Answer:STOA - a station for the maintenance and repair of cars. Modern service stations are multifunctional enterprises that can be classified:
· by purpose (degree of specialization);
· location;
· production capacity (number of production posts and sites);
· competitiveness.
depending from the location of the service station subdivided:
- for urban;
- road;
This division determines the difference in the number of production posts and the technological equipment of service stations.
Road service stations are universal, have from one to five working posts and are designed to perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions that occur along the way, as well as to refuel vehicles with fuel and oil. Road stations are usually built in conjunction with gas stations.
By degree of specializationcar service enterprises are divided into:
- for complex (universal);
-specialized by type of work;
- Self-service station.
Integrated service stations perform the entire range of maintenance and repair of vehicles. They can be universal - for servicing and repairing several brands of cars or specialized - for servicing one brand of car.
Specialized car service enterprises are also classified according to specific makes and models of cars and types of work (maintenance and repairs during the warranty period, maintenance and repairs after the warranty period).
Service stations are subdivided by level of specialization:
- maintenance and repair of foreign cars only - the share of foreign cars in the total fleet is 23%, but 28% of car service enterprises are engaged in servicing foreign cars;
-maintenance and repair of cars only of domestic production - 75% of the fleet, but only 21% of car service enterprises (maintenance);
- maintenance and repair of cars, both domestic and foreign - 51%.
By type of work STOA are divided into:
for diagnostic;
repair and adjustment of brakes;
repair of power supplies and electrical equipment;
repair of automatic transmissions;
body repair, tire fitting, washing, etc.
By production capacity(Based on the number of production posts and sites), urban workshops can be divided into small, medium, large and large.
Small service stations with up to 10 working posts perform the following types of work: washing and harvesting, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, tire fitting, electric carburetor, bodywork, body tinting, welding, repair of units. The main share of this group is made up of specialized service stations. As a rule, they are engaged in performing only preventive work and are located within a radius not exceeding 10-15 km from the consumer.
Medium service stations with the number of working posts from 11 to 30 perform the same types of work as small stations. In addition, a complete diagnosis of the technical condition of the car and its units, painting of the entire car, replacement of units is carried out here, and cars can also be sold.
Large service stations with more than 30 posts perform all types of maintenance and repair in full. These service stations may have specialized areas for overhaul of units and assemblies. Production lines can be used to perform diagnostic and maintenance work. As a rule, these service stations sell cars.
According to competitive characteristicsThe auto service market can be subdivided as follows.
First group- branded (dealer) service stations that sell and service cars of specific companies and work directly with companies, concerns, manufacturing enterprises - authorized centers. These specialized workshops have modern technological equipment, original spare parts, a wide range of services for a specific brand of vehicles, trained personnel with a high level of customer service culture, a high reputation and high prices.
Branded service stations perform functions related to the maintenance and repair of vehicles during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. In addition, they can be considered as subdivisions of car factories, providing them with reliable information about the quality of cars produced. At the same time, branded service stations can act as centers for the production and technical training of personnel.
second groupmake up the former state service stations, which have extensive experience in car service, specially designed premises, advantageous location, good traditions, but outdated views on the attitude towards the consumer and inertia, which makes it difficult for them to fully and effectively adapt to market conditions. These workshops have good but often outdated equipment, established relationships with customers who are used to using their services, usually low prices, they are trusted because they have been accustomed to adhere to laws since the old days, they have a good image, but not the best quality of spare parts. In terms of market coverage in terms of the range of services, they can be called universal.
To the third groupinclude private, newly created service stations that emerged after the transition to a market economy. In general, they have the same characteristics as the second group.
to the fourth groupinclude car services at the production and technical base of motor transport and other enterprises. Here, there is a relatively low level of maintenance and repair technology, a low service culture, low qualification of personnel, low aesthetics of production, an overestimated duration of work and a narrow specialization in car models.
to the fifth groupcar service enterprises include garage car services. In terms of characteristics, they are inferior to the enterprises of the previous group.
Question 7. Types of technological processes. Definitions and characteristics.
Answer:A technological process is a part of the production process that contains purposeful actions to change and (or) determine the state of the product. For example, in the process of machining, the dimensions, shape, relative position and magnitude of microroughness of the machined surfaces are changed; during heat treatment - the state of the product, its hardness, structure and other properties of the material; when assembling a product, the relative position of the parts in the assembly being assembled.
The technological process is the main part of the production process.
Under the technological processes at the service station is understood the sequence of technological operations necessary to perform a certain type of technical impact.
The technological process at the service station should provide flexibility in the performance of the ordered maintenance and repair services, which involves the use of universal and specialized posts, and therefore the possibility of carrying out various combinations of production operations for all works of this type without moving the car (with the exception of specialized posts).
It is customary to distinguish three types of technological processes (TP):
· unit;
· typical;
· group.
Each TP is developed in preparation for the production of products, the designs of which have been worked out for manufacturability. A technological process is developed for the manufacture of a new product or the improvement of an existing one.
Unitthe technological process is developed individually for a specific part.
grouptechnological process is called the technological process of manufacturing a group of products with different design, but common technological features. The group technological process (GTP) is intended for the joint production of a group of products of various configurations under specific conditions at specialized workplaces. GTP is developed for the purpose of economically expedient application of methods and means of large-scale and mass production in the conditions of single, small-scale and serial production.
Modeltechnological process is called the technological process of manufacturing a group of products with common design and technological features. A typical technological process must be rational, in specific production conditions, characterized by the unity of the content and sequence of most technological operations for a group of products that have common design features.
When designing or reconstructing and organizing production activities, service stations are guided by the Norms of technological design of enterprises ONTP-ATP-STO.
