I read a blog here and thought, how much do I know about carbon? It is durable, beautiful and colorful. I also know that you can glue the car with carbon fiber. I was interested in the story, rummaged a little on the Internet and decided to lay out a copy-paste hodgepodge and my thoughts on this matter.
I’ll probably write right away that there will be a lot of letters) I’ll try to make an interesting post)
Initially, the word carbon came from the abbreviation of the name of the Carboniferous period of the existence of our planet (360-286 million years ago, or according to the wiki 360-299 million years ago), when large reserves of coal were laid in the bowels of the Earth.
The world first got acquainted with carbon fibers in 1880, when Edison suggested using them as the filaments of lamps, but this idea was soon forgotten due to the advent of tungsten wire. It was only in the middle of the last century that people became interested in carbon fiber again when they were looking for new materials that could withstand thousands of temperatures in rocket engines.
For the first time, carbon was used in the NASA program to build spacecraft, then the military began to use carbon. And in 1967, carbon began to be freely sold in England, but its quantity was limited, and the process was controlled by the state. The first company to start selling the new material was the British company Morganite Ltd. At the same time, the sale of carbon fiber, as a strategic product, was strictly regulated.
In 1981, John Barnard pioneered the use of carbon fiber in a racing car, and since then, carbon has made its way into motorsport, where it remains one of the best materials today. Now carbon is included in our daily life.
But let's slowly figure out what carbon is and what it consists of?:
Carbon - made from composite materials. It consists of neatly intertwined carbon strands, which are intertwined at a certain angle.
Carbon threads are very resistant to stretching, they are on a par with steel, because in order to break or stretch them, you need to try very hard. But unfortunately, they are not as good in compression as they are in tension, because they can break. To avoid this, they began to intertwine with each other at a certain angle with the addition of a rubber thread. After that, several finished layers are connected with epoxy resins, and the usual material for our eyes comes out - carbon.
In fact, there are a lot of options for making carbon fiber as such. There are different methods, different approaches, and so on. We are briefly considering the technology, so to speak, for general development, in order to at least imagine how it is and what to eat it with =) The technologies are different, but the essence is the same - these are carbon threads. They are one of the main components.
But let's get back to a more interesting topic. Carbon in motorsport.
let's start with the simplest, so that in the future there would be no questions, what is it? =) * I honestly just found out what it is *
WIKI TO HELP: A monocoque (fr. monocoque) is a type of spatial structure in which (unlike frame or frame structures) the outer shell is the main and, as a rule, the only load-bearing element.
And so, we are now smart, we know what a monocoque is, now let's move on to carbon in motorsport itself.
The appearance of carbon could not but interest the designers of racing cars. By the time carbon fiber was introduced to F1 circuits, nearly all monocoques were made from aluminium. But aluminum had disadvantages, including its lack of strength under heavy loads. The increase in strength required an increase in the size of the monocoque, and hence its mass. Carbon fiber has proven to be a great alternative to aluminum.
Without violating the established traditions, after "service in the army" carbon fiber "take up" sports. Skiers, cyclists, rowers, hockey players and many other athletes appreciate the lightweight and durable equipment. In motorsport, the carbon era began in 1976. First, individual parts made of outlandish black-iridescent material appeared on McLaren cars, and in 1981 the McLaren MP4 entered the track with a monocoque made entirely of carbon fiber composite. So the idea of the chief designer of the Lotus team, Colin Chapman, who created the supporting basis of the racing body in the 1960s, received a qualitative development. However, at that time, the new material was still unknown to motorsport technologists, because the indestructible capsule for McLaren was made by the American company Hercules Aerospace, which has experience in military space development. 
The path of carbon in motorsport was thorny and deserves a separate story. To date, absolutely all Formula 1 cars, as well as almost all “junior” formulas, and most supercars, of course, have a carbon monocoque. Recall that the monocoque is the supporting part of the car structure, the engine and gearbox, suspension, plumage parts, and the driver's seat are attached to it. At the same time, it plays the role of a safety capsule.
Well, it seems that we figured out more or less what carbon is, what it consists of, and when it began to be used in motorsport.
In principle, like all materials on our planet, carbon has its pros and cons:
- The main advantage of carbon fiber is its strength and low weight. Compared to alloys, carbon is 40% lighter than steel, and compared to metals, it is 20% lighter than aluminum. That is why carbon is used in racing car parts, because when the weight is reduced, the strength remains the same.
