Health is the greatest value. Every person wants to be healthy and strong. The health of children is of particular relevance at the present time. Sports extracurricular activities allow teachers to fulfill the state order.
Scientists have found that 20% of the physical condition of the baby is determined by hereditary factors, as well as environmental influences. About 10% is the result of the functioning of the healthcare system, and the remaining half depends on the person - on his lifestyle.
Children spend most of their time at school, so strengthening their mental and physical health is not only the task of parents, but also the task of teachers.
The activities of the sports organization are aimed at shaping the correct idea of a healthy lifestyle among the younger generation, as well as carrying out activities aimed at preventing colds.
Purpose of activity
The sports direction of extracurricular activities is a kind of work of a class teacher. The health of a nation is a measure of the quality of life of any country. The cultural, intellectual, economic, national security of the country is characterized by the health of children. The school is a social environment in which the child will have to deal with various psychological difficulties.
Various types of sports activities have a positive effect on the physical condition of children, their emotional state. Particularly relevant is the issue related to the hardening and rehabilitation of children in small schools.
Sports activity is an opportunity to cope with the following problems:
- conduct a systematic analysis of pedagogical work aimed at the formation of a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the psychological and physical condition of children;
- to create a comfortable developing environment based on an individually differentiated approach to different categories of schoolchildren with the obligatory consideration of moral and mental health, individual characteristics.
Activity objectives
Currently, the main task of teachers is to develop a system of activities aimed at developing a positive attitude towards their health in children.
Sports activity is an opportunity to solve the following tasks:
The Importance of Extracurricular Activities
At present, sports activity is a way to improve the legal and regulatory conditions for creating and maintaining the health of schoolchildren. It promotes tourism, sports,
The success of sports activities offered to children after school hours depends on the interest of teachers.
How should such activities be thought out? The sports direction allows the comprehensive development of schoolchildren, the use of mass forms to organize their free time.
Features of health saving of schoolchildren
Sports activity is an important direction in the work of any educational organization. In the modern interpretation, the health of schoolchildren implies a system of signs:
- compliance of the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal systems;
- adaptation of the organism to new conditions;
- high physical and mental performance
Annual medical examinations carried out as part of the educational institution reveal the main deviations in children:
- violation of the organs of vision;
- problems with the musculoskeletal system;
- vascular disease;
- disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
The main reason for the decline in health is a drop in the standard of living, constant stress, poor environmental conditions in the country, minimal physical activity, insufficient qualifications of teachers in matters of health protection, and malnutrition.
The content of physical culture and sports work
Nowadays, there are significant changes in values in the educational process. In addition to improving the quality of education, the issue of adaptation and preservation of the health of schoolchildren comes to the fore, as this is one of the requirements of the FGOS IEO.
With the joint efforts of teachers, parents, specialists who have theoretical knowledge of valeology, it is possible to educate children in the right habits and skills, to stimulate their motor activity.
When thinking over the forms of extracurricular activities, teachers carry out continuity between the educational and educational processes, which contributes to the preservation of health. The system of events can include:
Health program
In many educational institutions there is such a program, which consists of several sections:
- improving the medical knowledge of teachers;
- teaching children in school and after school hours the rules of maintaining health;
- work with parents;
- holidays
To achieve the intended goals, various forms of work of students, the teaching staff, and the administration of the educational institution are used. Emotional-playing activity helps to increase the level of children's knowledge about how to maintain health, proper nutrition.
Principles of formation of extracurricular activities:
- taking into account age characteristics;
- basing on the value of the educational system of educational institutions;
- combination of collective and individual forms;
- taking into account the inclinations and interests of students.
When organizing extracurricular sports activities, teachers take into account the requests of parents, as well as legal representatives of schoolchildren, and the advice of a child psychologist.
When implementing the Health program, a health-saving educational atmosphere is created in the school, which contributes not only to maintaining health, but also to the growth of the creative potential of schoolchildren. The program was created with the aim of the rational use of health-saving technologies in the course of teaching children. It is focused on the protection and promotion of health through various forms of extracurricular work.
A promising direction of sports work is the organization of a school tourist society. In addition to getting acquainted with the historical heritage of the region, the children visiting the tourist club will be able to form the right ideas about a healthy lifestyle.
The attitude of students to physical culture and sports is one of the urgent social and pedagogical problems of the educational process, further development and expansion of mass recreational, physical culture and sports work in higher education. Teachers and students play a leading role in the real inclusion of physical culture in a healthy lifestyle of young people. The implementation of this task by each student should be considered from a dual position - as personally significant and as socially necessary.
Numerous scientific and practical data show that physical culture and sports activities have not yet become an urgent need for students, have not turned into an individual's interest. The real participation of students in this activity is not enough. To overcome this negative phenomenon, it is necessary to become familiar with the mechanisms of action of those motivating forces that, through interests and motives, lead to the satisfaction of the needs of the individual.
The criterion of physical culture and sports activity is physical culture and sports activity. It is characterized by the degree of participation, involvement of students in the field of this activity. It can be considered as a measure and nature of participation directly in physical exercises and as an activity in organizational, propaganda, instructor-pedagogical, judicial and other activities.
Tab. 3.
Table 3 - Regularity of students' physical culture and sports in their free time, %
|
The systematic nature of classes |
All the students |
regularly |
irregular |
regularly |
irregular |
From time to time Generally not engaged |
The table records the presence of an insignificant (33.8%) contingent of students (out of 5,000 surveyed) involved in systematic studies. More than 50% of students completely lack the manifestation of activity in physical culture and sports activities.