The basic principles of planning solutions for service stations are the same as for ATP. The following are just some of the features used in the planning decisions that are typical for the service station.
Despite the variety of factors that have different effects on the layout of the service station, there are a number of general provisions and design requirements that should be taken into account when developing projects and their planning solutions.
These include: the location of the main zones and production sites of the enterprise in one building without dividing the enterprise into small premises; staged development of service stations, providing for its expansion without significant restructuring and disruption of functioning; providing convenience for customers by appropriately arranging the premises they use.
When developing a master plan for service stations, similarly to ATP, one should be guided by the relevant chapters of building codes and regulations (SNiP).
A building (canopy) for self-service posts may be located on the territory of the service station.
In the case of placing a gas station service station in the complex, it is necessary to take into account in the general transport scheme of the general plan a separate traffic flow to the gas station with its own storage area. At the same time, the traffic flow to the gas station should not cross the flow of arrival and departure of cars to the service station.
At the heart of the planning decision of the service station, as well as for the ATP, is the flow diagram (Fig. 21.1) and the requirements for fire and sanitary and hygienic conditions for zones, areas and posts for repairing bodies using welding.
At the service station, it is allowed to place motor, aggregate, mechanical, electrical and power supply sections in the same room with maintenance and repair posts.
Car wash posts located in the chambers are also allowed to be placed in the premises of maintenance and repair posts.
At small service stations (with up to 10 posts) in the premises of maintenance and repair posts, it is allowed to place a spray booth and posts for body repair using welding. At the same time, the above posts should be fenced with fireproof screens 1.8 m high from the floor and located at a distance of at least 15 m from the open openings of the spray booth.
When designing painting areas, two rooms should be provided, one for painting work and the other for preparing paints. At service stations with up to
Rice. 21.1.
10 for placement of the painting area it is allowed to provide one room.
The main room at the service station is the maintenance and repair area, which, by the nature of the production process, must be connected with all auxiliary areas.
Posts in the maintenance and repair area, depending on the power of the station, can be universal or specialized by type of work (lubricating, diagnostic, maintenance, etc.).
In small urban and road service stations, dead-end universal posts are mainly used.
At large stations, production lines for TR are used along with universal posts; specialized posts are provided for replacing units, rearranging wheels, etc.
In the areas of maintenance and repair, it is necessary to provide posts for urgent maintenance.
Waiting place- a car place intended for parking cars while they are waiting for acceptance and delivery, setting up a working post, repairing a unit, assembly, device removed from it.
Work post - a car place equipped with appropriate technological equipment and designed to perform technical actions performed directly on the car to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance. These are the posts of washing, diagnostics, maintenance, current repair and painting (Table 21.1).
Table 21.1. Distribution of working posts of typical service stations
|
Production |
Number of posts |
|||
|
Diagnostics |
||||
|
body repair |
||||
* Performed at one of the maintenance and repair posts.
f * For small-volume work - welding, editing of individual elements of the body, touch-up.
Auxiliary post - a car place where technologically auxiliary operations are performed directly on the car, necessary to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance. These are posts: acceptance - delivery of cars; preparation for painting; drying after painting and washing.
The geometric dimensions of the maintenance, repair and storage zones are determined according to the method specified for the ATP.
The practice of service station operation has developed certain planning solutions based on the specifics of the enterprise data.
This primarily applies to the premises associated with customer service. So, the control room is usually located next to the area for receiving and issuing cars, next to the control room and the area for receiving and issuing cars - a car diagnostics area, an office and a cash desk.
This list of structural subdivisions is not typical for all types of service stations; at small stations, for example, up to 11 posts, some types of work are combined in one area. The purpose of the production sites is indicated below and a brief description of the work performed on them is given.
The site for receiving and issuing cars is designed to perform the following works:
upon acceptance - an external inspection of the car and checking its completeness, units and assemblies, the malfunction of which is indicated by the owner of the car, as well as affecting traffic safety, determining the condition of the car in order to identify defects not declared by the owner, determining the approximate volume, cost, deadline for the completion of work and the method of eliminating defects, coordinating all issues with the owner of the car, processing documents;
when issuing - control of the work performed specified in the work order, external examination, verification of completeness and delivery of the car to the owner.
When accepting and issuing cars, it is possible and advisable to use diagnostic equipment. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.
The site of cleaning and washing works is intended for cleaning the interior of the car body, washing the car engine from below and above, drying and polishing the car body. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.
The diagnostic section is designed to determine the technical condition of the vehicle, its units and mechanisms without disassembly. Diagnostics is a technological element of maintenance and repair, as well as the main method for performing control work. Diagnostics makes it possible to ensure high operational reliability of vehicles, increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of current repairs, spare parts and materials.
The number of posts in the diagnostic section, their equipment, layout, as well as their specialization and cooperation among themselves, the acceptance-issuance posts and the adjustment work posts are determined by the volume and nature of production, the method of organization, as well as the tasks that diagnostics should solve at the service station.
The maintenance section is designed to carry out a preventive set of works aimed at preventing failures and malfunctions, maintaining vehicles in a technically sound condition and ensuring their reliable, safe and economical operation.
Regardless of the type of maintenance, cleaning and washing, fastening, diagnostic and adjustment, lubrication and tire work is carried out at work stations equipped with appropriate technological equipment, and complex or specialized work, depending on the volume of the service station production program and the method of organization. With a related technology, maintenance and repair work are carried out at the same posts of various production sites.
The lubrication and filling area is intended for changing oil and adding it to the engine and transmission units, replacing filters and lubricating the cardan shaft joints, running gear, control mechanisms, wheel hub bearings, body points in the volume of TO-1, TO-2 or specified in SK coupons. Certain types of lubrication and filling operations can be performed at the request of the owners. For example, oil changes in individual units and lubrication of certain vehicle components can be performed not only at specialized, but also at other posts, depending on the volume of the production program.
