The perfect end result and a funnel of calves in triz. Perfect end result - calf Perfect end result

We've already covered five tools that help you tackle complex tasks, solve problems creatively, and come up with cool ideas: , and .

Today we will talk about a systematic and almost ideal way to solve problems using the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ). One of the basic concepts of TRIZ has become IFR (ideal end result) - a situation where the desired result is obtained by itself, without additional costs.

IFR is a way to solve problems with minimal, almost zero resource costs. It helps to overcome stereotyped thinking and formulate the best solution.

There are three main formulations of the IFR:

• The system itself performs this function.
• There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources).
• The function is not needed.

Why TRIZ?

In 1946, Heinrich Saulovich Altshuller began work on the creation of a theory for solving inventive problems, the purpose of which was to study and describe the mechanisms for the development of technical systems and the creation of practical methods for solving inventive problems.

The main difference between TRIZ and all other methodologies and techniques (synectics, focal object method, morphological analysis) is that it is not based on enumeration of options, which makes it very difficult to get a quick and guaranteed result.

How does the ICR method work?

To get an IFR, you need to consider all the elements and processes of the task, determine the main process that needs to be improved. Ideally, it should run "by itself".

To formulate the IFR, we must assume that the system or part of it performs the required action "on its own", without costs, without external resources. Or imagine that there is no system, but all its functions are performed. Everyone likes the ideal system, it is implemented by itself, does not require additional resources and does not spoil anything.

What is it for me?

IFR helps you think productively. If you have learned how to formulate IFR, your life has already become better, as you have begun to think in the direction of the ideal result and evaluate the resources of the system in which your task is located.

IFR is the most popular TRIZ tool for use in everyday life and business.

Do you want to be happy? Write down 10 IFR statements for this problem. Do you want to receive? Write down 10 IFR statements for this problem. Do you want no one to bother you? Write down 10 IFR statements for this problem. Sounds simple and works great.

What are the alternatives to this method?

• Group work. You can work with IFR on your own, or you can connect your colleagues to the solution. It is very easy to develop and brainstorm according to the rules of IFR in a company and get a lot of strong solutions.
• "Not RBI", or "anti-RBI". This is a “shifter” when you formulate a solution to a problem with “not yourself”. That is, you must convince yourself that some element itself will not be able to perform the function.

How to use IFR to solve a creative problem?

1. Write down the task.
2. Rest assured that you will find a solution.
3. Don't be afraid to look or sound stupid. It is better to look stupid and solve the problem than to look smart and not solve it.
4. Take the problem apart and write them down.
5. Analyze what resources you have, write down the elements of the system.
6. Formulate an IFR (for each part of the problem, write down the three IFR formulations that are given at the beginning of the post).
7. Choose those formulations in which you manage with the elements of the system and do not complicate anything.

How to fix it in practice?

Formulate up to 10 IFR options for the next household task.

Your house does not have a garbage chute. Your neighbor on the floor every evening takes a bag of garbage out of the apartment and puts it in the common corridor. In the morning he throws it in the trash. During the night, an unpleasant smell accumulates in the corridor.

First determine all the elements of the system, then find the IFR using three formulations. Write your answers in the comments.

Article last updated: 02/10/2019

Whatever type of activity you are engaged in, your body and mind strive for accuracy in completing tasks. Even if you don't realize it. The second attempt is likely to be more effective than the first, and the third is more effective than the first.

TRIZ— The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving describes this process with the help of such a law.

All systems develop in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality..

This law is one of the most important for understanding the whole theory and its applied application. I decided to write about the theory itself and algorithms for solving inventive problems, as I noticed that few people from my circle know such terminology. Although these developments of Heinrich Altshuller, as for me, are a real diamond and should definitely appear in school curricula over time. I will try to convey the main theses in the simplest possible way. The text is presented as a combination of clippings from the author's books and my thoughts.

Why understand and study TRIZ?

TRIZ is needed when a person cannot solve a problem using the methods known to him. That is, when you need to include creativity, creativity. Prior to this theory, it was believed that such a process of “inventing” a solution to a problem is always intuitive and largely depends on the genius of the inventor. But as the research of the author of the theory showed, there are absolutely logical algorithms for solving any creative problem. As for me, this is another example that there is no art that cannot be turned into science.

