The history of the creation of the first internal combustion engine The first truly
workable Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
appeared in Germany in 1878. But the history of creation
ICE has its roots in France.
In 1860 the French inventor Ethven Lenoir
invented
the first internal combustion engine. But this unit
was imperfect, with low efficiency and could not be applied
on practice. Another Frenchman came to the rescue
inventor Beau de Rochas, who in 1862 proposed
use four strokes in this engine:
1.Inlet
2.Compression
3. Working stroke
4. Release stroke
The first four-stroke ICE car was
three-wheeled carriage by Karl Benz, built in 1885
year.
A year later (1886) Gottlieb Daimer's version appeared.
Both inventors worked independently of each other.
They merged in 1926 to form Deimler-Benz.
AG.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine
Modern car, most of all,driven by an internal motor
combustion. There are many such engines.
a bunch of. They differ in volume
number of cylinders, power, speed
rotation, fuel used (diesel,
petrol and gas engines). But, fundamentally,
internal combustion engine device
Seems like. How does this device work and why?
called a four-stroke engine
internal combustion? About internal combustion
It's clear. Fuel burns inside the engine. A
why 4 stroke engine, what is it?
Indeed, there are two-stroke
engines. But on cars they are used
rarely. Four stroke engine
called because of the fact that his work can be
divided into four equal parts.
The piston will pass through the cylinder four times - two
up and down twice. The beat starts at
finding the piston in the extreme lower or
top point. For motorists-mechanics it is
called top dead center (TDC) and
bottom dead center (BDC).
First stroke - intake stroke
The first beat, he is the inlet,starts at TDC (top
dead point). moving down
piston sucks into cylinder
air-fuel mixture. Job
this beat occurs when
open intake valve. By the way,
there are many engines
multiple intake valves.
Their number, size, time
being in the open
can significantly affect
engine power. Eat
engines in which
depending on the pressure on the pedal
gas, forced
increase in residence time
intake valves open
condition. It's made for
increasing the number
intake fuel, which
after ignition, increases
engine power. Automobile,
in this case, maybe much
accelerate faster.
The second stroke is the compression stroke
The next stroke of the engine iscompression stroke. After the piston
bottomed out, he starts
rise up, thereby squeezing
mixture that entered the cylinder on the beat
inlet. The fuel mixture is compressed to
combustion chamber volumes. What is this
such a camera? Free space
between the top of the piston and
top of the cylinder
piston at top dead
point is called the combustion chamber.
Valves, in this stroke of the engine
closed completely. The denser they
closed, the compression occurs
better. Great importance
has, in this case, the state
piston, cylinder, piston rings.
If there are large gaps, then
good compression will not work, but
accordingly, the power of such
engine will be much lower. Degree
compression - compression, you can check
special device. By size
compression, it can be concluded that
engine wear.
Third cycle - working stroke
The third measure is a working one, it starts withTDC. It's called a worker
not by chance. After all, it is in this
tact is an action,
forcing the car
move. In this tact to work
the ignition system comes on. Why
is this system called? Yes
because she is in charge
ignition of the fuel mixture, compressed
in the cylinder, in the combustion chamber.
It works very simply - a candle
system gives a spark. Justice
for the sake of it, it is worth noting that the spark
issued on the spark plug for
a few degrees before reaching
top piston. These
degrees, in a modern engine,
automatically adjusted
the brains of the car. After that
as the fuel ignites, occurs
explosion - it increases sharply in
volume, forcing the piston
move down. Valves on this beat
engine operation, as in
previous, are in a closed
condition.
The fourth measure is the release measure
Fourth cycle of workengine, the last
high school graduation. Reaching
bottom point, after
working cycle, in the engine
starts to open
Exhaust valve. Such
valves, as well as inlet,
there may be several.
Moving up, the piston
removes through this valve
exhaust gases from
cylinder - ventilates
his. The better it works
exhaust valve,
more exhaust gases
removed from the cylinder
thereby freeing
place for a new portion
fuel-air mixture.