The TR section is designed to perform a set of works on the units and components of the vehicle, the malfunction of which cannot be eliminated by adjusting work in order to restore their parameters and performance.
Depending on the nature and place of work, TR is performed either at work posts or at specialized sections (production departments) of the station. Guard work includes: disassembly and assembly operations performed directly on the vehicle, adjustment and fixing work, troubleshooting of brake and other systems, as well as minor damage to the body, assemblies and assemblies without their dismantling and disassembly. The working posts of the TR section of cars are equipped with the necessary equipment, lifting devices, fixtures and tools. A number of jobs, such as changing carburetors and spark plugs, by their nature do not require the use of hoists and can be performed at floor stations or appropriate station car stations equipped with mobile jacks, fixtures and tools.
Works that, by their nature, are not subject to execution at the working posts of TR, are carried out in specialized areas: aggregate-mechanical - disassembly and assembly, washing, repair and restoration and control work on the engine, gearbox, steering, front and rear axles and other units , components and parts removed from the vehicle, as well as metalwork and mechanical work using screw-cutting lathes, drilling and other machines.
Rechargeable - recharging, charging and repairing batteries, as well as preparing distilled water and electrolyte. Batteries are repaired at specialized or large service stations in the repair department of the site, where the filling mastic and defective parts are replaced, lead battery parts are cast, output terminals are welded, jumpers are soldered, etc.
Electrotechnical - inspection and repair of units and devices of electrical equipment, the malfunction of which could not be eliminated at the TR posts after cleaning from dust and dirt, inspection and testing at special installations; units and devices to be repaired are disassembled into components and parts, washed and dried, defective and, depending on the technical condition, replaced or repaired, and also checked at the appropriate control stand or installation.
Carburetor - disassembly of carburetors with the elimination of detected defects, selection of jets, checking the fuel level in the float chamber, as well as repair and testing of fuel pumps. Devices requiring repair are washed in a special bath before disassembly, and after repair they are tested on stands and installations.
Tire repair - dismantling and mounting of tires, repair of cameras, replacement of disks, cameras and tires, wheel balancing, depending on the standard sizes of the service station. Tires are cleaned, dismantled on stands and defective, wheel rims are cleaned of corrosion and painted, tubes are repaired by patching and vulcanizing.
After assembling the wheels, they are statically and dynamically balanced on a special stand.
Oboinom - repair of seats and backs, replacement and repair of ceiling upholstery, as well as the manufacture of insulating covers and body upholstery, depending on the standard size of the service station. For work, they use special sewing machines, workbenches for disassembling pillows and seats, tables and templates for cutting upholstery materials, chests and racks. The removal and replacement of the upholstery of the body, as well as the seats, is carried out at the working posts of the body shop of the service station.
Bodywork - replacement of individual body parts, as well as tinsmithing, welding, coppersmithing and forging and spring work, manufacturing of body parts necessary for replacement, straightening and repair of emergency vehicles at special stands, depending on the standard size of the service station. Tinsmith work includes repairs to fenders, mudguards, hoods, radiator linings, doors, and other body parts. Reinforcement works include repair of locks, hinges, power windows, installation of handles, brackets, insertion of glass and edging. Copper works are connected with the repair of radiators, fuel tanks, fuel and oil pipelines.
Painting - painting the body and its parts. In the department of preparatory work - the removal of old paint, putty and polishing. Here, small areas of the body and its parts are usually tinted. In the painting department, a primer is applied and dried, the body is partially or completely painted, and an anti-noise mastic and an anti-corrosion coating are applied. All work related to the spraying of paints and varnishes and their drying is carried out in special hermetic chambers equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, which excludes the possibility of the formation of explosive concentrations in the chambers and the penetration of solvent vapors and paint mist from the chambers into the room. The preparation of mixtures, the preparation of varnishes and paints and the dilution of solvents, the washing of guns and paint pressure tanks and other processes associated with these operations are carried out in special ventilated rooms of the paint preparation department.
In addition to the main production areas, the stations have a spare parts warehouse, a client room, administrative and amenity premises, located, as a rule, on the second floor, etc. In the TO and TR zone, as well as bodywork, painting and other areas, in addition to workers, auxiliary posts are provided and car-waiting places, on which certain types of work can also be performed if necessary.
The production and technical base of the auto maintenance system is mainly made up of enterprises (structural units) of three types: service stations, including workshops and maintenance and repair points; bases and warehouses of material and technical supply; garages and car parks.
At car centers and large service stations of regional or zonal significance, and often at smaller service stations, all three types of car service enterprises can be combined not only functionally, but also territorially (Fig. 2.1).
Modern service stations carry out: car sales and pre-sales service for new and used cars; sale of spare parts, operating materials and accessories to them; MOT and TR during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation; KR of units and restoration repair of cars, including the elimination of damage to the car body caused by a traffic accident.
These works are performed depending on the availability of relevant production sites at the service station, each of which is assigned a certain number of vehicle-seats.
A car-seat is a section of the service station area (in a building, under a canopy, in an open area) for parking a car during service, waiting for service or issuing to the owner. According to their technological purpose, car-places in the service station building are divided into working and auxiliary posts, car-waiting places. In terms of planning, the difference between “posts” and “car-waiting places” lies in the standard distances between cars installed on them, as well as between cars and building structural elements.
The working post is a car-place equipped with appropriate technological equipment and designed to perform technical actions directly on the car to maintain and restore its technically sound condition and appearance - these are washing, diagnostics, MOT, TR and painting posts.