So, most often, the task is formulated by a person in an extremely general, vague form: to do something, to achieve something, to increase (or decrease) something. Trying to immediately find a solution, the inventor involuntarily begins to sort through all sorts of options without any system (what if you do this? ..). Thought is not directed, the search goes along random paths, and there are a great many such paths. The correct algorithm for solving the problem is to consistently, step by step, move from a general, very indefinite problem to specific questions and precise actions.

Let us introduce one more fundamental concept of TRIZ into our terminological apparatus.

RBI is the perfect end result

This term is the starting point of any intelligent activity.

The simplest formulation of the IFR can be expressed as follows: the system itself (at the expense of resources) performs the desired action and, at the same time, does not allow undesirable effects. When formulating the IFR, it is desirable to use the word "Sam" (Sama, Samo, Sami). Now you understand why laziness is the engine of progress?

Three main formulations of the RBI are commonly used:

1. "The system itself performs this function."
2. "There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources)."
3. "Function not needed."

The degree of achievement of the IFR demonstrates the coefficient of ideality, which should be as large as possible:

Ideality coefficient = Sum of useful functions / Costs + Undesirable effects.

That is why Henry Ford paid maintenance crews for the time they were NOT working. That is why one ancient philosopher said that the level of decline of the city can be determined by the number of lawyers and doctors in it - the more there are, the closer the city is to decline. As a lawyer by training, such a thesis once seemed offensive to me, but now I understand its truth. The value of many professions lies in their uselessness.

Therefore, I suggest that you simply innovate yourself and gradually improve your art of achieving RBI. What could be more exciting than creating self-regulating systems that perform a given function? Is that the creation of a system that will become smarter than the creator.

IFR funnel - if NOT, THEN ..

I have not seen such a concept in the books of Heinrich Altshuller. Although it is quite possible that he formulated it differently. This term came to my mind while working on the task of an online store. There is nothing revolutionary new in it, but its very wording and the right questions direct our attention in the right direction. So, the IFR funnel is a ladder of ideal outcomes(from major to less ideal). For example, how such a ladder might look like in an online store:

RBI 1. Each site visitor makes a transaction (if NOT, THEN..)

IFR 2. Each site visitor subscribes to company news (if NOT, THEN ..)

RBI 3. Each site visitor achieves a micro conversion that closely correlates with the completion of a transaction (if NOT, THEN..)

RBI 4. etc.

The formulation of such a chain in any system helps to most effectively approach the use of all incoming resources.

Algorithm for Solving Inventive Problems

So, the solution of a creative task is a completely logical process. This is a chain of logical operations in which one link naturally follows the other. Many years of practical development of the methodology by the author of the method led to the conclusion that the most rational division of the algorithm into 5 stages:

1. Set a task.
2. Imagine .
3. Define, what prevents achieve this result (i.e. find contradiction).
4. Define, why bother(find reason for the contradiction).
5. Define, under what conditions would it not interfere(i.e. find conditions under which the contradiction is removed).

1. Task— set up an analytics and reporting system for the owner of an online store, which will answer all his questions in one program.
2. Perfect end result- the owner in one program sees comprehensive, real-time updated information for making management decisions.
3. Technical controversy- there is no program that can create a general report from different sources of information.
4. Reason for the controversy— the necessary information is in different programming languages.
5. The condition for removing the contradiction- Bringing the collected data to one language will allow you to download and visualize them in one system.

A similar task is solved by all analysts who work with Business Intelligence programs. In fact, such a decision process can take a fraction of a second in the head of a professional in any activity. But the purpose of the example is to show an approximate way of thinking.

conclusions

Heinrich Altshuller has several books that cover all these topics in detail (I have indicated them in). I have given the main approach in such a compact form that it is simple, interesting and understandable even to a schoolboy.

If you understand at least in a simplified version what a neural network is and how it works, then it will become even easier for you to understand the above algorithms. For example, such well-known social networks as Facebook and Youtube will improve their algorithm for an extremely simple IFR - all users on Earth must spend all their time in a particular social network 24 hours a day. And the entire output of information, the system of recommendations, alerts - the entire neural network works for this result. Or search engines. They also have a completely simple metric. Each user should receive comprehensive information on request from the first link that appears in the search results.

It is important to understand that these algorithms are applicable to absolutely any task: technical, managerial, economic - any. By applying such a simple thinking algorithm, your mind will gradually become an ideal machine for solving any professional problem, and new inventions will become a regular occurrence in life.