His appearance. Carbon looks stylish, beautiful and prestigious, both on vehicles and in various other items.
Another important property of carbon fiber is its low deformability and low elasticity. Under load, carbon fiber breaks without plastic deformation. This means that the carbon monocoque will protect the rider from the heaviest impacts. But if it does not withstand, it will not bend, but break. Moreover, it will shatter into sharp pieces. * In general, you can even jump a little on it =) *
- The first disadvantage is that under the influence of the sun, carbon can change its shade.
The second is that if any part covered with carbon is damaged, then it will not be possible to repair it, you will only have to replace it completely.
The third disadvantage is the cost of carbon, because of this, not every car enthusiast will be able to use carbon when tuning.
Another disadvantage: when in contact with metals in salt water, carbon fiber causes severe corrosion and such contacts should be excluded. It is for this reason that carbon fiber could not enter the world of water sports for so long (recently, they learned to get around this shortcoming).
Well, let's continue))) of course it's all interesting, colorful and easy. It turns out that carbon fiber cars are a reality. Moreover, as I understand it, they are much lighter (which gives more chances for acceleration), much stronger (which gives more chances for survival), and insanely beautiful (carbon cars then). But there is a completely small BUT: the cost of real carbon. Not everyone can afford to make such a car, but you really want to touch the world of something very sporty and colorful. Everything is decided - there is a demand, there will be an offer. And here is our answer to expensive carbon:
For the manufacture of carbon parts, both simple carbon fiber with randomly located threads that fill the entire volume of the material, and fabric (Carbon Fabric) are used. There are dozens of types of weaving. The most common are Plain, Twill, Satin. Sometimes weaving is conditional - a ribbon of longitudinally arranged fibers is “tacked” with rare transverse stitches just so as not to crumble.
The density of the fabric, or specific gravity, expressed in g / m2, in addition to the type of weaving, depends on the thickness of the fiber, which is determined by the number of carbon fibers. This characteristic is a multiple of a thousand. So, the abbreviation 1K means a thousand threads in a fiber. The most commonly used fabrics in motorsport and tuning are Plain and Twill with a density of 150-600 g/m2, with a fiber thickness of 1K, 2.5K, 3K, 6K, 12K and 24K. 12K fabric is also widely used in military products (body and head of ballistic missiles, propeller blades of helicopters and submarines, etc.), that is, where parts experience enormous loads.
The "silver" or "aluminum" color is just a paint or metallic coating on the fiberglass. And to call such a material carbon is inappropriate - it is fiberglass. It is gratifying that new ideas continue to appear in this area, but in terms of characteristics, glass cannot be compared with carbon coal. Colored fabrics are most often made of Kevlar. Although some manufacturers use fiberglass here as well; even dyed viscose and polyethylene are found. When trying to save money by replacing Kevlar with the mentioned polymer threads, the connection of such a product with resins deteriorates. There can be no question of any strength of products with such fabrics.
But let's look at the latest and most fashionable trend in the nuclear industry. Carbon fiber car sticker.
The material gained great popularity, since it could be put on the hood, trunk or more complex shape, and the price of finished parts turned out to be 5-7 times cheaper than carbon fiber.
Initially, carbon film appeared in the form of solvent printing on a polymer film. Production was done by redrawing the weaving pattern of the carbon fiber itself, processing it in a graphics editor and outputting it to a plotter. The name of this material was given to Carbon 2d, which means flat (in two planes). 
as you can see, "flat" carbon is quite uninteresting. It's like watching a movie in black and white on a fancy modern TV.
But after all, carbon under varnish looks much more voluminous and better, so the enthusiasts did not stop and a film was created in Japan that imitates the texture of carbon in three planes! That is, it was precisely the texture film that was created, where the third plane became a vertical, thereby completely copying carbon. 
At the moment, there are a lot of different color options and 2d carbon and 3d. It all depends on our wishes and our financial capabilities. Everyone can touch the world of light and durable material. Yes, let it not be real, but it will be beautiful. Although my opinion is to glue the carbon film, like buying a fake branded item. Yes, it looks nice, but it's not real. Again, it depends on the taste and color =)
Thanks to those who read to the end, I really tried to make the lineup interesting and informative. Yes, I do not argue, there is a lot of copy-paste, but I see no reason to write the same thing in different words at the moment.
