz 9000 Future meets the requirements of the American Petroleum Institute for API class: SL / CF and for the European ACEA specification: A5 / B5, A1 / B1. In addition, the oil has approvals from auto manufacturers: FORD WSS-M2C-913-C, FORD WSS-M2C-913-B and meets VOLVO requirements.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic engine oil Total Quartz 9000 Future is made on a hydrocracked synthetic base. This can explain its high waste consumption, which amounted to as much as 2.3 liters per 10,000 kilometers, which required the testers to add oil during the test. Thus, the exact results of antioxidant stability can only be spoken of conditionally. But still, according to the results of the test, the changes in the kinematic viscosity of the oil amounted to 19.8 and were among the most significant in the test. The base number both at the beginning of the test and at its completion was within the group at a value of 7.51 mg KOH/g in fresh product and a change of 46% at the end of the test. Anti-wear properties were not the highest, the iron content was 24 mg per kg of oil.
Synthetic engine oil Total Quartz 9000 Future could not demonstrate high consumer properties, showing low stability for waste.
ZIC XQ LS - synthetic engine oil SAE 5W-30, test
MODEL FEATURES
Synthetic engine oil ZIC XQ LS, which was tested by the Autoreview newspaper, differs from the ZIC XQ oil from the “Behind the wheel” test, by and large only in the level of viscosity 5W30 - in “Autoreview” and 5W40 - “Behind the wheel”, which is explained by the different amount of thickener in engine oil.
According to the manufacturer, ZIC XQ LS is produced on the basis of the highest quality base oil and additive packages from Lubrizol, Infinium, Oronite (USA) using VHVI technology and has the highest level of performance properties. The use of YUBASE base oil guarantees an additional resource of operational characteristics, which allows ZIC XQ oils to work in an engine with a significantly extended drain interval, if recommended by the equipment manufacturer.
It should also be added that according to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute, ZIC XQ LS oil has an API SM / CF quality class, according to the European ACEA A3 / B4.
TEST RESULTS
Synthetic engine oil ZIC XQ LS showed good resistance to waste. For 1000 km of travel, 1.75 liters of oil were used up. At the same time, the changes in kinematic viscosity were the highest in the test and amounted to 21.64%. Also, data on the wear of engine parts turned out to be the leader, since the iron content in mining turned out to be one of the highest in the 26 mg test. The value of the base number in the new oil was underestimated in relation to other participants in the test, and its change was 51%. The acid number at the end of the test was not high.
Synthetic motor oil ZIC XQ LS showed average values in terms of resistance to waste, but the highest values in terms of change in kinematic viscosity and base number.
Text: Roman Kharitonov.
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Who knows about oil? By all accounts, for all this time that I've been doing Honda Civic, I realized that most people repeat the same thing, the main thing is that the oil should be the same as the majority. In this article, I will try to explain what oil is, other than as a means to lubricate the moving parts of engines.
In general, Honda D series engines need about 3.5 liters of oil(for VTEC systems, you need 200 grams more), replacement about 8000km, still more than 10 years old car. On the dipstick from a minimum to a maximum of 1 liter, volume. The dipstick is a type of "reserve oil tank", that is, for normal engine operation, it is necessary that the oil was below the MIN mark. If you pour oil, 300-500 grams (this is a lot), then there is a high probability that at high speeds the front or rear crankshaft oil seal can be squeezed out. Further, the old-timers, real drivers of the times of our parents, said that "if it takes you no more than a liter from replacement to oil change, then everything is fine." Oil should be consumed, burn out, burn out, etc. The main thing is to understand this expense for yourself. The consumption of one liter of oil per 1000 km is already a repair. Usually replacing caps and rings helps out. I have never heard that the engine would be bored to the repair size, there was hone guidance. But it was 1 case, and then on their own. By the way, if you are assembling an engine from scratch, then 4 liters will not be enough for you, usually it is 4 + 1, for lubrication and so on.
To understand the article, you will probably need to read it again, the topic is extensive, but I will try to start with the temperature. A running and warm engine has 5 temperature points, you can see the approximate degrees below.