And what does a car cost society? The answer to this question is as difficult as it is important.

At the dawn of motoring, there was a frantic struggle to increase the speed of the car. Immediately there was a problem of stability on the road, especially when cornering. The car became lower, longer, wider. The bearing part became heavier - the frame, the base of the body. In order to move faster and accelerate, an increasingly powerful engine was required - and the chassis was strengthened: gearbox, driveline, drive wheels.

The requirements for the reliability of brakes are growing - and the mechanical drive is being replaced by hydraulic, and then pneumatic. A compressor appears, and with it a whole pneumatic system ... The suspension is improved - springs, shock absorbers, level stabilizers. To ensure the safety of passengers in a collision, the body is made of thicker metal.

Again, the weight and dimensions are growing ... And all this to transport one or two, maximum 7-8 people!

It only seems that the car is on four wheels. In fact, it is an octopus with hundreds of thousands of hands. In the US, for example, one in six workers work for him directly or indirectly. Consider for yourself: approximately 10 million cars are produced annually.

They use hundreds of types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, non-metallic materials (plastics, leather, fabrics, etc.), radio engineering, varnishes, paints, glass, rubber, fuels, lubricants ...

The production of all this does not pass without a trace for the environment, it gives rise to a lot of environmental problems.

Design offices, laboratories, test benches and ranges. Automatic lines and robots for the manufacture of thousands of parts every second. Kilometer assembly lines. Computers and computers for CNC machines, for planning, collecting and analyzing information ... More? Please!

We need roads. In the United States, roads now occupy about 10% of the country's area. Their construction and maintenance require a huge fleet of special machines that can extract materials, pour them, fasten them, cover with asphalt and concrete, apply marking lines ...

A car, like any car, sometimes breaks down. You need equipment and tools for repairs. Thousands and thousands of auto repair shops. Gas stations, oil producing enterprises and refineries, a network of pipelines and giant oil tankers. Again, environmental issues.

The car must be stored somewhere. And huge areas of the territory of cities are allocated for garage complexes. It is necessary to maintain order on the roads, and a special national traffic police service is being created.

Accidents happen on the roads, people are killed or maimed. This means that we need medicines, first aid kits, ambulance stations, hospitals and sanatoriums. And funeral teams...

Not cheap, however, the car is very expensive!

Any system, be it a car or a fishing rod, is created and exists not for its own sake, but for the sake of performing some useful function for a person. So, the main useful function of a car is to move people and goods from place to place.

Strictly speaking, a person needs this function, and not at all the system that performs this function, giving rise to a mountain of all sorts of problems.

From this point of view, TRIZ has the concept of an ideal system:

An ideal system is a system that does not exist, but whose function is performed.

By the way, Pushkin's Baba Yaga had a vehicle close to ideal: her stupa moved “by itself”. But the stupa itself was still there, you had to get into it, you had to get out of it, so this vehicle is not one hundred percent perfect.

A completely ideal version of a car looks like this: there is no car at all, but you arrive at a given point at the right time.

And you don't need a rod. You need the function it performs. And what is its main function? Throw a worm, hook and pull out a fish that will swallow this worm.

Think about the question of the “ideal fish” for yourself. Just don’t think that such a fish should take off its own scales, gut and dive into the bowl with the fish soup. Indeed, in an ideal ear there should not be fish, but its smell, taste and nutritional value should be.

From all this follows one practically very important position:

All systems develop in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality.

In TRIZ, other laws of system evolution (ZRS) have also been identified, but this law - the law of increasing the degree of ideality of systems - is perhaps the most important among them.

When solving specific inventive problems, this law makes it possible to abandon many empty samples and immediately formulate the ideal answer to the problem - the ideal final result (IFR). As in the case of the worm. The ideal worm itself falls into the water, holds itself there, and itself extracts the fish that has eaten it from the water.

Sometimes this is enough to solve the problem.

Of course, in most cases it is not possible to obtain IFR in its pure form. The meaning here is somewhat different. Setting the IFR allows you to immediately choose the right direction of work, narrow the search area and concentrate efforts on finding strong solutions to the problem.

Let us illustrate the effect of the law of increasing the degree of ideality on the example of a technical system.

The serial car "Niva" weighs 1150 kg and has a 53 kW engine (about 70 hp). To participate in international auto racing, the Niva was modernized: a boosted engine was installed, which developed power up to 200 hp. with., and the weight of the entire car was reduced to 700 kg.