Rice. 2.1. VAZ special auto center for 50 working posts for Zhiguli cars: a - master plan: 1 - production building; 2 - administrative building; 3 - gas station; 4 - checkpoint; 5 - parking of cars; 6 - platform for unloading new cars; 7 - parking of new cars for 127 car places; 8 - parking of repaired cars for 124 car-places; 9 - treatment facilities; 10 - parking of cars received for repair, for 57 car-seats; b - layout of the production building: 1 - car sales store with a salon; 2 - trading floor; 3 - area of pre-sale preparation; 4 - lubrication posts; 5 - diagnostic posts; 6 - posts of warranty service; 7 - posts TO and TR; 8 - body repair area; 9 - wallpaper section; 10 - painting area; 11 - technical rooms; 12 - warehouse of spare parts; 13 - aggregate-mechanical section; 14 - engine test section; 15 - Mednitsky site; 16 - forging and welding area; 17 - fuel equipment repair area; 18 - battery section; 19 - tire fitting area; 20 - electrical equipment repair area; 21 - washing posts; 22 - car acceptance area; 23 - car issuance area; 24 - control room; 25 - room for clients.
The auxiliary post is designed to perform technologically auxiliary operations directly on the vehicle, but necessary for maintaining and restoring its technically sound condition and appearance, these are posts for receiving and issuing cars, preparing them for painting, drying after painting and washing.
The car-waiting place is designed to park the car while it is waiting for: acceptance-delivery, putting it into a working post, repairing a unit (assembly, device) removed from it.
In addition to the main production activity, other types of services are also provided at large service stations: cars, tires, spare parts, car accessories and operating materials are sold; consultations on technical and legal issues, commodity expertise are organized; claims are filed, etc.
Depending on the capacity (estimated number of comprehensively serviced vehicles), size (number of work posts or car seats in the service station building), location, purpose and specialization of the service station, the types of work performed by them and their combinations may be different.
According to the principle of placement, service stations are distinguished urban and road; by the nature of the main production activity - warranty (manufacturer), complex, specialized, self-service; by production capacity and size - small, medium, large and large (Fig. 2.2).
City service stations(Fig. 2.3) are designed to service the fleet of cars owned by citizens in cities and other settlements, and road service stations are designed to provide technical assistance to all vehicles on the way.
City service stations can be universal or specialized, depending on the type of work and car brands. These also include factory warranty service stations.
According to the Giproavtotrans classification for existing projects, service stations are divided into four types by capacity and size: small - up to 15, medium - up to 30, large - up to 50 and large - over 50 working posts. According to the classification of the Ministry of Automotive Industry of the USSR (Glavavtotekhoobsluzhivaniya), city service stations are divided into small - up to 10, medium - up to 34 and large - from 35 work posts. It is on this size that the projects of modern workshops are based. The size and purpose of the workshop determine its type or size.
Urban workshops generally have a relatively constant clientele and perform, if production capacity permits, comprehensive vehicle services.
Roadside workshops have a casual clientele and their main task is to repair failures and malfunctions that have occurred in transit vehicles. Such a difference is reflected in the calculation methods, structural composition and technological equipment of service stations and predetermines the nature of their production activities (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1
Types of work designed to be performed at service stations of various types
|
Name of works |
City service stations |
Road service stations |
||
|
big and big |
||||
|
Diagnosis of components and assemblies that affect traffic safety | ||||
|
Advanced Diagnostics | ||||
|
Washing and harvesting | ||||
|
Maintenance in the scope: | ||||
|
Lubricants | ||||
|
Adjusting | ||||
|
Tire | ||||
|
Electrocarburetor | ||||
|
Recharging batteries | ||||
|
Battery repair and charging | ||||
|
TP units | ||||
|
Replacement of aggregates | ||||
|
KR aggregates | ||||
|
Mednicki | ||||
|
Welding | ||||
|
Zhestyanitsky | ||||
|
Body | ||||
|
Tint | ||||
|
Full body paint | ||||
|
Anti-corrosion coating | ||||
|
Sale of spare parts and materials | ||||
|
Cars sale | ||||
|
Technical assistance on call | ||||
|
Car refueling | ||||
Over the past decade, the structural composition of the fleet of cars owned by citizens has changed significantly, which creates prerequisites for the development of a network of service stations specialized in car brands. However, in the short term, it should be expected that the main type of city station will still be universal in terms of brands of serviced vehicles and complex in terms of types of work performed (especially in small towns and settlements).
An analysis of the STOA production activity showed the preference for such a direction of development, including for stations that were originally designed with a limited range of work. This is due to the current level of motorization in most cities and regions of the country and the development of the service station network. The specialization of service stations, due to a high level of concentration of work, without a proper feasibility study, only complicates car maintenance for car owners and negatively affects the economy of service stations, although the idea of specialization and cooperation of stations is progressive in itself.
At present, the orientation of the service station to perform certain types of work is determined mainly by its production capabilities, i.e., the availability of appropriate areas, sites, equipment, etc.
With the increase in the fleet of cars and the further development of the service station network, specialized integrated service stations will become widespread, i.e. service stations that perform maintenance and repair of a certain brand of car, as well as service stations specialized in types of work, for example, in diagnosing (Fig. 2.4), washing, repair of electrical equipment and power supplies, brakes, units, body painting, etc. These and other works can be performed in various combinations with each other with partial specialization. This prospect is confirmed by the existing practice in large cities such as Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, where the level of saturation with cars is much higher than the national average, and the calculations of Giproavtotrans, NIIAT and other organizations, as well as foreign experience.
The grounds for the specialization of service stations by car brands or types of work are the presence in the serviced region of a sufficient number of objects of labor influences that ensure the full loading of the station and the efficient use of high-performance equipment, the possibility of using advanced technology and rational organization of production.