Oil temperature
Speaking of warming up, what is all this for? Warming up is a gentle mode of heating up to the operating temperature of the oil and moving parts. Operating temperature, reveals the potential of the oil. Working temperature is about 60 degrees. At low temperatures, the oil is thicker. Well, imagine if you use plasticine for lubrication. On the contrary, if the temperature is too high, and is above the operating range of the oil, then there is a possibility of boiling. In the first, the thermal gap of the mechanisms increases, and in the second, when the oil boils, it becomes like foam. And foam is air with parts of oil just, try to lubricate two metal surfaces with air. I think it will be not a pleasant clang of metal. If the approach to warming up is ideal, then warming up must be done in the same way in the warm season. After all, the temperature in the "cold engine" in the summer is only about 25-30 degrees. And you need 60. By the way, the gearbox and automatic transmission warm up a little longer, so if you want to keep the engine and gearbox, then don’t fry the first kilometer of another Civic to its fullest. And yes, you can go right away. Even in the cold. Just neat. The most dangerous and important moment of movement is precisely the first rotation of the crankshaft.
About oil in an amateurish way
I will not tell you that oil is hydrocarbons, anyone who is interested can read the necessary books. Oil is synthetic and mineral, there is also semi-synthetics (25% of the synthetic base). There is an opinion, and it is most likely not groundless, that mineral oil is poured into very old cars, into which there is nothing to fill. Mineral oil is a petroleum product, namely a product obtained by refining the corresponding fraction of oil. Synthetic oil is a specially made substance with a base and additives, which, in the end, give exactly the properties that are put into the formula. Why do they say that it is impossible to pour oils even of the same viscosity, but of different companies? Everything is simple. Let's go down to the level of the first class and determine that the viscosity should be, say, 2 (abstract, for example). One company uses the formula 7-5=2 to get 2, another company uses the formula 3*7-19=2. As you can see, the result is the same. And the methods are different. Now imagine that the materials to achieve the result are different. And the result in the engine can be deplorable.
Why change the oil?
The engine is not an ideal "object", it also has an expense. Over time, thermal gaps increase, and elements of metal, carbon deposits and other "garbage" enter the lubrication channels. Therefore, the oil itself is a cleaning agent and must be changed. By the way, sometimes the disposal of oil means cleaning it from this garbage. That is, your oil, which ran 10,000 km, is simply cleaned, "activated" a little and sold again. This is normal practice.
The main characteristics of oils, motor and gearboxes
The author from the Autonovichok website created a good explanation of the main parameters, so I leave almost everything in its original form.
Viscosity- This is one of the most important characteristics of oils. Motor oils, like most lubricants, change viscosity depending on their temperature. The lower the temperature, the higher the viscosity and vice versa. To ensure a cold start of the engine (turning the crankshaft with a starter and pumping oil through the lubrication system) at low temperatures, the viscosity should not be very high. At high temperatures, on the contrary, the oil should not have a very low viscosity in order to create a strong oil film between the rubbing parts and the necessary pressure in the system (Remember foaming). Viscosity index- an indicator that characterizes the dependence of oil viscosity on temperature changes. This is a dimensionless quantity, i.e. is not measured in any units - it's just a number. The higher the viscosity index of the engine oil, the wider the temperature range of the oil ensures engine performance. For mineral oils without viscosity additives, the viscosity index is 85-100, oils with viscosity additives and synthetic component oils can have a viscosity index of 120-150. Low-viscosity, highly refined oils can have a viscosity index of up to 200. Flash point. This indicator characterizes the presence of low-boiling fractions in the oil, and, accordingly, is associated with the volatility of the oil during operation. Good oils should have a flash point above 225°C. In low-quality oils, low-viscosity fractions quickly evaporate and burn out, leading to high oil consumption and deterioration of its low-temperature properties. pour point- this is the temperature at which the oil almost completely loses its fluidity (mobility). The pour point characterizes the moment of a sharp increase in viscosity with a decrease in temperature, or wax crystallization along with an increase in viscosity to such an extent that the oil becomes solid. Base number (TBN). Indicates the total alkalinity of an oil, including that introduced by detergents and dispersants, which have alkaline properties. TBN characterizes the ability of an oil to neutralize harmful acids that enter it during engine operation and resist deposits. The lower the TBN, the less active additives are left in the oil. The TBN of most gasoline engine oils is typically in the range of 8-9, and for diesel engines around 11-14. During the operation of engine oil, the total alkaline number inevitably decreases, neutralizing additives work out. A significant drop in TBN results in acid corrosion as well as fouling of engine internals. Acid number (TAN). The acid number is an indicator characterizing the presence of oxidation products in engine oils. The smaller its absolute value, the better the working conditions of the oil in the engine and the greater its residual life. An increase in TAN is indicative of oil oxidation caused by long usage time and/or operating temperature. The total acid number is determined to analyze the condition of motor oils, as an indicator of the degree of oil oxidation and the accumulation of acid products of fuel combustion.