The numbers of absolute (arithmetic) change usually say little: it was - it became. Relative indicators speak much more. Previously, each engine horsepower carried 1150 kg: 70 hp. With. = 13.5 kg/l. With.

Now each “horse” carries only 700 kg: 200 hp. With. = 3.5 kg/l. With. Almost four times less!

Can city officials make a million out of nothing? Out of nowhere, unknown. And from zero - for sure, they can! The fact is that in Madrid, on one of the central squares, from where the mileage of roads in Spain is measured, a bronze zero is laid in the asphalt. Most of the tourists visiting the city are traditionally photographed at the Madrid zero. Naturally, for a fee that goes to the city treasury ...

Task 1. The fight against reckless drivers on the roads is an important task of the traffic safety service. Of course, in the presence of a traffic cop, all drivers strictly follow the rules, but on all roads and intersections you can’t put a traffic cop on. How to be?

This problem is solved in all countries. In Japan, for example, on one far from perfect day for local reckless drivers, the number of police officers on the roads has sharply increased. Seeing a policeman, the reckless driver had to quickly slow down and comply with all other traffic rules.

And only when they got closer, the drivers noticed with annoyance that most of the “cops” were dummies! But there were some real ones...

Replacing an object with its copy is one of the typical techniques used in TRIZ. But now we will pay attention to something else: there is no object (a living policeman), but its function (traffic control) is performed.

Here's another example.

Task 2. On the Crimean coast, it was necessary to fill up a new beach. It was supposed to be covered with pebbles - rounded pebbles, but only gravel was available - stones with sharp edges. What to do? Take out pebbles from other beaches? Invent a machine for processing gravel?

It was decided to use the gift power of the surf. Barges with gravel were unloaded directly into the sea, two hundred meters from the shore. The rest was done by the waves: they rolled over the sharp edges of the stones and carried them ashore.

As you can see, both examples illustrate the law of ideality well. When using this law to solve problems, it is important not to forget the word “self” (“self”, “self”). There is no trick or trick here. Remembering that the system itself, through the use of resources, achieves the required action, we immediately cut off a lot of weak and helpless solutions.

Indeed, the drivers themselves (without the presence of a living policeman) began to abide by the rules, the sea current itself (without the involvement of cars) ran around the edges of the stones, the tourists themselves (without insistence and requests) replenish the city treasury of Madrid ..

Many of us are intuitively familiar with the method that I want to talk about today. All of us have repeatedly imagined the ideal result of solving the problem over which we puzzle. Fantasized how it would be and that it would be perfect. It turns out that one of the basic concepts of TRIZ is called just that - the ideal end result, IFR.

Watch the wonderful clip of Alva Noto. Think about how it is related to the IFR?

No way. I just really like the work of Alva Noto.

IFR is a way to solve problems with minimal, almost zero, resource costs. This technique helps to overcome stereotyped thinking and formulate the best solution. For the rest, there is MasterCard.

Introduction

Several methods for solving creative problems at once appeared in the mid-40s of the last century in America and Europe: brainstorming, the method of focal objects, morphological analysis. But all of them were based on enumeration of options. This made it much more difficult to get a quick and guaranteed result.

And already in 1946, Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller, our compatriot, began work on creating his own theory of inventive problem solving, the purpose of which was to explore and describe the mechanisms for the development of technical systems and create practical methods for solving inventive problems. One of the basic concepts of TRIZ has become the "ideal end result" - a situation where the desired result or action occurs by itself without additional costs.

IFR in particular, and TRIZ in general, have become a breakthrough in the approach to solving creative, open-ended problems. TRIZ is not quite a science, but it's far from being an exhaustive list of options.

What is an ICR?

There are three main formulations of the IFR:

The system itself performs this function.
- There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources)
- Function not needed

How to use it?

1. Write down the task. Rest assured that you will find a solution. Turn on your imagination and don't be afraid that something may look stupid. It is better to look stupid and solve the problem than to look smart and not solve it. You will soon see my example.
2. Identify the main process (or several processes) of the task to be improved. Ideally, it should execute "CAM". We mean that the system or part of the system performs the required action at no cost, without an external resource. Or imagine that there is no system, but all its functions are performed! Everyone likes the ideal system, it is self-implemented and does not spoil anything.

Who to invite?