Varieties of the internal combustion engine
Diesel internal combustion engine
Diesel engine - pistoninternal combustion engine,
flammable
atomized fuel from
contact with compressed heated
air. Diesel engines running
on diesel fuel (colloquially -
"sunshine").
In 1890, Rudolf Diesel developed the theory
"economical thermal engine",
which, due to the strong compression in
cylinders significantly improves its
efficiency. He received a patent for his
engine February 23, 1893. First
a functioning example called the "Diesel Motor" was built by Diesel by early 1897
year, and on January 28 of the same year he was successfully
tested.
The principle of operation of the injection engine
In modern injectionengines for everyone
cylinder provided
individual nozzle.
All nozzles are connected to
fuel rail, where
fuel is under
pressure that creates
electric fuel pump.
Injected quantity
fuel depends on
opening duration
nozzles. Opening moment
regulates the electronic unit
control (controller) on
based on processed
them data from various
sensors.
1 slide
2 slide
An internal combustion engine (abbreviated internal combustion engine) is a device in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted into useful mechanical work. Internal combustion engines are classified: By purpose - they are divided into transport, stationary and special. According to the type of fuel used - light liquid (gasoline, gas), heavy liquid (diesel fuel). According to the method of formation of a combustible mixture - external (carburetor) and internal for a diesel engine. According to the method of ignition (spark or compression). According to the number and arrangement of cylinders, in-line, vertical, boxer, V-shaped, VR-shaped and W-shaped engines are divided.
3 slide
Internal combustion engine elements: Cylinder Piston - moves inside the cylinder Fuel injection valve Spark plug - ignites the fuel inside the cylinder Gas release valve Crankshaft - is spun by the piston
4 slide
Operation cycles of piston internal combustion engines Reciprocating internal combustion engines are classified according to the number of strokes in the operating cycle into two-stroke and four-stroke. The working cycle in reciprocating internal combustion engines consists of five processes: intake, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust.
5 slide
6 slide
1. In the intake process, the piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC), and the freed over-piston space of the cylinder is filled with a mixture of air and fuel. Due to the pressure difference in the intake manifold and inside the engine cylinder, when the intake valve is opened, the mixture enters (is sucked in) into the cylinder
7 slide
2. During the compression process, both valves are closed and the piston, moving from n.m.t. to w.m.t. and reducing the volume of the cavity above the piston, compresses the working mixture (in the general case, the working fluid). The compression of the working fluid accelerates the combustion process and thereby predetermines the possible completeness of the use of the heat released during the combustion of fuel in the cylinder.
8 slide
3. In the process of combustion, the fuel is oxidized by the oxygen of the air, which is part of the working mixture, as a result of which the pressure in the over-piston cavity increases sharply.
9 slide
4. In the process of expansion, hot gases, seeking to expand, move the piston from the T.M.T. to n.m.t. The working stroke of the piston is performed, which transmits pressure through the connecting rod to the connecting rod journal of the crankshaft and turns it.
10 slide
5. During the release process, the piston moves from n.m.t. to w.m.t. and through the second valve that opens by this time, pushes the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. The products of combustion remain only in the volume of the combustion chamber, from where they cannot be displaced by the piston. The continuity of the engine is ensured by the subsequent repetition of the work cycles.
11 slide
12 slide
The history of the car The history of the car began in 1768, along with the creation of steam-powered machines capable of transporting a person. In 1806, the first machines appeared, driven by internal combustion engines in English. combustible gas, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the gasoline or gasoline internal combustion engine commonly used today.
13 slide
Pioneer Inventors German engineer Karl Benz, the inventor of many automotive technologies, is credited with inventing the modern automobile.
14 slide
Karl Benz In 1871, together with August Ritter, he organized a mechanical workshop in Mannheim, received a patent for a two-stroke gasoline engine, and soon he patented the systems of the future car: accelerator, ignition system, carburetor, clutch, gearbox and cooling radiator.