A certain number of car owners prefer to carry out MOT and TR on their own. However, the existing conditions do not always allow this, since there are self-service posts only at some domestic service stations. Meanwhile, not only posts, but also self-service stations have become widespread abroad. In the future, further development of self-service is possible in our country, including through the organization of specialized stations.
The main difficulties in solving this issue are the organization of appropriate quality control and compliance with safety regulations. In connection with the constant improvement of the design of the car, its maintenance requires a qualified approach, the use of sophisticated modern equipment with high accuracy, as well as appropriate technology. Loss of quality during maintenance and repair in most cases leads to traffic accidents and environmental pollution.
Road service stations(Fig. 2.5) are designed to provide technical assistance as needed to all vehicles en route. Usually they are small and consist of several working posts, universal in terms of types and brands of vehicles serviced, but limited in the list of services they provide.
Rice. 2.5. Road service station for 3 working posts:
/ - room for clients; 2 - household premises; 3 - warehouse of spare parts; 4 - posts MOT and TR cars; 5 - post MOT and TR of buses and trucks on the ditch; 6-post for washing buses and trucks; 7 - posts for washing cars
Table 2.2
Key indicators for typical service station projects
|
Indicators | ||||||||
|
from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with the number of working posts |
from light metal structures with a number of working posts |
road with the number of working posts 1 |
||||||
|
Number of vehicles serviced per year | ||||||||
|
Number of car rides per year, thousand units | ||||||||
|
Number of cars sold per year | ||||||||
|
Total population personnel, pers. | ||||||||
|
Including: workers employed in Maintenance and repair of cars | ||||||||
|
production workers | ||||||||
|
support workers | ||||||||
|
junior service personnel | ||||||||
|
administrative and management personnel | ||||||||
|
employees in the store and in pre-sales training | ||||||||
|
STOA site area, ha | ||||||||
|
The same in combination with mechanized commercial car wash, paid parking, gas station | ||||||||
|
Building area, m 2 | ||||||||
|
Useful area of the building, m2 | ||||||||
|
Including: industrial premises | ||||||||
|
administrative premises | ||||||||
|
car delivery rooms | ||||||||
|
Total number of car-seats | ||||||||
|
Including: in production premises and in the premises for the delivery of cars | ||||||||
|
Of which: work posts | ||||||||
|
auxiliary posts | ||||||||
|
car-waiting places | ||||||||
|
Total in store | ||||||||
|
Of which: in the trading floor | ||||||||
|
demo car seats | ||||||||
|
under the canopy of finished cars | ||||||||
|
open car park: waiting for service | ||||||||
|
For sale | ||||||||
|
Total cost building construction, thousand rubles | ||||||||
|
Including: construction and installation works | ||||||||
|
equipment | ||||||||
|
other works | ||||||||
1 In parentheses are data on the availability of posts for the winter season.
Depending on the purpose and capacity of service stations, they mainly perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions, mainly by replacing components and parts that are needed along the way, when refueling vehicles with fuel, oil and other operating materials , as well as when providing technical assistance on the road by specialists of mobile workshops and when towing vehicles that have lost the ability to move on their own.
At road service stations it is advisable to sell a wide range of spare parts that are in the greatest demand, car accessories and operating materials in small packages and have self-service posts, rest rooms and buffets available. Such service stations can be part of motels, as well as be built in conjunction with gas stations (NPPs). In addition, at gas stations, if they are located at a considerable distance from road or other types of stations, they organize small technical assistance points for 1-2 posts and self-service posts (Fig. 2.6).
In table. 2.2 shows the main technical and economic indicators of existing standard projects of service stations.
ASSIGNMENT OF PRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZED AREAS OF STOA
Car acceptance and delivery area designed to perform the following work:
upon acceptance - external inspection of the car; checking its completeness, units and assemblies, the failure of which is indicated by the owner of the car, as well as affecting the safety of movement, the technical condition of the car in order to identify defects not declared by the owner; determination of the approximate volume, cost, deadline for the performance of work and the method of eliminating defects; coordination of all issues with the owner of the car, paperwork;
when issuing - control of the work performed, specified in the work order, external inspection, check of completeness and delivery of the car to the owner.
When accepting and issuing cars, it is possible and advisable to use diagnostic equipment. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.
Cleaning and washing area designed for cleaning the interior of the car body, washing the engine, the car from below and above, drying and polishing the body. At modern service stations, 48
As a rule, sites for performing these works are provided with the necessary equipment and water treatment facilities. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the site.
Diagnosis area is designed to determine the technical condition of the car, its units and mechanisms without development. Diagnostics is a technological element of maintenance and repair, as well as the main method for performing control work. Diagnostics makes it possible to ensure high operational reliability of vehicles, increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of current repairs, spare parts and materials.
The number of posts in the diagnostic area, their equipment, layout, as well as their specialization and cooperation among themselves, between the acceptance-issuance posts and the adjustment work posts are determined by the volume and nature of production, the method of organization, as well as the tasks that diagnostics at the service station should solve .
Maintenance section is designed to carry out a preventive set of works aimed at preventing failures and malfunctions, maintaining vehicles in a technically sound condition and ensuring their reliable, safe and economical operation. Regardless of the type of maintenance, fixing, diagnostic, adjustment, lubrication and tire work is carried out at work stations equipped with appropriate technological equipment, and complex or specialized work is performed depending on the volume of the service station production program and the method of organization. With a related technology, maintenance and repair work is carried out at the same posts by specialists from different production sites.
Lubricating and refueling area is intended for changing oil and topping it up in the engine and transmission units, replacing filters and lubricating the cardan shaft joints, running gear, control mechanisms, wheel hub bearings, body points in the volume of TO-1, TO-2 or specified in service books. Certain types of lubrication and filling operations can be performed at the request of the owners. For example, oil changes in individual units and lubrication of certain vehicle components can be carried out not only at specialized, but also at other posts, depending on the volume of the production program.