Used sites.
Previously, bicycle suspension was developed using a 2D kinematic model. Advanced Dynamics was developed in collaboration with the CEIT (Guipuzcoa Studies and Technical Research Centre) based on virtual simulations and simulation programs for off-road cycling with active front and rear suspension. CEIT is a research and development center dedicated to the development and testing of the latest technologies for large industrial companies. Using this virtual analytics system, Orbea and CEIT were able to identify all the variables that affect suspension performance on descents, climbs and various types of terrain. As a result, it was possible to identify 4 key elements around which the development of a new suspension was built: a suspension that not only makes the bike more comfortable, but also does not deprive it of dynamics, maximizing the full suspension travel, specially tuned shock absorbers and sealed sealed bearings.
Many other designers do all the calculations on paper or in a computer, but we have created your virtual clones. Our simulation programs allow you to recreate many different factors that affect suspension performance: from the type of terrain, constitution and position of the rider while riding, to the distribution of loads on the pedals, saddle, handlebars, etc. Based on data from extensive research, we have created a suspension that maximizes shock absorption of any type, minimizes pedaling bounce and ensures confident wheel contact with the surface on which you ride, regardless of the type of terrain.
Attraction technology will add to your ride the comfort that many cyclists dream of. It is responsible for neutralizing the vibrations that occur while riding and optimizes the load on the wheels, improving pedaling efficiency. This technology also improves the bike's handling and traction regardless of the type of bike and weather conditions.
The fork and rear triangle of the updated Orca have been redesigned for a more comfortable and efficient ride. Attraction technology is responsible for dampening the shocks that occur when driving on uneven pavement without sacrificing the torsional rigidity of the frame, thereby increasing pedaling efficiency.
Helps to achieve unsurpassed results at a distance
Due to the special profile of the upper chainstays, the vibrations that occur while riding are not transmitted to the rider, but are damped before reaching him, transforming from longitudinal to slight transverse vibrations. In this way, we have succeeded in creating a competition bike of the highest level, which fully meets the requirements of athletes who experience the most demanding physical loads during racing:
- the level of vibrations transmitted to the rider during the ride is reduced;
- improved grip of the bike with the road surface (as a result, the rider will be able to make more efficient accelerations and sprint jerks, and at the same time the bike will be better controlled);
- increased efficiency of force transfer to the rear wheel when pedaling;
Orbea Carbon
The carbon that Orbea uses in its production is a composite material consisting of carbon fibers with a high modulus of elasticity. We use it to create optimal frames in terms of stiffness, strength and vibration damping. These are the most important characteristics for creating the perfect frame.
We have used all the accumulated experience and advanced technologies in order to develop three types of fibers: Gold, Silver, Bronze. They differ in physical properties and, as a result, in the preferred area of use. Therefore, all our carbon frames have the following markings depending on the type of fibers used:
Omg. Orbea Monocoque Gold
OMS. Orbea Monocoque Silver
OMB. Orbea Monocoque Bronze
One of the key differences between fiber types is the value of the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus). The greater the value of the Young's modulus, the greater the rigidity of the structure and the less its weight. Accordingly, each type of carbon fibers developed by us has a certain value of Young's modulus: Gold - the maximum value, Silver - high, Bronze - medium.
Omg. Orbea Monocoque Gold
OMG carbon is made up of fibers with the highest Young's modulus and has the best stiffness and weight. The use of such fibers, laid in certain layers, which in turn have been passed through a multi-stage finite element analysis (FEA, Finite Elements Analysis), allows us to create frames that have maximum rigidity with minimum weight. These frames are subsequently used in competitions at the highest level. We put cutting-edge technology in your hands.
OMS. Orbea Monocoque Silver
OMS carbon is made up of fibers with a high modulus of elasticity. They give the frames sufficient rigidity, a high level of vibration damping and maximum efficiency when pedaling over long distances. OMS carbon is made from a combination of fibers with the highest Young's modulus and fibers that provide a high level of vibration damping.