You can work with IFR on your own, or you can connect anyone to the solution. After all, if you understand the principle of formulating IFR, you can explain it even to a five-year-old child!

Tools

• All elements of the system, carefully look at them and around (often the answer can be found in the supersystem, the one on top, or the subsystem, the one on the bottom)
• head and fantasy
• Faith and Patience

Real life example

A few floors above me lives a kind old woman who every morning at 6:30 am feeds pigeons with bread on her windowsill. All the pigeons of the district flock to our house, to visit the old woman, to have breakfast. On the seventh floor. Of course, they don’t eat very neatly and bread snow (as I call this phenomenon) flies from the seventh floor, gradually settling on all the window sills of the lower floors, including mine on the third. Pigeons fly after the grain rain, they still want to eat. They gleefully land on the tin window sills and stomp their claws, waking me and my family from their sleep too early for us to rejoice at their arrival. Here. This is my pain, my task.

As you can see, my system consists of: an old woman, pigeons, bread, a window sill, me and my family. There are also supersystems and subsystems, but I will start looking for IFR without their help.

Formulating the ideal end result:
- The old woman herself does not feed the pigeons on her windowsill - it didn’t work out, she doesn’t open the door, she doesn’t make contact
- Pigeons themselves do not fly to the old woman on the windowsill - I thought a lot, it’s not very humane to kill pigeons because of the old woman
- Pigeons do not want to eat grandmother's bread themselves - you can feed them earlier and in another place, for example on the ground! What, I have to get up at 6:00?!
- Bread does not fall on my windowsill by itself - putting a canopy over the window or a fan is too expensive and not ideal
- Pigeons themselves do not sit on my windowsill - a lot of thoughts about pigeons, but they are not to blame!
- The window sill itself does not allow the pigeons to sit on itself - slippery, drops, needles, stretch marks, dynamite - this is not humane
- The window sill itself does not make any sound - oh, you might think!
- My family and I do not wake up from the noise ourselves - it didn’t work out, we wake up

I may have missed a few more interesting RBIs, but there is already something. It is necessary to do something with the window sill so that it does not rattle. For example, cover with a rubber layer. Or get up at 6 in the morning and feed the pigeons so that they get used to it and stop flying to the 7th floor.

I want to disappoint you, I did not succeed in the IFR. Although the thoughts were interesting.

Alternatives

Try Anti RBI - this is the most undesirable and terrible situation that can happen. In my case - the old woman settles in my apartment! Think about how to get out of it. Try to turn harm into good. And then make a plan to avoid this situation.

When solving an inventive problem, a TRIZ specialist looks for a solution with high ideality, i.e. one that allows achieving the desired result at minimal cost. To search for such solutions, Altshuller developed a special tool - the IFR operator (ideal end result), which sets the inventor to obtain the desired effect by using available resources.

The IFR can be formulated in different ways. But the most common, classic formulation is as follows:

Ideal end result: X-element itself performs the required action (instead of some specialized TS), continuing to perform the function for which it was originally created.

At the same time, under the name " X-element" can hide either the problematic TS itself, or some of its subsystems.

Buoys are installed in the sea near the shore. They mark a line that ships cannot cross. The buoys glow in the dark - they are equipped with lamps and batteries. From time to time, batteries have to be changed and recharged - a special service works for this. In windy weather, when the sea is rough, battery replacement becomes a problem. The customer asks to solve this problem. Which way to solve it should be chosen?

The ideal recharging system is when there is no system at all, and its function is performed. Let's formulate the IFR: the buoy itself charges the battery, continuing to serve as the border of the area allowed for navigation.

Is it possible to implement IFR in this particular case? To do this, you need to find a resource - free energy that can be converted into electrical energy. It is easy to guess that there is such a resource - it is the energy of waves. There are simple ready-made devices with the help of which a buoy swinging on the waves will be charged by itself. And a battery replacement system involving risky human labor will not be needed.

An inventive situation is given: it is necessary to improve the ideality of a room air purifier. What can be an X-element?

IKR-1: air itself separates dust from itself.

IKR-2: the filter element itself (without a fan and housing) purifies the air.

ICR-3: the wall of the apartment itself cleans the air from dust.

Exercise 8

1. Washing windows is a tedious job that you have to do all the time, otherwise the dust settling on the glass will very soon make the window opaque. In high-rise buildings, washing windows is also simply dangerous. Think about how to improve the ideality of this operation.