TR section is designed to perform a set of works on the units and components of the car, the malfunction of which cannot be eliminated by adjusting work in order to restore their parameters and performance.
Depending on the nature and place of work, TR is performed either at work posts or at specialized sections (production departments) of the service station. Guard work includes: disassembly and assembly operations performed directly on the vehicle, adjustment and fixing work, troubleshooting of brake and other systems, as well as minor damage to the body, assemblies and assemblies without their dismantling and disassembly. The working posts of the TR section of cars are equipped with the necessary equipment, lifting devices, fixtures and tools. A number of jobs, such as changing carburetors and spark plugs, by their nature do not require the use of hoists and can be carried out at floor stations or appropriate workshop vehicles equipped with mobile jacks, fixtures and tools.
/ Works that, by their nature, are not subject to execution at the working posts of the TR, are carried out at specialized areas:
aggregate-mechanical - disassembly and assembly, washing, repair and restoration and control work on the engine, gearbox, steering, front and rear axles and other units, components and parts removed from the car, as well as locksmith and mechanical work using turning - screw-cutting, drilling and other machines;
battery - recharging, charging and repairing batteries, as well as (if necessary) preparing distilled water and electrolyte. Batteries are usually repaired centrally at specialized or large service stations in the repair department of the site, where the filling mastic and defective parts are replaced, lead battery cells are cast, output terminals are welded, etc.;
electrotechnical - inspection and repair of units and devices of electrical equipment, the malfunction of which could not be eliminated at the TR posts after cleaning from dust and dirt, inspection and testing at special installations. The units and devices to be repaired are disassembled into components and parts, washed and dried, defective and, depending on the technical condition, replaced or repaired, and also checked at the appropriate control stand or installation;
carburetor (fuel equipment) - disassembly of carburetors with the elimination of detected defects, selection of jets, checking the fuel level in the float chamber, as well as repairing and checking the performance of fuel pumps and other power system devices. Devices requiring repair are washed in a special bath before disassembly, and after repair they are tested on stands or installations;
tire repair (tire fitting) - dismantling and mounting of tires, repair of tubes, replacement of disks, tubes and tires, wheel balancing depending on the size of the service station. Tires are cleaned, dismantled on stands and defective, wheel rims are cleaned of corrosion and painted, tubes are repaired by patching and vulcanizing. After assembling the wheels, they are statically and dynamically balanced on a special stand;
wallpaper - repair of seats and backs, replacement and repair of ceiling upholstery, as well as the manufacture of insulating covers and body upholstery, depending on the standard size of the service station. For work, they use special sewing machines, workbenches for disassembling pillows and seats, tables and templates for cutting upholstery materials, chests and racks. Removal and replacement of the upholstery of the body, as well as the seats, is carried out at the working posts of the body shop of the service station;
bodywork - replacement of individual body parts, as well as tin, welding, copper and forging and spring work, production of body parts necessary for replacement, straightening and repair of emergency vehicles at special stands, depending on the standard size of the service station. Tinsmith work includes repairs to fenders, mudguards, hoods, radiator linings, doors, and other body parts. Reinforcement works include repair of locks, hinges, power windows, installation of handles, brackets, insertion of glass and edging. Copper works are related to the repair of radiators, fuel tanks, fuel and oil pipelines;
painting - painting the body and its parts. In the department of preparatory work, the old paint is removed, putty and polished. Here, small areas of the body and its parts are usually tinted. At the painting area, a primer is applied and dried, the body is partially or completely painted, and an anti-noise mastic and an anti-corrosion coating are applied. All work related to the spraying of paints and varnishes and their drying is carried out in special hermetic chambers equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation, which excludes the possibility of explosive concentrations in the chambers and the penetration of solvent vapors and paint mist from the chambers into the room. The preparation of mixtures, the preparation of varnishes and paints, the dilution of solvents, the washing of guns and pressure tanks and other processes associated with these operations are carried out in special ventilated rooms of the paint preparation department.
In addition to the main production sites, the service station has a spare parts warehouse, customer premises, administrative and amenity premises located, as a rule, on the second floor, etc. In the MOT and TR zone, as well as in the body, painting and other areas, except workers, auxiliary posts and car-waiting places are provided, on which, if necessary, certain types of work can also be performed.
This list of structural units is not typical for all types of service stations. At stations of small size, some types of work are combined in one area.
Every buyer of a car, new or old - it doesn't matter, carefully studies its appearance, characteristics, listens to the sound of the engine, checks every detail, is interested in accidents, scratches and other trifles. Does everyone approach the choice of a car service so responsibly?
Car service appointment
Sooner or later the car needs repair. If the car is still under warranty, then there is only one option - contact a dealer car service and have the car repaired by them. What if there is no longer a guarantee? Then cars will come to the rescue, of which there are a lot today.
The fastest and most economical option is private traders. They do provide this service in their garages. Basically, these are minor and urgent repairs without warranty. It is not difficult to find such masters: despite the absence of a signboard and bright advertising, customers come to them mainly based on reviews.
The next option is a bit more expensive - a private car service. They have all the necessary documents, they can give a guarantee, and everything is in order with the equipment. But how to choose one car service from hundreds of the same?
Signs of a good car service station
The main criteria by which a service station can receive positive feedback from car owners:
- It is good if a car service specializes in one or more brands of cars. This suggests that they know their positive and negative sides.
- The opportunity to watch the repair of the car raises the reputation.
- Together with the act of acceptance of work, there must also be a warranty card for the purchased spare parts.
- Correct pricing policy, availability of discounts for regular customers or when performing a large number of works.