OMB. Orbea Monocoque Bronze
OMB carbon offers you the optimal combination of fibers with a medium modulus of elasticity, yet flexible and durable. It is widely used in more affordable carbon frames. The higher density and compressive strength of the Bronze fibers enhances their vibration damping capacity and durability. And all because Orbea engineers in their work always tried to exceed the generally accepted standards in the industry. We strive to ensure that riders discovering Orbea carbon frames for the first time can get the most out of them and achieve outstanding results and progress.
Monocoque technology
Orbea engineers have long understood that monocoque is the only technology that allows you to make the frame optimal in terms of stiffness, durability and comfort. The video below shows how a traditional carbon frame degrades over time, while a monocoque frame remains as if it just left the factory.
The monocoque technology also allows frames to be more creatively designed and still have good fatigue crack resistance. That is why we can provide a lifetime warranty on all our bikes: our frames are reliable and their performance does not change over time.
What is remarkable about the monocoque technology used in Orbea?
The overall strength and reliability of the structure is higher due to the optimal distribution of loads throughout the frame structure, the absence of welds and joints. This means the frame won't let you down, no matter how hard the track puts it through. The monocoque technology provides a perfect connection of fibers in composite materials not only in the outer layers, but also in the inner ones, which prevents the formation of fatigue cracks at the junctions of the frame elements. The last problem is typical for frames produced using inexpensive and more traditional technology. Do you need any more arguments in favor of Orbea monocoque frames? After all, we are dealing with a rigid and reliable frame, with decorative elements that will not flake off and crack in highly loaded areas of the structure, with a frame that is a monolithic masterpiece of composite art, and not assembled from individual elements ... The choice is obvious.
UFO is a suspension system from another planet.
UFO is a carbon suspension system designed to rid the user of traditional pivot axles and everything that comes with them: nuts, bolts, bearings and, finally, the axles themselves. As a result, we have been able to reduce the weight of the frame and the time required for suspension maintenance, while increasing the overall rigidity of the structure and the grip of the bike on technical terrain. Professional athletes need a light, yet optimally performing rear suspension: they are looking for the perfect balance. And UFO technology is ready to offer it to them: a suspension system that meets the most stringent weight requirements (frame with shock absorber 1.95 kg), easy to maintain and reliable.
UFO technology allows for greater traction and torsional rigidity in technical terrain while being lighter and easier to maintain
Advantages
Oiz Carbon is a unique bike in its class, which uses a rear suspension system without a pivot axis. The perfect combination of rigidity and flexibility of carbon fiber results in a suspension that is resistant to lateral and torsional loads, well handling uneven terrain throughout the entire 85 mm of shock absorber travel.
As a result:
An innovative suspension system that provides confident bike control on descents, pedaling efficiency on climbs, more comfort and less rider fatigue during long stays in the saddle.
SSN Technology
SSN (Size Specific Nerve) is more than just a technology, it is a way of organizing work throughout the bike manufacturing process. At first, this approach was used only in the development of models from the Orca line, but then we also began to apply it to the Alma and Onix models.
Using SSN technology, models are developed from the lines Orca, Alma, Onix And Opal
Formula for your needs
Each size of a bicycle is developed by us individually. The structure and stiffness of the frame are optimized according to the rider's weight statistics at a certain height. The result is 5 (according to the number of sizes) individually designed and perfectly balanced frames.
AIZonE by Orbea
The AIZonE (Aerodynamic Investigation Zone) project was developed in collaboration with the San Diego Wind Tunnel (a wind tunnel located in the US city of San Diego) and allowed us to obtain a lot of different data on the aerodynamics of bikes and riders. This allowed us to improve the aerodynamic performance of the updated Orca by 14%. We have been able to reduce air resistance and the result is a more stable and well controlled bike.
Improved handling and stability by reducing the gaps between the frame and the moving parts of the bike
Reducing the gaps between frame members and moving parts of the bike (such as wheels) is key to reducing turbulence. It occurs as a result of the fact that when moving, the oncoming air flow presses against the surface of the frame, components and the rider unevenly, forming turbulences. These vortices hit the protruding parts of the bike, slowing you down.
Reducing the gaps between the tires and the frame surface minimizes the negative impact of the oncoming air flow. We've designed our bikes with this in mind, and we've ended up with some of the most stable and well-handling bikes on the market.