An internal combustion engine (abbreviated internal combustion engine) is a type of engine, a heat engine in which the chemical energy of a fuel (usually liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels) that burns in a working zone is converted into mechanical work. Despite the fact that internal combustion engines are a relatively imperfect type of heat engines (high noise, toxic emissions, less resource), due to their autonomy (the necessary fuel contains much more energy than the best electric batteries), internal combustion engines are very widespread, for example, in transport.
The History of Internal Combustion Engines In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered lighting gas. In 1799, he received a patent for the use and method of obtaining lighting gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon, in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, lighting gas was suitable not only for lighting.
Patent for gas engine design. In 1801, Le Bon took out a patent for the design of a gas engine. The principle of operation of this machine was based on the well-known property of the gas he discovered: its mixture with air exploded when ignited, releasing a large amount of heat. The products of combustion rapidly expanded, exerting strong pressure on the environment. By creating the appropriate conditions, it is possible to use the released energy in the interests of man. The Lebon engine had two compressors and a mixing chamber. One compressor was supposed to pump compressed air into the chamber, and the other - compressed light gas from the gas generator. The gas-air mixture then entered the working cylinder, where it ignited. The engine was double-acting, that is, the working chambers were alternately acting on both sides of the piston. In essence, Lebon nurtured the idea of an internal combustion engine, but in 1804 he died before he could bring his invention to life.
Jean Etienne Lenoir In the following years, several inventors from different countries tried to create a workable engine using light gas. However, all these attempts did not lead to the appearance on the market of engines that could successfully compete with the steam engine. The honor of creating a commercially successful internal combustion engine belongs to the Belgian engineer Jean Etienne Lenoir. While working at an electroplating plant, Lenoir came up with the idea that the air-fuel mixture in a gas engine could be ignited by an electric spark, and decided to build an engine based on this idea. Lenoir was not immediately successful. After it was possible to make all the parts and assemble the machine, it worked for quite a bit and stopped, because due to heating the piston expanded and jammed in the cylinder. Lenoir improved his engine by thinking over a water cooling system. However, the second start attempt also ended in failure due to poor piston stroke. Lenoir supplemented his design with a lubrication system. Only then did the engine start running.
August Otto In 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities were produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate - she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. In 1864, he received a patent for his model of a gas engine and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the firm "Otto and Company" was created. At first glance, the Otto engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail connected to the shaft was attached to it. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They ignited with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston was raised, a special mechanism disconnected the rail from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the influence of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time.
Since Otto engines were almost five times more efficient than Lenoir engines, they were immediately in high demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the gear rack was replaced by a crank gear. But the most significant of his inventions came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for a new four-stroke engine. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines to this day. The following year, the new engines were already put into production. The four-stroke cycle was Otto's greatest technical achievement. But it soon turned out that a few years before his invention, exactly the same principle of engine operation was described by the French engineer Beau de Roche. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court. The court considered their arguments persuasive. Otto's rights under his patent were greatly reduced, including the removal of his monopoly on the four-stroke cycle. Although competitors launched the production of four-stroke engines, the Otto model worked out for many years of production was still the best, and the demand for it did not stop. By 1897, about 42 thousand of these engines of various capacities were produced. However, the fact that light gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of the first internal combustion engines. The number of lighting and gas plants was insignificant even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two of them - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors have tried to use liquid fuel vapor as gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene in this capacity. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product - gasoline. But in order for a liquid-fuel engine to successfully compete with a gas engine, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. Brighton in the same 1872 invented one of the first so-called "evaporative" carburetors, but he did not work satisfactorily.
Gasoline engine A workable gasoline engine did not appear until ten years later. It was invented by the German engineer Julius Daimler. For many years he worked for the Otto firm and was a member of its board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coldly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision in 1882, they left the Otto company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on their project. The problem facing Daimler and Maybach was not an easy one: they decided to create an engine that would not require a gas generator, would be very light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to move the crew. Daimler expected to increase power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot hollow tube open into the cylinder. The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for an industrial stationary installation.