- workers.
- Respectful attitude towards the client.
- Wide range of services.
- The speed of repair work.
- Convenient location.
List of services provided
Depending on the direction, a wide variety of types of services are provided at the service station: engine repair, automatic transmission, tire fitting, etc.Body services are less common. Basically, "bone cutters" work separately according to their profile, creating their own car service.
At the service station of trucks work special specialists with the necessary skills and equipment. The large weight of units and assemblies imposes certain restrictions on repairs. For example, equipment for service stations of freight transport should be designed to lift a large weight. It should include crane beams and special lifts.
A fairly popular service ordered during car repair is tire fitting. For the service station, the work of removing the tire from the disk and reinstalling it is included in the full repair cycle, when absolutely all components and assemblies can be repaired, and at the end, pump up the wheels or replace them.
An example of choosing a reliable service station
A 2000 Nissan Almera had an automatic transmission failure. Not far from the city center, in the first service, they carried out diagnostics and said that it would be enough to change the rings and bushings, and everything would work again in normal mode. Accordingly, the cost is small, and repairs will be completed as soon as possible. Upon completion, an invoice is provided. If necessary, you can watch the work, but not in the workshop, but behind the monitor.
In the second service, outside the city, during the first external examination of the car, they decided that the box would cease to function at all after a short time and the only solution was to repair the automatic transmission at the service station. The cost is quite high, it is necessary to leave the car for a few days.
According to the decisions of the masters, it is clear which service you can come to more than once, but which one is better to forget about. In addition to private repairs, an option with a dealer car service is also possible.
Each representative of the car brand has its own dealership, which conducts scheduled maintenance (TO) and performs warranty repairs.
Pros and cons of dealerships
Among the advantages can be identified:
- They are "sharpened" for one brand of car.
- You can always get an official paper on the work done.
- Center view.
- The friendly attitude of the workers of the technical center.
Anyone will ask: "Where is the quality of the work performed?". This is where you need to add about the cons:
- In many centers it is not allowed to watch how the work on car repairs is going on. So you can not be sure that the car was repaired perfectly.
- In many cases, customers complain that during the scheduled maintenance, not a single work was done on the machine.
- High cost of services.
- Deception of customers - due to ignorance of their rights (they are often afraid that when installing signaling equipment, the warranty will be invalidated, but this is not the case).
- When contacting a private service, they can remove the car from the guarantee.
- You can only supply original spare parts, which will cost a pretty penny.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the following should be noted: the choice of a car service must be approached responsibly and not save on your iron horse. A good service center is the key to comfortable, safe and long machine operation. It is best to listen to the advice of avid drivers who know where they make quality cars.
Ideally, it is recommended to find a suitable service station and contact one master who will do the job responsibly. After all, a client using only one service is the key to the success of an employee and a service station. No need to save, but you should not rush to give a lot of money for repairs either. As the saying goes: "The miser pays twice."
The main link (according to the tasks to be solved and the number of enterprises) of the car service system is the subsystem for maintaining cars in working condition. This subsystem performs services for maintenance, repair and other types of technical impacts in order to ensure the safe operation of public cars and is represented by a wide network of car service enterprises of various capacities, scales and purposes.
The car service station provides equipped posts, self-service posts, as well as services for the sale of spare parts and materials. In addition, technical advice on vehicle maintenance and repair can be provided at these stations.
The need to create a widely branched, well-equipped and organized network of car service enterprises, one of the main links of which is service stations, is justified, in addition to technical ones, by the following considerations:
- - economic - according to American economists, funds invested in the production of spare parts and maintenance of sold cars provide twice the profit than when investing in the production of these cars;
- - social - the relative danger of a car as a vehicle is very high and, according to world statistics, the number of traffic accidents (RTA) due to the failure of cars is 10-15% of the total number of accidents.
car service station car
Figure 1.3 - Classification of car service stations.
Organizational forms of maintenance and repair of cars are quite diverse. Modern service stations are multifunctional enterprises that can be classified by purpose (degree of specialization), location, production capacity (number of production posts and sites) and competitiveness.
Depending on the location, service stations are divided into city service stations, which mainly serve the fleet of cars of a particular settlement or territory, and road service stations, which provide technical assistance to cars on the way. This division determines the difference in the number of production posts and the technological equipment of service stations. Road service stations are universal, have from one to five working posts and are designed to perform washing, lubrication, fastening, adjustment work, eliminate minor failures and malfunctions that occur along the way, as well as to refuel vehicles with fuel and oil. Road stations are usually built in conjunction with gas stations.
According to the degree of specialization of cars, car service enterprises are divided into complex (universal), specialized by type of work and self-service stations. Integrated service stations perform the full range of maintenance and repair of vehicles. They can be universal - for maintenance and repair of several brands of cars or specialized - for servicing one brand of car. With the increase in the fleet of cars and the diversification of its structure, specialized service stations for car brands are being developed. This is confirmed by foreign practice, as well as the experience of such cities as Moscow, St. Petersburg.
Specialized car service enterprises are also classified according to specific makes and models of cars and types of work (maintenance and repairs during the warranty period, maintenance and repairs after the warranty period).
Service stations are divided according to the level of specialization:
- - maintenance and repair of foreign-made cars only - the share of foreign cars in the total fleet is 23%, 28% of car service enterprises do not service foreign cars;
- - maintenance and repair of cars only of domestic production - 75% of the fleet, but only 21% of car service enterprises (maintenance);
- - maintenance and repair of cars of both domestic and foreign production - 51%, and at car service enterprises, preventive effects prevail over repair ones for imported cars and repair over preventive ones - for domestic cars.
Car repairs and elimination of the consequences of accidents are usually carried out either by specialized workshops or by relatively large service stations equipped with special equipment.