Greater speed thanks to the teardrop shape of the seat tube and post, inherited by the Orca model from the Ordu series bikes
Orbea engineers have identified two key factors for a fast bike: frame stiffness and aerodynamics. Both of these characteristics are important in order to create not only a fast bike, but also the most efficient one when pedaling. The Ordu models were the first signs within this paradigm, but subsequently it was applied to the development of other lines.
The drop of water has the perfect aerodynamic shape that we used to design the head tube and seat tube on the Ordu bikes. We used data from our research to redesign the seat tube and post on the Orca, resulting in the fastest bike in the peloton.
Reducing the resistance to the oncoming air flow (grams):
- rear triangle: 14 g
- seatpost clamp: 17g
- steering column and fork: 15 g
- seat tube and seatpost: 10g
- front triangle down tube: 8g
DCR Technology
DCR is the wiring of cables and hydraulic lines along the shortest route.
We have created and patented an exclusive and much more efficient than existing analogues, a system of wiring hoses and cables. The main principles in its development were simplicity and accuracy. We've made sure that the cables don't get in your way while riding by tucking them into special aerodynamic recesses on the sides of the top (and on some models of the downtube) tube.
Less maintenance, more fun
- maintenance-free system and more precise operation of brakes and switches;
- cable shirts are equipped with special plugs that prevent dirt from getting inside;
- GoreRideOn coating reduces friction, extending jacket and cable life.
Fewer shirts, which means:
- reduction in the length of the cables;
- reducing the overall weight of the bike;
- no scratches on the frame.
What does Dama mean?
Dama stands for a special technological approach to the manufacture of frames for women's bicycles. Women are radically different physique from men, so the bikes for them should be special. First of all, it is worth paying attention to the fact that, statistically, the weaker half of humanity has longer legs and a shorter torso than men.
We have changed the entire technological chain, from the selection of components and materials for the manufacture of frames to the production process. Because the bike should adapt to you, and not vice versa.
Women have a special physique, so bikes for them should also be special.
How does Orbea use data from multiple studies?
The dimensions of all pipes in the frames were reduced, with the exception of the steering one. And the angle of inclination and the location of the top tube have been changed in such a way as to best match the characteristics of the female anatomy. Orbea also uses specially designed components, such as saddles and handlebars.
Saddles should be somewhat shorter and wider than male models, and handlebars should be slightly narrower. Also, for tall women, a size of 46 was specially introduced. Previously, none of the manufacturers did this, and the riders had to spoil their fit and health by riding inappropriate bikes. The introduction of technological solutions from the Dama series is another step towards a more complete satisfaction of all the wishes of cyclists.
Lamborghini has unveiled the carbon fiber monocoque of its new supercar. Lamborghini showed the monocoque of the new supercar Literally in two weeks, Lamborghini intends to present to the public the successor to the Murcielago - the LP700-4 Aventador. It weighs just 147.5 kg and, according to Lamborghini, provides optimal safety and high torsional rigidity.
Lamborghini continues to give out little secrets about its new supercar LP700-4 Aventador, which will debut at the international automobile exhibition in Geneva.
Engineers shared information about the new composite monocoque, which will form the basis of the supercar. The entire structure is constructed from a durable composite material reinforced with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strands, and is engineered to retain its shape under extreme stress and ensure the safety of occupants. It weighs only 147.5 kg, while the mass of the finished body without painting and primer is 229.5 kg. In addition, the car has a "phenomenal torsional rigidity of 35,000 Nm/deg".
The monocoque is built using three complementary manufacturing methods - Resin Transfer Molding, Prepreg and Braiding - and features a complex epoxy resin structure reinforced with aluminum inserts. More importantly, the engineers managed to simplify the production process and achieve amazing assembly accuracy - the distance between the interacting elements is no more than 0.1 millimeters.
Recall that the LP700-4 supercar will receive a 6.5-liter V12 engine with a capacity of about 700 hp, paired with a lightning-fast 7-speed ISR gearbox. Thanks to it and the Haldex electronic permanent all-wheel drive system, the car can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour in just 2.9 seconds and confidently reach speeds of 350 kilometers per hour.
For comparison:
Ford Focus 5d 17.900 N*m/deg
Lambo Murcielago 20,000 N*m/deg.