The process of evaporation of liquid fuel in the first gasoline engines left much to be desired. Therefore, the invention of the carburetor made a real revolution in engine building. Its creator is the Hungarian engineer Donat Banki. In 1893, he took out a patent for a jet carburetor, which was the prototype of all modern carburetors. Unlike his predecessors, Banki proposed not to evaporate gasoline, but to finely spray it into the air. This ensured its uniform distribution over the cylinder, and the evaporation itself took place already in the cylinder under the action of compression heat. To ensure atomization, gasoline was sucked in by a stream of air through a metering jet, and the constancy of the composition of the mixture was achieved by maintaining a constant level of gasoline in the carburetor. The jet was made in the form of one or more holes in the tube, located perpendicular to the air flow. To maintain pressure, a small tank with a float was provided, which maintained the level at a given height, so that the amount of gasoline sucked in was proportional to the amount of incoming air. The first internal combustion engines were single-cylinder, and in order to increase the power of the engine, the volume of the cylinder was usually increased. Then they began to achieve this by increasing the number of cylinders. At the end of the 19th century, two-cylinder engines appeared, and from the beginning of the 20th century, four-cylinder engines began to spread.
Composition Piston engines The combustion chamber is a cylinder, where the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy, which is converted from the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion using a crank mechanism. According to the type of fuel used, they are divided into: Gasoline fuel-air mixture is prepared in the carburetor and then in the intake manifold, or in the intake manifold using spray nozzles (mechanical or electric), or directly in the cylinder using spray nozzles, then the mixture is fed into the cylinder, compressed and then ignited by a spark that jumps between the electrodes of the candle. Diesel special diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder under high pressure. A combustible mixture is formed (and immediately burns out) directly in the cylinder as a portion of fuel is injected. The mixture is ignited by the high temperature of the compressed air in the cylinder.
Gas engine that burns as fuel hydrocarbons that are in a gaseous state under normal conditions: Mixtures of liquefied gases are stored in a cylinder under saturated vapor pressure (up to 16 atm). The liquid phase evaporated in the evaporator or the vapor phase of the mixture gradually loses pressure in the gas reducer to close to atmospheric pressure, and is sucked by the engine into the intake manifold through an air-gas mixer or injected into the intake manifold by means of electric injectors. Ignition is carried out with the help of a spark that jumps between the electrodes of the candle. Compressed natural gases are stored in a cylinder under pressure atm. The design of power systems is similar to liquefied gas power systems, the difference is the absence of an evaporator. Producer gas is a gas obtained by converting a solid fuel into a gaseous one. As solid fuels are used:
CoalPeatWood Gas-diesel The main portion of the fuel is prepared, as in one of the varieties of gas engines, but is ignited not by an electric candle, but by an ignition portion of diesel fuel injected into the cylinder similarly to a diesel engine. Rotary-piston Combined internal combustion engine internal combustion engine, which is a combination of a piston (rotary-piston) and bladed machine (turbine, compressor), in which both machines participate in the implementation of the working process. An example of a combined internal combustion engine is a piston engine with a gas turbine boost (turbo). RCV is an internal combustion engine, the gas distribution system of which is implemented due to the rotation of the cylinder. The cylinder performs a rotational motion alternately passing the inlet and outlet pipes, while the piston performs reciprocating movements.
Additional units required for internal combustion engines The disadvantage of an internal combustion engine is that it produces high power only in a narrow range of revolutions. Therefore, the essential attributes of an internal combustion engine are the transmission and the starter. Only in some cases (for example, in airplanes) can a complex transmission be dispensed with. The idea of a hybrid car is gradually conquering the world, in which the engine always works in the optimal mode. Also, internal combustion engines need a fuel system (for supplying the fuel mixture) and an exhaust system (for exhaust gases).
creation..
History of creation
Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900)
Stages of ICE development:
1860 Étienne Lenoir invents the first light gas engine
1862 Alphonse Beau De Rochas proposed the idea of a four-stroke engine. However, he failed to implement his idea.
1876 Nikolaus August Otto creates the Roche four-stroke engine.
1883 Daimler proposed an engine design that could run on both gas and gasoline
Karl Benz invented the self-propelled tricycle based on Daimler technology.