Cheat sheet for the lazy. Roughly, the larger the first number, the thicker the oil, and the less suitable it is for winter. The first digit with the letter W in the oil marking indicates the winter mode 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W:
- 0W - the lowest point of oil use -35-30°C
- 5W - the lowest point of oil use -30-25 ° С
- 10W - the lowest point of oil use -25-20 ° С
- 15W - the lowest point of oil use -20-15 ° С
- 20W - the lowest point of oil use -15-10 ° С
The second digit in the oil marking indicates operation in the summer
- 30 - the highest point of oil use + 20-25 ° С
- 40 - the highest point of oil use + 35-40 ° С
- 50 - the highest point of oil use + 45-50 ° С
- 60 - the highest point of oil use + 50 ° C and above
SAE oil classification
5W-40 + Oil brand name. Here is the approximate knowledge of a modern motorist, unfortunately. And what are these numbers? The first group (5W) means "oil flow" at low temperature, the lower the number, the thinner the oil at low temperature. For example, 5W-30 oil thickens at about minus 35 (-35), and 0w-20 thickens at minus 45 (-45). The second group of numbers in our example is 40, which means the viscosity index at high temperature. The higher the number, the higher the temperature limit at which the oil does not lose its lubricating properties. This parameter is especially important if the car is operated at high speeds and on long trips. Below I present a diagram by which you can choose the oil for your regimen.
Learn something new
This article is relevant for 1992-2000 Honda vehicles such as Civic EJ9, Civic EK3, CIVIC EK2, CIVIC EK4 (partially). The information will be relevant for owners of Honda Integra in DB6, DC1 bodies, with ZC, D15B, D16A engines.
The main parameter when choosing engine oil is its degree of viscosity. Many motorists have heard this term, met it on the labels of oil canisters, but not everyone knows what the numbers and letters depicted there mean, and why it is necessary to use this process fluid with a certain degree of viscosity on a certain motor. Today we will reveal the secrets of the viscosity of motor oils.
First of all, let's determine the significance of the degree of viscosity of the oil for the engine. There are many parts in the engine that come into contact with each other during operation. In a “dry” engine, the operation of such parts will not last long, because due to mutual friction they wear out and fail relatively quickly. Therefore, engine oil is poured into the engine - a technical fluid that covers all rubbing parts with an oil film and protects them from friction and wear. Each oil has its own degree of viscosity - that is, the state in which the oil remains thin enough to perform its main function (lubricating the working parts of the engine). As you know, unlike the coolant, the temperature of which is always stable during driving and is at the level of 85-90 degrees, engine oil is more susceptible to external and internal temperatures, the fluctuations of which are very significant (under certain operating conditions, the engine oil heats up to 150 degrees).
To avoid boiling oil, which can cause damage to the engine of the machine, specialists in the manufacture of this technical fluid determine its viscosity - that is, the ability to remain in working condition when exposed to critical temperatures. For the first time, oil viscosity grades were determined by the American Association of Automotive Engineers (SAE). It is this abbreviation that is found on the packages of oil. It is followed by numbers separated by the Latin letter W (it means the suitability of engine oil to work at low temperatures) - for example, 10W-40.
In this series of numbers, 10W denotes low-temperature viscosity - the temperature threshold at which a car engine filled with this oil can start “cold”, and the oil pump will pump the technical fluid without the threat of dry friction of engine parts. In this example, the minimum temperature is "-30" (we subtract 40 from the number in front of the letter W), while, subtracting the number 35 from the number 10, we get "-25" - this is the so-called critical temperature at which the starter can crank the engine and start. At this temperature, the oil becomes thick, but its viscosity is still enough to lubricate the rubbing parts of the engine. Thus, the larger the number in front of the letter W, the lower the sub-zero temperature, the oil will be able to pass through the pump and provide “support” to the starter. If the letter W is preceded by 0, then this means that the oil will be pumped by the pump at a temperature of "-40", and the starter will spin the engine at the lowest possible temperature of "-35" - of course, given the viability of the battery and serviceability.