Volkswagen Passat B6/B7- 32400 Nm/deg
Opel Insignia 20800 Nm/deg
VAZ-2109 - 7500 NM / Grad
VAZ-2108 - 8500 NM/Grad
VAZ-21099, 2105-07 - 5000 NM/deg
VAZ-2104 - 4500 NM / Grad
VAZ-2106 (sedan) 6500 N*m/deg
VAZ-2110 - 12000 NM/Grad
VAZ-2112 (5-door hatchback) 8100 N*m/deg
Niva - 17000 NM / Grad
Chevy Niva - 23000 NM / Grad
Moskvich 2141 - 10000 NM/Grad
For modern foreign cars, the normal figure is 30,000 - 40,000 NM / Grad for closed bodies, and 15,000-25,000 NM / Grad for open (roadsters).
Alfa 159 - 31.400Nm/degree
Aston Martin DB9 Coupe 27,000 Nm/deg
Aston Martin DB9 Convertible 15,500 Nm/deg
Aston Martin Vanquish 28,500 Nm/deg
Audi TT Coupé 19,000 Nm/deg
Bugatti EB110 - 19,000 Nm/degree
BMW E36 Touring 10,900 Nm/deg
BMW E36 Z3 5,600 Nm/deg
BMW E46 Sedan (w/o folding seats) 18,000 Nm/deg
BMW E46 Sedan (w/folding seats) 13,000 Nm/deg
BMW E46 Wagon (w/folding seats) 14,000 Nm/deg
BMW E46 Coupe (w/folding seats) 12,500 Nm/deg
BMW E46 Convertible 10,500 Nm/deg
BMW X5 (2004) - 23,100 Nm/degree
BMW E90: 22,500 Nm/deg
BMW Z4 Coupe, 32,000Nm/degree
BMW Z4 Roadster: 14,500 Nm/deg
Bugatti Veyron - 60,000 Nm/degree
Chrysler Crossfire 20,140 Nm/deg
Chrysler Durango 6,800 Nm/deg
Chevrolet Corvette C5 9,100 Nm/deg
Dodge Viper Coupe 7,600 Nm/deg
Ferrari 360 Spider 8,500 Nm/deg
Ford GT: 27,100 Nm/deg
Ford GT40 MkI 17,000 Nm/deg
Ford Mustang 2003 16,000 Nm/deg
Ford Mustang 2005 21,000 Nm/deg
Ford Mustang Convertible (2003) 4,800 Nm/deg
Ford Mustang Convertible (2005) 9,500 Nm/deg
Jaguar X-Type Sedan 22,000 Nm/deg
Jaguar X-Type Estate 16,319 Nm/deg
Koenigsegg - 28.100 Nm/degree
Lotus Elan 7,900 Nm/deg
Lotus Elan GRP body 8,900 Nm/deg
Lotus Elise 10,000 Nm/deg
Lotus Elise 111s 11,000 Nm/deg
Lotus Esprit SE Turbo 5,850 Nm/deg
Maserati QP - 18.000 nm/degree
McLaren F1 13,500 Nm/deg
Mercedes SL - With top down 17,000 Nm/deg, with top up 21,000 Nm/deg
Mini (2003) 24,500 Nm/deg
Pagani Zonda C12 S 26,300 Nm/deg
Pagani Zonda F - 27,000 Nm/degree
Porsche 911 Turbo (2000) 13,500 Nm/deg
Porsche 959 12,900 Nm/deg
Porsche Carrera GT - 26,000Nm/degree
Rolls-Royce Phantom - 40,500 Nm/degree
Volvo S60 20,000 Nm/deg
Audi A2: 11,900 Nm/deg
Audi A8: 25,000 Nm/deg
Audi TT: 10,000 Nm/deg (22Hz)
Golf V GTI: 25,000 Nm/deg
Chevrolet Cobalt: 28Hz
Ferrari 360: 1.474 kgm/degree (bending: 1.032 kg/mm)
Ferrari 355: 1,024 kgm/degree (bending: 727 kg/mm)
Ferrari 430: supposedly 20% higher than 360
Renault Sport Spider: 10,000 Nm/degree
Volvo S80: 18,600 Nm/deg
Koenigsegg CC-8: 28,100 Nm/deg
Porsche 911 Turbo 996: 27,000 Nm/deg
Porsche 911 Turbo 996 Convertible: 11,600 Nm/deg
Porsche 911 Carrera Type 997: 33,000 Nm/deg
Lotus Elise S2 Exige (2004): 10,500 Nm/deg
Volkswagen Fox: 17,941 Nm/deg
VW Phaeton - 37,000 Nm/degree
VW Passat (2006) - 32,400 Nm/degree
Ferrari F50: 34,600 Nm/deg
Lambo Gallardo: 23000 Nm/deg
Mazda Rx-8: 30,000 Nm/deg
Mazda Rx-7: ~15,000 Nm/deg
Mazda RX8 - 30,000 Nm/degree
Saab 9-3 Sportcombi - 21,000 Nm/degree
Opel Astra - 12,000 Nm/degree
Land rover Freelander 2 - 28,000 Nm/degree
Lamborghini Countach 2,600 Nm/deg
Ford Focus 3d 19.600 Nm/deg
Ford Focus 5d 17.900 Nm/deg
VAZ cars
VAZ-1111E Oka 3-door hatchback 7000
VAZ-21043 station wagon 6300
VAZ-2105 sedan 7300
VAZ-2106 sedan 6500
VAZ-2107 sedan 7200
VAZ-21083 3-door hatchback 8200
VAZ-21093 5-door hatchback 6800
VAZ-21099 sedan 5500
CARBON ERA
... New groups of animals begin to conquer the land, but their separation from the aquatic environment was not yet final. By the end of the Carboniferous (350-285 million years ago), the first reptiles appeared - completely terrestrial representatives of vertebrates ...
biology textbook
