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AutoGermes, the official representative of eight auto concerns, offers to buy a new car in Moscow. Dealer status allows us to offer profitable programs and carry out warranty service.
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In the dealer center "AutoGermes" you can easily find both an inexpensive car and business class models. The site has a simple and convenient search form. After spending a couple of minutes filling it out, you will quickly select the best option.
Specify the brand, price, engine size, select other parameters - and you will see only those cars that meet your requirements. If you do not want to limit yourself in your choice, you can sort the offers by:
- price;
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- The most popular devices in the field of auto lighting.
- Headlights emit the highest quality and brightest light with.
- Lamps work due to the presence in the bulb of a mixture of inert gases, including xenon.
- This type of headlight comes with premium and business class cars. Can optionally be installed in budget cars.
- Compared to halogen headlights, this type of headlight has a more complex design.
- The system includes not only a headlight, xenon lamps, but also ignition blocks. kindle lamps that need the proper voltage level. The voltage is 10-20 kV. Ballasts also maintain a glow charge as long as the lamps are on.
- There are two types of xenon headlights. The first type of headlights is reflex. The second type is a projector. These headlights are the most popular among consumers in the market.
- Headlights can be divided into near and far lighting modes. But in most cases, bi-xenon headlights are used: the functions of the near / far lighting modes are implemented in one headlight.
- Cut-off lines in bi-xenon optics can be reproduced in several ways.
Method one: light screen in projection headlights.
Method two: Move the discharge lamp horizontally in reflective headlights. - Bi-xenon type headlights are mostly equipped with a special turning module: vertical, horizontal plane.
- Due to the nature of xenon headlights, they should always be combined with
It seems that, finally, the fashion for the "collective farm" xenon that eats out the eyes has passed, but today LED artillery, which has not yet been banned, is entering the battle. A logical question arises: are the standard head optics bulbs really so bad that you need to look for an alternative, or are there other options?
Kulibins in Russia will not be transferred, no matter what GOSTs and TUs admonish them, no matter what fines they frighten for interfering with the design of a car. And the reason here is not at all in the itch of invention. Most of the standards of civilization end behind the bypass roads of major cities.
The hype around LED or LED bulbs has been fueled by Chinese lighting manufacturers, who have thrown a huge number of product options for headlights onto the market in recent years. Whether it is of high quality or not is another matter, but the buyer, as they say, caught fire.
Game without rules
Indeed, modern LEDs can last up to forty years, they are insensitive to temperature changes, and most importantly, to vibrations and shocks. Yes, and the light output, at first glance, is considerable - up to 30-60 lm / W or more versus 10-17 lm / W for an incandescent lamp, and it grows, with the development of technology, from year to year.
It would seem that buy and put such light bulbs, besides, the cunning Chinese released them in all known types of socles, which we recently wrote about. There are a lot of designs: with one or more LEDs, with a small focusing lens or without it ... Sellers promise fantastic light, but, alas, they lie on a blue eye.
But what about UNECE Rules No. 112, on the basis of which national standards for automotive lighting were created, in particular GOST R 41.112-2005? Indeed, they clearly state that the headlights marked C - low, R - high, CR - dual-mode (low and high) light, and they are designed either to work with incandescent lamps, or in the case of markings HC, HR and HCR are suitable, respectively, only for halogen incandescent lamps. For HID gas dischargers, or xenon lamps, their headlamp standards are UNECE Regulation No. 98 or GOST R 41.98–99. All of them are available on the official website of the Economic Commission for Europe.
For LED headlights (not to be confused with today's standardized daytime running lights!) Uniform rules are still under development, i.e. GOST only shines for them, which gives rise to a huge number of experiments by car owners.
Focus with focus
Alas, the experimental way to achieve the result is not always the best and shortest, and trying to achieve the perfection of Volkswagen, Opel or Audi, which has LED headlights worth several thousand euros per unit in the A8 or R8 models, is guaranteed to fail. Getting to the level of Peugeot or Kia is also unlikely to succeed - and everything is not easy there.
It's not just about the very "bird" that each of us saw on the focusing stand - the main parameter for the correct setting of the headlights. Something similar can be obtained with LEDs, and the light spot will be tolerable in shape.
It would seem that the temperature of the LED is correct (4500-5000 K), and the brightness is colossal (up to 3000 lm) with a power consumption of 20-30 W, but still the headlights will either shine mediocre or blind. And the point here is not only the brightness of the light source, but also its geometric characteristics. Much of what we see in the headlights depends on the shape, size and orientation of the tungsten filament.