2. The duration of the moments when a person experiences thrills is very short. You need to take a lot of pictures to "catch" the right moment and get a photo of a person in this state. How, without taking a lot of pictures, how to photograph a human face at the right moment, for example, when riding extreme rides? Formulate an IFR.

3. In the spring, when the river floods, it may be necessary to quickly build a dam. It is long and expensive to import special building materials (concrete, stone, metal sheets) for this purpose. And improvised materials (sand, soil), unfortunately, are very quickly washed away by water flows. How to increase the speed and efficiency of the construction of such a temporary dam?

Resources

Resources for solving problems

To obtain a highly ideal solution, that is, to ensure the execution of a function at minimal cost, it is necessary to find the appropriate resources in the problematic system itself or in its environment.

In the previous chapter, we considered the problem of removing piles driven into the bottom of a river. What resources could be found to remove the piles?

It was possible to pull piles from the shore using people or horse teams. This requires workers, horses, long strong ropes, boats to fasten the ropes on piles, etc. It was possible to connect several rafts around the pile, swing it from these rafts and then pull it out of the ground with a lever. The rafts are needed large and strong, so that when the piles are pulled out, they do not go under water, do not fall apart. And we need people - strong and in sufficient numbers. Exotic solutions were also proposed: to lower people with saws in a bell to the bottom or to place a pile in a pipe and dissolve it with acid.

In fact, an ideal resource was used, the most powerful source of energy - the river itself. The strength of its flow exceeds the strength of all the workers combined, moreover, this resource is completely free and almost inexhaustible. The river can be used to remove piles in a variety of ways. For example, flood several barrels around the pile, tying bags of stones to them, and then, attaching the barrels with ropes to the pile, cut off the “anchors”. Pop-up barrels, if large enough, will pull the pile out. In this case, the lifting force of the water will do the work. You can also use the kinetic energy of the flow of water - to make a "water sail". To do this, you will have to lower the cloth into the water, tying it to the piles, and let the river flow that fills this “sail” turn the piles out of the bottom. Or, as was done, you can fasten logs to the piles and, waiting for the ice to drift, watch from the bank how the moving ice will tear out and carry away the piles.

So, the solution to any problem, as in the example above, largely depends on finding and competently using resources.

A resource is space, time, substance, energy, information that can be used to solve a problem.

Highly ideal solutions are obtained using the resources that are already in the system. If the required resource is not available, it can often be obtained by modifying existing ones. For example, if you need to use a liquid to solve a problem, and only solids are available, the liquid can be obtained by melting. Finding, "computing" and using resources is one of the important components of the skill of a solver.

Resource types

It is useful to know the classification of resources in order to search for them not randomly, but systematically. There are energy and material, spatial and temporal, information resources.

Energetic resources. In almost every vehicle there are sources of energy and strength - both explicit and hidden. Even in such a simple vehicle as a pile, one can detect the longitudinal and transverse elastic forces of the material that resist pressure, the weight of the pile, and the energy of burning wood. In the “river” supersystem, there is the kinetic energy of water movement, the weight of water, the Archimedes force… When different systems interact, certain forces can also be generated: flow pressure on a pile, friction force and heating of contacting bodies.

Material resources can be all substances that are in the system or its supersystems. In the problem of removing piles, a real resource can be considered water in the river, ropes, draft horses, stones and sand on the shore and bottom.

Spatial resources are the space that can be used to solve a problem. "Emptiness", features of the form of objects that can be used to change the original system or to increase the efficiency of its operation. An example of the use of spatial resources is the proposal to completely drive piles into the bottom. The resource here is the space under the bottom, which is usually not taken into account in the decision.

Temporary resources are periods of time that can be used to improve the functioning of the system, to perform additional operations. A classic example of this kind of resource is the combination of the execution time of two different operations, say processing an object while it is being transported.

Separately, it should be said about information resources. All of the resources listed above can be considered informational if they carry important information for a person. So, an information resource for an experienced sailor is the swirl of water over an object submerged in water.

In real situations, there is not always exactly what is needed to solve the problem. Changing, modifying the original resource in order to bring it to the desired form is an important part of the solver's work. These kinds of modified resources are called derivatives. For example, cellulose, which is part of piles, cannot be used as a resource, but after impregnation of cellulose with certain chemicals, a composition is formed that can burn under water. In the presence of such a derived resource, piles can simply be burned.