After 300 million years, carbon returned to Earth again. We are talking about technologies that represent the new millennium. Carbon is a composite material. It is based on carbon threads, which have different strengths. These fibers have the same Young's modulus as steel, but their density is even lower than that of aluminum (1600 kg/m3). Those who did not study at the physics and technical department will have to strain now ... Young's modulus is one of the moduli of elasticity, which characterizes the ability of a material to resist stretching. In other words, carbon strands are very difficult to break or stretch. But with compression resistance, everything is worse. To solve this problem, they came up with the idea of weaving the fibers together at a certain angle, adding rubber threads to them. Then several layers of such a fabric are interconnected with epoxy resins. The resulting material is called carbon or carbon fiber.
Since the middle of the last century, many countries have been experimenting with carbon production. First of all, the military were, of course, interested in this material. Carbon entered the free market only in 1967. The first company to start selling the new material was the British company Morganite Ltd. At the same time, the sale of carbon fiber, as a strategic product, was strictly regulated.
Advantages and disadvantages
The most important advantage of carbon fiber is the highest strength-to-weight ratio. The modulus of elasticity of the best "grades" of carbon fiber can exceed 700 GPa (and this is a load of 70 tons per square millimeter!), And the breaking load can reach 5 GPa. At the same time, carbon is 40% lighter than steel and 20% lighter than aluminum.
Among the disadvantages of carbon: long manufacturing time, high cost of the material and the difficulty in restoring damaged parts. Another disadvantage: when in contact with metals in salt water, carbon fiber causes severe corrosion and such contacts should be excluded. It is for this reason that carbon fiber could not enter the world of water sports for so long (recently, they learned to get around this shortcoming). 
Another important property of carbon fiber is its low deformability and low elasticity. Under load, carbon fiber breaks without plastic deformation. This means that the carbon monocoque will protect the rider from the heaviest impacts. But if it does not withstand, it will not bend, but break. And it will shatter into sharp pieces.
Getting carbon fiber
To date, there are several ways to obtain carbon fiber. The main ones are the chemical deposition of carbon on a filament (carrier), the growth of fiber-like crystals in a light arc, and the construction of organic fibers in a special reactor - an autoclave. The latter method is the most widely used, but it is also quite expensive and can only be used in industrial conditions. First you need to get carbon filaments. To do this, take the fibers of a material called polyacrylonitrile (aka PAN), heat them up to 260 ° C and oxidize. The resulting semi-finished product is heated in an inert gas. Long-term heating at temperatures from several tens to several thousand degrees Celsius leads to the so-called pyrolysis process - volatile components decrease from the material, fiber particles form new bonds. In this case, carbonization of the material occurs - “carbonization” and rejection of non-carbon compounds. The final step in carbon fiber production involves weaving the fibers into plates and adding epoxy resin. The result is sheets of black carbon fiber. They have good elasticity and high tensile strength. The more time the material spends in the autoclave, and the higher the temperature, the better the carbon is obtained. In the manufacture of space carbon fiber, the temperature can reach 3500 degrees! The most durable varieties additionally undergo several more stages of graphitization in an inert gas. This whole process is very energy-intensive and complex, because carbon is noticeably more expensive than fiberglass. Do not try to carry out the process at home, even if you have an autoclave - there are many tricks in technology ...