By 1920, internal combustion engines become leading. crews on steam and electric traction have become a rarity.
August Otto (1832-1891)
Karl Benz
History of creation
Tricycle, invented by Karl Benz
Operating principle
Four stroke engine
The working cycle of a four-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine takes place in 4 strokes of the piston (stroke), i.e., in 2 revolutions of the crankshaft.
There are 4 cycles:
1 stroke - intake (the combustible mixture from the carburetor enters the cylinder)
2 stroke - compression (the valves are closed and the mixture is compressed, at the end of the compression the mixture is ignited by an electric spark and the fuel is burned)
3 stroke - working stroke (there is a conversion of the heat received from the combustion of fuel into mechanical work)
4 stroke - release (exhaust gases are displaced by the piston)
Operating principle
Two stroke engine
There is also a two-stroke internal combustion engine. The working cycle of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is carried out in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft.
1 measure 2 measure
Combustion |
|
In practice, the power of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine often not only does not exceed the power of a four-stroke, but is even lower. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the stroke (20-35%) the piston makes with open valves
Engine efficiency
The efficiency of an internal combustion engine is low and is approximately 25% - 40%. The maximum effective efficiency of the most advanced internal combustion engines is about 44%. Therefore, many scientists are trying to increase the efficiency, as well as the very power of the engine.
Ways to increase engine power:
Use of multi-cylinder engines
Use of special fuel (correct mixture ratio and type of mixture)
Replacement of engine parts (correct sizes of components, depending on the type of engine)
Elimination of part of the heat loss by transferring the place of fuel combustion and heating of the working fluid inside the cylinder
Engine efficiency
Compression ratio
One of the most important characteristics of an engine is its compression ratio, which is determined by the following:
eV2V1
where V2 and V1 are the volumes at the beginning and at the end of compression. With an increase in the compression ratio, the initial temperature of the combustible mixture at the end of the compression stroke increases, which contributes to its more complete combustion.
Varieties of internal combustion engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Main engine components
The structure of a bright representative of the internal combustion engine - a carburetor engine
Engine frame (crankcase, cylinder heads, crankshaft bearing caps, oil pan)
movement mechanism(pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, flywheel)
Gas distribution mechanism(camshaft, pushrods, rods, rocker arms)
Lubrication system (oil, coarse filter, sump)
liquid (radiator, liquid, etc.)
Cooling system
air (blowing with air currents)
Power system (fuel tank, fuel filter, carburetor, pumps)
Main engine components
Ignition system(current source - generator and battery, breaker + capacitor)
Starting system (electric starter, current source - battery, remote controls)
Intake and exhaust system(pipelines, air filter, muffler)
Engine carburetor
In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered lighting gas and received a patent for the use and method of obtaining lighting gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance, primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon, in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, lighting gas was suitable not only for lighting. The inventors set about designing engines that could replace the steam engine, while the fuel would not burn in the furnace, but directly in the engine cylinder.
In 1801, Le Bon took out a patent for the design of a gas engine. The principle of operation of this machine was based on the well-known property of the gas he discovered: its mixture with air exploded when ignited, releasing a large amount of heat. The products of combustion rapidly expanded, exerting strong pressure on the environment. By creating the appropriate conditions, it is possible to use the released energy in the interests of man. The Lebon engine had two compressors and a mixing chamber. One compressor was supposed to pump compressed air into the chamber, and the other compressed light gas from the gas generator. The gas-air mixture then entered the working cylinder, where it ignited. The engine was double-acting, that is, the working chambers were alternately acting on both sides of the piston. In essence, Lebon nurtured the idea of an internal combustion engine, but in 1804 he died before he could bring his invention to life.