Let's say a string strictly 4.1 mm long is required for a lamp with an H7 base and not only. Moreover, the distance from the support pad of the base to the lower edge of the spiral should be exactly 25 mm! Under them, a system of dispersion and focusing of the headlights of the vast majority of cars has been developed: either a projector - with a traditional design of reflectors and diffusers, or, in common parlance, lensed - a projector. But not under the luminous squares, rectangles and ovals of LEDs.
For LED headlight designs, special projector focusing schemes are still used, fundamentally familiar from both halogen and xenon headlights. On cars of the premium segment, matrix configurations of beam formation and control began to be used, requiring the most complex calculations and expensive auxiliary electronics.
Even the simplest LED lamps require a pulsed, stabilized power supply and a cooling system - the basis for the correct, long and uninterrupted operation of the device. Not to mention the mentioned focusing structures that cannot be done on the knee.
Yes, there are companies that have mastered the production of complete LED headlights. For example, in the German Herth + Buss line there is a version for our Niva. True, the kit will cost as much as 44 thousand rubles! Again German Hella, American J.W. Speaker and other companies have launched projector focusing LED modules that are mounted in certain types of headlights. But all this has nothing to do with mass production yet.
Before tinkering with headlights, it is useful to refer to a school physics textbook for the 7th grade. Read about illumination, light intensity, reflectance of various surfaces. You can finally get acquainted with the Internet resource, which presents some patented headlight designs.
Light at the end of the tunnel?
So, there is no chance for us to get excellent headlights at a reasonable cost? If we talk about LED near and far, then today it is so. Until a unified design of headlights for LED lamps appears, this pleasure will be either insanely expensive or ineffective.
But there is still a way out, even with the notorious halogens. A well-made, serviceable and adjusted headlight, even with a 55-watt light bulb, will provide safe lighting in most cases. Naturally, if the glass of the headlight is not covered with dirt, the reflector has not peeled off, and the voltage in the car network is at least 12 V.
If, under all the conditions met, you are not satisfied with the work of standard headlights, you can try to supply analogues from alternative manufacturers, if any. True, if you like tuning headlights with a modified filling, get ready for the fact that they will most likely be Chinese or Taiwanese. For owners of VAZ products - domestic.
Approximate cost of headlights for popular car models in Russia, rub./pc.
| car brand | Original | Depo (Taiwan) | Hella (Germany) | Direct parts (China) | Magneti Marelli (Italy) | Alkar (Spain) |
| Hyundai Solaris | 8340 | - | - | 4800 | - | - |
| Renault Duster | 5209 | 2994 | - | - | - | 4059 |
| Renault Logan | 4441 | 1955 | - | - | - | 2409 |
| VW Polo sedan | 9841 | 5037 | 10 775 | - | 7952 | - |
| Lada Granta | 4900 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Skoda Octavia | 9190 | - | - | - | 10 012 | - |
| chevrolet cruze | 16 390 | 4194 | - | - | - | 9336 |
| Nissan Qashqai | 10 924 | 7480 | 9190 | - | - | - |
| Kia cee'd | 29 430 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nissan Almera | 13 120 | 5810 | - | - | - | - |
Headlights in the vehicle lighting system occupy a central place. They illuminate the road in front of the vehicle and also serve to detect the vehicle and its intentions to other road users. All this provides the necessary level of safety and comfort.
The front headlight combines, as a rule, several lighting devices in one housing: dipped beam headlight, high beam headlight, position lamp, direction indicator lamp, daytime running lights (if any). The combined structure is called block headlight. The main lighting devices in it are the dipped and main beam headlights. The front headlights also include fog lights, which are installed separately.
dipped headlights is essential for driving in the dark. It is characterized by an asymmetric character (the light beam is stretched along the right side), the presence of a cut-off line (the shadow area is higher, the bright area is below a certain border). The dipped beam headlight implements a compromise between reasonably dazzling other drivers and a sufficiently high level of illumination.
high beam headlights provides the maximum range of illumination of the road, tk. has no restrictions. On the other hand, the high beam headlight creates maximum blindness for other drivers, therefore it is limited in use. The adaptive lighting system significantly improves the efficiency of the use of high beams on the car.
The headlights of a modern car are complex technical systems and, in their own way, works of art. They are individual for each new car model. Depending on the configuration, the car may have several headlight designs. The leading manufacturers of automotive lighting are Hella, Al-Automotive Lighting, Philips.
The classic headlight combines a light source, a reflector and a diffuser. The following light sources are used in the headlights: incandescent lamp, halogen lamp, gas discharge lamp, LEDs.
It is a tungsten filament placed in a glass flask. When the lamp is operating, the filament is heated, which is accompanied by the evaporation of tungsten from the surface. The thread thins and burns out over time. In addition, when the tungsten evaporates, the lamp darkens.