Carbon in the auto world
The appearance of carbon could not but interest the designers of racing cars. By the time carbon fiber was introduced to F1 circuits, nearly all monocoques were made from aluminium. But aluminum had disadvantages, including its lack of strength under heavy loads. The increase in strength required an increase in the size of the monocoque, and hence its mass. Carbon fiber has proven to be a great alternative to aluminum. 
The first car to have a carbon fiber chassis was the McLaren MP4. The path of carbon in motorsport was thorny and deserves a separate story. To date, absolutely all Formula 1 cars, as well as almost all “junior” formulas, and most supercars, of course, have a carbon monocoque. Recall that the monocoque is the supporting part of the car structure, the engine and gearbox, suspension, plumage parts, and the driver's seat are attached to it. At the same time, it plays the role of a safety capsule.
tuning
When we say "carbon", we remember, of course, the hoods of tuning cars. However, now there is no body part that could not be made of carbon - not only hoods, but also fenders, bumpers, doors and roofs ... The fact of weight saving is obvious. The average weight gain when replacing the hood with carbon fiber is 8 kg. However, for many, the main thing will be the fact that carbon parts on almost any car look insanely stylish!
Carbon appeared in the cabin. You won't save much on carbon fiber tumbler covers, but the aesthetics are undeniable. Neither Ferrari nor Bentley disdain salons with carbon fiber elements.
But carbon is not only an expensive styling material. For example, he firmly registered in the clutch of cars; moreover, both friction linings and the clutch disc itself are made of carbon fiber. The carbon "clutch" has a high coefficient of friction, is light in weight, and resists wear three times more than conventional "organic".
Another area of application for carbon is brakes. The incredible brake performance of today's F1 comes from carbon fiber discs that can handle extreme temperatures. They withstand up to 800 heat cycles per race. Each of them weighs less than a kilogram, while the steel counterpart is at least three times heavier. You can’t buy carbon brakes on a regular car yet, but such solutions are already coming across on supercars.
Another commonly used tuning device is a strong and lightweight carbon propeller shaft. And recently there was a rumor that the Ferrari F1 is going to install carbon gearboxes on their cars ...
Finally, carbon is widely used in racing clothing. Carbon helmets, boots with carbon inserts, gloves, suits, back protection, etc. This "equipment" not only looks better, but also increases safety and reduces weight (very important for a helmet). Carbon fiber is especially popular with motorcyclists. The most advanced bikers dress themselves in carbon from head to toe, the rest quietly envy and save money.
New religion
Imperceptibly and quietly crept up a new carbon era. Carbon has become a symbol of technology, excellence and new times. It is used in all technological areas - sports, medicine, space, defense industry. But ulvolokno gets into our life! You can already find pens, knives, clothes, cups, laptops, even carbon jewelry... Do you know what is the reason for the popularity? It's simple: Formula 1 and spaceships, the latest sniper rifles, monocoques and supercar parts - do you feel the connection? All this is the best in its industry, the limit of modern technology. And people, buying carbon, buy a piece of perfection that is unattainable for the majority ... 
Data:
in a carbon sheet 1 mm thick 3-4 layers of carbon fibers
In 1971, the British company Hardy Brothers was the first in the world to introduce carbon fiber fishing rods.
today high-strength ropes, nets for fishing vessels, racing sails, aircraft cockpit doors, bulletproof military helmets are made from carbon fiber
for long-range sports archery, professional athletes usually use aluminum and carbon arrows.
At the Essen Motor Show, we saw a freaky carbon ring on one of the AutoArt booth employees. When asked to show the product in his endless catalog, he replied that it was actually just a carbon hub that he removed from his bike ...