Jean Etienne Lenoir In the following years, several inventors from different countries tried to create a workable engine using light gas. However, all these attempts did not lead to the appearance on the market of engines that could successfully compete with the steam engine. The honor of creating a commercially successful internal combustion engine belongs to the Belgian mechanic Jean Etienne Lenoir. While working at an electroplating plant, Lenoir came up with the idea that the air-fuel mixture in a gas engine could be ignited using an electric spark, and decided to build an engine based on this idea. Lenoir did not immediately succeed with a steam engine based on this idea. After it was possible to make all the parts and assemble the machine, it worked for quite a bit and stopped, because due to heating the piston expanded and jammed in the cylinder. Lenoir improved his engine by thinking over a water cooling system. However, the second launch attempt also ended in failure due to poor piston stroke. Lenoir supplemented his design with a lubrication system. Only then did the engine start running.
August Otto By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities had already been produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the company "Otto and Company" was created. In 1864, Langen
By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities had already been produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Otto and Company was soon established. 1864 by Langen At first glance, the Otto engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail connected to the shaft was attached to it. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They ignited with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston was raised, a special mechanism disconnected the rail from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the influence of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time. Otto engine
Since Otto engines were almost five times more efficient than Lenoir engines, they were immediately in high demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the gear rack was replaced by a crank gear. But the most significant of his inventions came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for a new four-stroke engine. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines to this day. The following year, the new engines were already in production. 1877 The four-stroke cycle was Otto's greatest technical achievement. But it soon turned out that a few years before his invention, exactly the same principle of engine operation was described by the French engineer Beau de Rocha. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court. The court considered their arguments persuasive. Otto's rights arising from his patent were significantly reduced, including his monopoly on the four-stroke cycle was annulled. Bo de Rocha Although competitors launched the production of four-stroke engines, the Otto model worked out over many years of production was still the best, and demand for it did not stop . By 1897, about 42 thousand of these engines of various capacities were produced. However, the fact that light gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of the first internal combustion engines. The number of lighting and gas plants was insignificant even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two of them - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors have tried to use liquid fuel vapor as gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene in this capacity. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product, gasoline. But in order for a liquid fuel engine to compete successfully with gas, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. , but he acted unsatisfactorily. Brighton 1872
Gasoline engine A workable gasoline engine did not appear until ten years later. Probably, Kostovich O.S., who provided a working prototype of a gasoline engine in 1880, can be called its first inventor. However, his discovery still remains poorly lit. In Europe, the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler made the greatest contribution to the creation of gasoline engines. For many years he worked in the firm Otto and was a member of its board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coldly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision in 1882, they left the Otto company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on their project.
The problem facing Daimler and Maybach was not an easy one: they decided to create an engine that would not require a gas generator, would be very light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to move the crew. Daimler expected to increase power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first incandescent gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot tube inserted into the cylinder of a gas generator. 1883 an incandescent gasoline engine of a hot tube
The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for an industrial stationary installation. The process of evaporation of liquid fuel in the first gasoline engines left much to be desired. Therefore, the invention of the carburetor made a real revolution in engine building. Its creator is the Hungarian engineer Donat Banki. In 1893, he took out a patent for a jet carburetor, which was the prototype of all modern carburetors. Unlike his predecessors, Banki proposed not to evaporate gasoline, but to finely spray it into the air. This ensured its uniform distribution over the cylinder, and the evaporation itself took place already in the cylinder under the action of compression heat. To ensure atomization, gasoline was sucked in by an air flow through a metering jet, and the constancy of the mixture was achieved by maintaining a constant level of gasoline in the carburetor. The jet was made in the form of one or more holes in the tube, located perpendicular to the air flow. To maintain the pressure, a small tank was provided with a float that maintained the level at a given height, so that the amount of gasoline sucked in was proportional to the amount of incoming air. engine power, usually increased the volume of the cylinder. Then they began to achieve this by increasing the number of cylinders. Cylinder volume At the end of the 19th century, two-cylinder engines appeared, and from the beginning of the 20th century, four-cylinder engines began to spread.XIX centuryXX