The number "40" after the letter W in our example indicates high temperature viscosity - a parameter that determines the minimum and maximum viscosity of the oil at its operating temperatures (from 100 to 150 degrees). It is believed that the higher the number after the letter W, the higher the viscosity of the engine oil at the specified operating temperatures. The precise information on which high-temperature viscosity oil is required for a particular engine is exclusively available to the vehicle manufacturer. So we recommend that you follow the automaker's requirements for engine oils, which are usually indicated in the instruction manual.
The degree of viscosity of the oil is determined according to the accepted international nomenclature SAE J300, in which oils are divided into three types according to the degree of viscosity: winter, summer and all-weather. According to the degree of viscosity, winter oils include liquids with parameters SAE 0W, SAE 5W, SAE 10W, SAE 15W, SAE 20W. Summer oils in terms of viscosity include liquids with SAE 20, SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 50, SAE 60 parameters. SAE 5W-30, SAE 5W-40, SAE 10W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 15W-40, SAE 20W-40. They are the most practical of all, as their temperature parameters are optimally balanced for use at various critical temperatures.
To select the oil with the optimum viscosity grade for your engine, you need to follow two rules.
1. The choice of the degree of viscosity of the oil according to climatic conditions. It is no secret that oil with the same viscosity grade (for example, SAE 0W-40) will behave differently when the car is operated in a region of the country with a hot or, conversely, cold climate. Therefore, when choosing an oil, you need to remember that the higher the air temperature in the region in which the car is operated, the higher the viscosity grade of the engine oil should be, which can be determined by the number in front of the letter W. Here are the temperature conditions under which it is recommended to use oil with varying degrees of viscosity:
SAE 0W-30 - -30° to +20°C;
SAE 0W-40 - -30° to +35°C;
SAE 5W-30 - -25° to +20°C;
SAE 5W-40 - -25° to +35°C;
SAE 10W-30 - -20° to +30°C;
SAE 10W-40 - -20° to +35°C;
SAE 15W-40 - -15° to +45°C;
SAE 20W-40 - -10° to +45°C.
2.The choice of the degree of viscosity of the oil according to the term. The older the car, the more the rubbing pairs wear out in it - parts that come into contact with each other during the operation of the power unit, and the gaps between them increase. Accordingly, in order for these parts to continue to perform their functions, it is necessary that the oil film on their surfaces be more viscous. That is, for engines that have worked out half of their resource, it is necessary to buy oils with a higher degree of viscosity, and for new ones - with a lower one.
How long can an engine run without changing the engine oil? The service books of modern cars indicate the maintenance interval with an oil change of 15,000–20,000 km. And synthetic manufacturers often increase the declared resource by another tens of thousands of kilometers. How justified are these figures? Will the "long-liver" harm the motor? Let's check in practice.
THROUGH EUROPE AND ASIA
15,000 km is very far! Approximately as from Lisbon to Vladivostok. Should I take a canister of oil for a change in such a run, or is a liter enough to top up? Instead of the beauties of Europe and the expanses of Asia, we will see the walls of the test box: they have their own charms ... And two identical engines will “go” at once - injection VAZ eight-valve engines. This is the only way to provide the tested oils with identical operating conditions throughout the entire “run”. In order to bring the VAZ G-8s closer to more modern engines, they increased the compression ratio by one and added an oil cooling system for the pistons.
The so-called full synthetics of the 5W-40 viscosity grade were taken for testing, and the most popular brands: Castrol (Castrol), Shell (Shell), Mobil (Mobile), Esso (Esso), BP (Bi -Pi"), elf ("Elf"), Total ("Total") and ZIC ("Zik"). This set covers approximately three-quarters of the market in this segment. According to the European classification, all selected oils belong to the high quality group - A3 / B3 / B4. According to API quality classes, the distribution is as follows: most oils are SM / CF, Castrol is SN / CF, the rest are SL / CF. In the photo and in the tables, the studied oils are arranged alphabetically. As usual, the oils were purchased from specialized stores in the two capitals. We were waiting for a long "run" lasting almost six months. We haven't done this yet.