By type of work, service stations are divided into diagnostic, repair and adjustment of brakes, repair of power supplies and electrical equipment, repair of automatic transmissions, body repair, tire fitting, washing, etc. For example, in the USA, highly specialized stations and workshops make up to 25% of their total number.
In terms of production capacity (based on the number of production posts and sites), city service stations can be divided into small, medium, large and large.
Small service stations with up to 10 working posts perform the following types of work: washing and harvesting, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, tire fitting, electric carburetor, bodywork, body tinting, welding, repair of units. The main share of this group is made up of specialized service stations. As a rule, they are engaged in performing only preventive work and are located within a radius not exceeding 10-15 km from the consumer.
Medium service stations with the number of working posts from 11 to 30 perform the same types of work as small stations. In addition, a complete diagnosis of the technical condition of the car and its units, painting of the entire car, replacement of parts, and also car sales can be carried out here.
Large service stations with more than 30 posts perform all types of maintenance and repair in full. These service stations may have specialized areas for overhaul of units and assemblies. Production lines can be used to perform diagnostic and maintenance work. As a rule, cars are sold at these service stations.
Currently, about half of the auto service enterprises have a capacity of 1 to 3 working posts; more than 40% - from 4 to 10 posts; 7% - up to 30 posts. Large stations account for less than 2%.
According to competitive characteristics, the market for car services can be divided as follows.
The first group is branded (dealer) service stations that sell and service cars of specific companies and work directly with companies, concerns, manufacturing enterprises - authorized centers. These specialized service stations have modern technological equipment, original spare parts, a wide range of services for a specific brand of cars, trained personnel with a high level of customer service culture, a high reputation and high prices.
Branded service stations perform functions related to the maintenance and repair of vehicles during the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. In addition, they can be considered as subdivisions of car factories, providing them with reliable information about the quality of cars produced. At the same time, branded service stations can act as centers for the production and technical training of personnel.
The second group consists of former state-owned service stations that have extensive experience in car service, specially designed premises, advantageous location, good traditions, but outdated views on the attitude towards the consumer and inertia, which makes it difficult for them to fully and effectively adapt to market conditions. These stations have good but often outdated equipment, well-established relationships with consumers who are used to using their services, as a rule, low prices, they are trusted because they have been accustomed to adhere to laws since the old days, they have a good image, but not the best quality of spare parts. In terms of market coverage in terms of the range of services, they can be called universal.
The third group includes private, newly created service stations that appeared after the transition to a market economy. In general, they have the same characteristics as the second group.
The fourth group includes car services at the production and technical base of motor transport and other enterprises. Here, there is a relatively low level of maintenance and repair technology, a low service culture, low qualification of personnel, low aesthetics of production, an overestimated duration of work and a narrow specialization in car models.
The fifth group of car service enterprises includes garage car services. In terms of characteristics, they are inferior to the enterprises of the previous group.
We will consider the structure of the service station network using the example of Moscow. Here, large car service enterprises account for only about 17%; these are sufficiently powerful specialized enterprises (31% of the city's total capacity). The remaining car service facilities rent sites and production facilities: transport enterprises (about 40% of the total number of facilities and 39% of the city's capacity), industrial enterprises (19 and 14%, respectively).
Today there is a big gap between demand (the needs of car owners for car repair and maintenance) and the possibility of its full satisfaction. This is due to two main reasons.
The first reason is the low solvency of a number of car owners, which makes them turn to underground car services. Underground workers are especially active during the warm season, since most of them work in unheated garages and stop their activities in winter. Illegal car services and car washes are literally everywhere. They do not have licenses, do not pay taxes, so their services are much cheaper than in legal service stations. Some car owners generally turn only to them, since a thorough car repair at a legally existing service station is comparable in price to the cost of the car itself. The underground car service occupies a significant part of the car service market, thus hindering the development of legal service stations. It is worth noting that recently the level of consciousness of car owners has been increasing, they are increasingly turning to legal service stations that guarantee high quality work.
The second reason is the lack of production capacity of existing service stations, especially in settlements of regional and district significance, where car service is practically in its infancy. But even in Moscow service stations are sorely lacking. The rapid growth of the vehicle fleet gave rise to serious problems - the overcrowding of the capital's highways and maintaining the proper technical condition of cars. Currently, there are 2.6 thousand car service enterprises, while there should be about 10 thousand. The Moscow Government has adopted a program aimed at developing and improving car service services in the city. Moscow Mayor Yu.M. Luzhkov proposed a simplified registration procedure for opening centers as a measure to support and develop service stations. The mayor instructed the specialists to prepare relevant documents in the near future, including a standard design of buildings for new technical centers. “I think this is of particular importance for small and medium-sized businesses. This task is not for monopolists,” he specified. At the same time, Luzhkov demands, in Moscow it is necessary to implement training programs for personnel, primarily managers of technical centers. With the implementation of this program, the number of service stations in Moscow should increase several times, as a result of which service companies that do not meet the requirements for safety, environmental friendliness and quality of services provided will be forced out of the car market.
Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- - the growth in the volume of services rendered lags behind the pace of motorization of the country;
- - the need for car services is insufficiently provided, car service enterprises are distributed unevenly across cities, so the problem of ensuring the quantity and territorial availability of car services is very relevant;
- - the successful operation of the service station is possible when taking into account all the innovations in the field of auto maintenance, the accumulation and analysis of statistical material, the creation of standard designs of stations, united by a single concept and the possibility of transformation, the availability of highly qualified specialists in this field;
- - the creation of joint ventures with the participation of foreign partners in the field of car service will contribute to the acquisition of experience, the speedy disposal of negative aspects in the activities of the car service enterprise, the accumulation of financial resources for the development of this service sector.