IN halogen lamp the tungsten filament is surrounded by a halogen gas (iodine, bromine), which makes it possible to raise the temperature of the filament and increase the level of illumination. The service life of a halogen lamp (up to 1000 hours) is much longer than a conventional incandescent lamp, because. heating of tungsten occurs in a closed cycle. During evaporation, tungsten combines with the gas and circulates through the flask. When in contact with the filament, the compound breaks up, and the tungsten settles on the filament.
IN discharge lamp(High-intensity discharge, HID) the luminous flux is created by heating the gas with high voltage. Automotive discharge lamps use xenon, which has a high luminous efficiency. To ignite and power a xenon lamp, additional equipment is required, which significantly increases the cost of the headlight. The service life of the gas discharge lamp reaches 2000 hours.
(Light Emitting Diode, LED) as automotive light sources are gaining rapid popularity. They have a lifespan of up to 3000 hours or more, consume less power and provide acceptable light levels. Currently, LEDs are widely used as indoor light sources ( instrument lighting, indicator lamps) and external ( rear lights, additional brake lights, Daytime Running Lights) lighting. Since 2007, white LEDs have been used as low and high beam sources.
Light sources are characterized by a number of parameters: voltage, power, luminous flux. The derivative of these parameters is the light output ( luminous flux per unit power), serving as a kind of indicator of the efficiency and economy of the lamp.
The main characteristics of light sources for a 12V network are given in the table:
The reflector, depending on the type of headlight, reflects light from the source directly onto the road or optical lens. The reflector is made of plastic or metal. More versatile plastic reflectors that allow you to create any geometric shape. A thin layer of aluminum is applied to the surface of the reflector. 
The main types of reflectors are: parabolic, free-form and ellipsoidal. used in classic headlights, in which the light level is proportional to the size of the reflector (more reflector more light).
(Homogeneous Numerically Calculated Surface, HNS) is divided into separate sections (vertical, radial), which have their own focal length and are optimized for a certain nature of light reflection. The reflector type HNS ensures high uniformity of illumination. The geometric surface of the reflector is developed using computer simulation.
A parabolic reflector and a free-form reflector form the basis of reflective (reflex) headlights.
It is part of the Poly Ellipsoid System (PES) lighting system. The ellipsoidal reflector, together with the optical lens, can significantly reduce the size of the headlight while maintaining the level of illumination and the direction of the light launch. An ellipsoidal reflector has projection (projector) headlights, in everyday life they are called lensed headlights.
The role of the diffuser in modern headlights is minimal, because. the distribution of light is carried out mainly by the reflector. Since 1992, plastic diffusers have been widely used.
Halogen headlights
Currently, halogen headlights are the most common type of headlights. They use a halogen lamp as a light source. Halogen headlights are used for low and high beams. Structurally, the headlights can be divided and combined, the so-called. bi-halogen. Low beam headlights use free-form or ellipsoid reflectors, high beams use free-form or parabolic reflectors.
Creating a cut-off border of the low beam in combined headlights is done in two ways: a reflective cap on a halogen lamp with two filaments, a light screen in the projection system. Maintaining a certain position of the headlight relative to the plane of the body provides electromechanical corrector.
xenon headlights
Xenon headlights are very popular due to the high level of illumination. Headlights are offered as standard equipment for business and premium cars, as well as optional for budget cars. Unlike halogen headlights, xenon headlights have a more complex design. In addition to the headlight itself, the system includes an ignition unit and an electronic control unit, which provide gas ignition with an AC voltage pulse of 10-20 kV and power supply during operation.
Xenon headlights can be reflector and projector, while projector headlights are more popular with the consumer. Separately, xenon headlights are rarely used for low and high beams. Bi-xenon headlights are mainly used, in which the low and high beam functions are implemented in one headlight. Creating a cut-off line in bi-xenon headlights is carried out in several ways:
- light screen in projection headlights;
- horizontal movement of a discharge lamp in reflective headlights.
Bi-xenon headlights are usually equipped with a tilt and swivel module. This greatly expands the scope of the headlight. Due to the design features, xenon headlights are necessarily equipped with automatic headlight range control and headlight washer.
LED headlights
LED headlights have been used quite recently and there are not so many examples of their use - a number of Audi, Cadillac, Lexus models. For example, in the Audi R8, the LED headlight consists of three multi-chip LEDs. Each multichip LED includes two simple LEDs, each with its own reflector. The luminous flux from all LEDs is converted in a common projection lens. To create a cut-off line in the LED headlight, a light screen is used. Despite the significant advantages, LED headlights are still very rarely used.
A number of manufacturers offer LED lamps with a base for placing halogen lamps in regular places. Such LED lamps, despite the fact that they shine very brightly, do not provide the required level of illumination.