AND ON THE PACIFIC
... finished their campaign. The rest of all oils are drained into canisters, the motors are disassembled, measurements and pictures are taken. 1. (Scheme on the left) comparison of the energy saving effect of the tested oils and the ability to increase engine power. All oils are fresh, just from the canister, and as a base, that is, the initial reference bar, is a simple mineral water 10W-40 of API SJ class (the diagrams open in full size by clicking the mouse) : 2. (Scheme on the right) and this is how the efficiency and power of the engines deteriorated when the oils “aged”. Here the base for each oil is the same, only fresh. Say, 4.5% increase in fuel consumption - a little? But consider fuel prices in Siberia and the Far East.It's time to answer the questions. Interestingly, there were no intermediate oil top-ups - four liters of initial refueling was enough for each of the eight participants. But oil consumption was different. Least of all - in oils "Zik" and "Castrol": the motors ate them only 0.6–0.7 liters each. Other oils gave results from 1.2 to 1.5 liters, that is, taking into account the roughness of the measurement method (per drain), they are almost the same.
All the samples after the drain were black and ugly - still, so much to plow! But how much have their basic physical and chemical parameters changed? The well-known trends have been confirmed: the viscosity of all oils first falls, then grows, the base number decreases, and the acid number rises. According to the change in the base number and the content of active elements, all oils worked well: none of them gave rejection indicators. This means that all manufacturers use high quality additive packages. However, this is not surprising: additive manufacturers can be counted on the fingers, these are serious specialized firms. But in terms of viscosity, the picture is different. Compare: for the Korean Zik oil, the change in viscosity for “15,000 km of run” practically did not go beyond the measurement error. But "Esso" at the end of the "run", somewhere already "in Siberia", got out beyond the limits of viscosity change allowed by the SAE class. Of course, this did not kill the motor, but it significantly increased its voracity. Of the other oils, BP oil came closest to the forbidden border. And the change in the behavior of the motor on the control measurements confirmed this.
TOLERANCE FIELD
Dealt with the resource. And what about the rest of the parameters, especially those that automakers analyze when issuing permits? The main indicators of the operation of oils in motors - the level of deposits, the degree of energy saving and wear protection - are shown in the diagrams. All oils, as befits full synthetics of high quality classes, have shown their energy-saving functions. We did not find a big difference between them, but again a certain dependence of fuel consumption on high-temperature viscosity appeared. Again, it turns out that the motor likes some kind of optimal viscosity more, any deviation from it to a smaller or larger side leads to a deterioration in performance. And Castrol and Zik oils turned out to be closest to this optimum. But the power of the motor requires more viscosity, and this is understandable. In maximum load modes, friction units are in the most severe conditions, and here oils with high high-temperature viscosity provide them with better lubrication. Therefore, at least a small, but still noticeable bonus was received by engines running on Total, Elf and BP oils. Engine wear protection is determined both by the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil (its viscosity at high temperatures) and the quality of anti-wear components. To evaluate the oil according to this indicator, we examine the degree of wear of the engine after identical test cycles. The minimum weight loss of the crankshaft bearing shells and piston rings, taking into account the error of the method, turned out to be in engines running on Shell, Zik and Castrol oils. Indirectly, these parameters are confirmed by the analysis of data on the content of wear products in oil samples taken at the end of the tests. And here the leaders are the same, and the "Korean" "Zik" found significantly less metal than in other oils. High-temperature deposits of oils were examined by plaque on the side surfaces of the pistons. Points were set by experts, comparing the obtained deposits with a special scale. The principle is simple. Black deposits all over the surface - the highest score, six on the generally accepted scale. A clean piston without deposits - zero points. Typically, synthetics do not rise above 1.0–1.5 points in terms of deposits. We look at the results - everything is so. Slightly better than others look "Zik", "Shell" and both "Frenchman": "Elf" and "Total".YOUR HIKING IS FINISHED
So, what did you think about “on the Pacific coast”? Have we done the right thing by not taking oil for a change “on the road”? And how much can you trust oil manufacturers who claim long service life for their products? We return to the original question: is any synthetic capable of passing the service interval? Consumers on the forums advocate for a more frequent replacement - in eight to ten thousand. Oilers, on the other hand, are talking about 30,000 km. Well, our tests have shown: in such regimes, "not all oils are equally useful." The same "Esso" after the finish line actually fell down exhausted, but the "Zik" would have withstood the way back. The recommendations of the SR are as follows. For fresh cars operated in the warm season, you can safely be guided by the results obtained. But as the engine wears out, as with active winter operation, the oil needs to be changed more often. The same applies to cases where runs are measured not so much in kilometers as in many hours of traffic jams. We will devote a separate article to this. NOT ALL SYNTHETICS ARE ABLE TO PASS THE SERVICE INTERVAL.WHAT AND WHY WE CHECKED
Motor oil is a canister and something liquid inside, consisting of base oil and an additive package. The resource characteristics of the oil depend on the latter.
During operation in the engine, the oil comes into contact with the heated surfaces of the parts. Its film, left by the piston rings on the cylinder wall, is heated by gases and is subjected to high contact pressures. Oil does not like contact with crankcase gases: it is saturated with products of incomplete combustion of fuel, oxidizing and absorbing wear products and other dirt formed during engine operation.
The main indicator of oil is viscosity. If not everything, then a lot directly depends on it: the quality of lubrication of friction units, wear rate, friction losses. And also, indirectly, its consumption for waste, toxicity of exhaust gases and even the temperature of engine parts.
The working viscosity of the oil is formed both by the properties of the base oil and by the quantity and parameters of special additives - the so-called thickeners. These are polymers that change their properties under cyclical exposure to temperatures. The classic picture of the change in viscosity is as follows: first it falls, then it begins to rise. An excessive decrease in viscosity sharply increases the wear rate, and its growth significantly worsens the efficiency of the engine and its starting properties, increases the toxicity of exhaust gases and oil waste. The range of permissible oil viscosities for our SAE class is from 12.5 to 16.3 cSt. Therefore, the first criterion for the clinical death of an oil is the output of its viscosity at some stage of testing beyond the permissible range. An important function of the oil is to wash the engine and not dirty it. Appropriate additives are responsible for the quality of washing, and the ability not to stain is determined by the stability and quality of the base oil. It is customary to separate high-temperature and low-temperature deposits. The first are formed on the side surfaces of the pistons. They are the most dangerous, because they interfere with the work of the piston rings and can lead to a complete loss of their mobility, that is, to occurrence. And the fixed ring no longer works. Result - compression drops. And smoke on the exhaust - like in a football stadium after a goal is scored. Oil consumption starts to approach fuel consumption sharply. What about low temperature deposits? They are formed in the oil pan, and on the walls of the engine crankcase, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe camshafts. But the worst thing is the accumulation of deposits in the oil channels: they can become clogged. The washing ability of the oil decreases as it works - detergent additives are used up. This is partly controlled by the base number of the oil, and directly by the level of deposits formed after a long test cycle. The oil, absorbing in the process of operation products of combustion of fuel containing sulfur, nitrogen oxides and other "amenities", accumulates acids. They are neutralized by alkaline detergent additives only partially. A "sour" oil becomes aggressive towards the motor. Therefore, the value of the acid number of the oil is also its rejection indicator. In a completely neglected case, oil separation can occur - the so-called loss of an additive package. They remain in the sediment, and already fairly aged base oil begins to walk through the engine lubrication system. Naturally, it does not possess any functional properties necessary for the motor. This is also a sign of the death of the oil. All of the above makes clear our criteria for the end of oil life. 1. Viscosity outside the limits defined by the SAE class. 2. A sharp (more than twofold) drop in the alkaline number and a sharp increase in the acid number. 3. Loss of the additive package, induced by a sharp change in the content of active components in the oil - phosphorus, zinc, calcium. In addition, we evaluate the energy-saving functions of the oil, which characterize the level of friction losses in the engine, as well as the protective functions, which are estimated by the wear rates of the main parts. In principle, these are the main quality parameters that are analyzed when the oil is approved for use in specific types of engines.