Physical culture and sports activity can be defined as a versatile human activity in the field of physical culture and sports, aimed at the implementation of socially and personally significant needs in physical improvement. These are cognitive, organizational, propaganda, instructor-pedagogical, refereeing activities and the actual physical culture and sports.
The need acts as a state of the individual, thanks to which the regulation of her behavior is carried out, the direction of thinking, feelings, and will is determined. The education of needs is one of the central tasks of personality formation.
Realization of the needs in physical culture and sports activities has an indirect impact on the satisfaction of other needs of students - biosocial: health preservation, rest, relaxation, need for movement, etc.; socio-psychological: communication, self-actualization, self-affirmation, prestige, social significance and activity, empathy, etc.
In the course of the development and upbringing of the personality, the needs are constantly changing and become the source of changes in the way of life.
A person's awareness of a need turns it into an interest that is selective.
The emergence of interest causes a desire to act, forms a motive for behavior. Motives can be situational (private), determining individual actions of a person, and broad, vital for a long time. Motives must be distinguished from conscious goals and intentions. Motives stand behind the goals, encourage them to achieve them.
Goals in physical culture and sports activities can be divided into promising and immediate (intermediate).
The implementation of motives in activity proceeds according to the following scheme: the program of action (the idea of what needs to be done in order to realize the motive); operational readiness for action (availability of abilities, knowledge, skills to carry out activities); the presence of feedback (information about the effectiveness of the action).
One of the components of motivation is the stimulus, which often acts as the direct cause of an act. Although the action of the stimulus is often of a short-term nature, thanks to it, constant impulses in their development acquire a tendency to stabilize. Effective incentives in the field of physical culture and sports include: agitation and propaganda, improvement of the material base, convenient class schedule, expansion of opportunities for the preferred choice of a sport, increase in free time, pedagogical skills of teachers, real health promotion, etc.
In the context of restructuring the activities of higher education, it is fundamentally important to activate the position of each student in relation to their physical development and preparedness, real participation in various forms of physical culture and sports activities. With a directed process of forming students' needs for physical culture and sports, teachers, trainers and sports organizers need a system of knowledge about the dialectical development of needs and pedagogical influences that allow them to be managed in the required direction. In the organization of education, one cannot ignore the personal motives, interests, and needs that have developed among students; it is necessary to find reasonable forms of their restructuring.
Otherwise, students may develop negativism and indifference.
Management of the development of needs should be carried out in a consistently flexible, tactful form corresponding to a given goal. In other words, needs cannot be artificially imposed on an individual. They must correspond to the system of its value orientations.
Changes in the physical culture and sports activity of students can occur under the influence of various factors that make it possible to increase the efficiency of solving pedagogical problems both in terms of personality formation and in introducing young people to active, systematic physical education and sports.
The factors that determine, in the opinion of students, their needs, interests and motives for inclusion in physical culture and sports activities are: the state of the material sports base, the orientation of the educational process and the content of classes, the level of requirements of the curriculum, the personality of the teacher, the state of health of those involved, the frequency of classes , their duration and emotional coloring, etc.
Among the factors influencing the organization of physical culture and sports activities, it is necessary to note the role of public organizations of the university (Table 4) .
Table 4 - Evaluation of the role of public organizations of the university in shaping the attitude of students to physical culture and sports activities, %
The data obtained indicate differences in the assessment of the role of these organizations by students and experts.
Thus, the majority of experts have a closer connection with the trade union committee, understand its real influence, and therefore give a higher assessment of its activities than students. The activities of student councils of hostels for the introduction of physical culture into the lifestyle of students also require further improvement. Being the center of educational work, the student dormitory has not yet become a place of manifestation of social activity in physical culture and sports activities. Only less than a third of students appreciate its formative impact on their motivational attitudes in the field of physical culture and sports.
An analysis of the factors that determine the process of formation of needs, interests and motives would be incomplete without considering the subjective motives of the individual. In physical culture and sports activities, where the activity of students is manifested in various forms, the influence of such factors as satisfaction, spiritual enrichment, the compliance of actions with the social attitudes of society, the reflection of the interests of the team in the activities of each, is of great educational importance (Table 5).
Table 5 - The influence of subjective factors on the formation of students' interest in physical culture and sports activities, %
The given data testify to a regular decrease in the influence of all factors-motivators in the motivational sphere of students from junior to senior courses. A significant reason for the psychological reorientation of students is the increased demands for physical culture and sports activities. Senior students are more critical than junior students in evaluating the content and functional aspects of classes, their connection with professional training.
An alarming conclusion from the data in Table. 5 is the underestimation by students of such subjective factors influencing the value-motivational attitudes of the individual as spiritual enrichment and the development of cognitive abilities. To a certain extent, this is due to a decrease in the educational potential of classes and events, a shift in the focus of attention on the normative indicators of physical culture and sports activities, and a limited range of pedagogical influences.
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Modern types of physical culture and sports activities
Introduction
1 Classification of modern physical culture and sports activities
1.1 Martial arts
1.2 Athletic gymnastics
2. Reasons for the formation of modern sports
4. Professional qualities of a coach - a teacher in modern sports
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Physical Culture part of human culture
Physical culture is an organic part of human culture, its special independent area. At the same time, it is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and a way of physical improvement of the individual. Physical culture affects the vital aspects of the individual, received in the form of inclinations, which are transmitted genetically and develop in the process of life under the influence of upbringing, activity and the environment. Physical culture satisfies social needs in communication, play, entertainment, in some forms of self-expression of the individual through socially active useful activity.
Sport - phenomenon of cultural life
Sport is part of physical culture. In it, a person seeks to expand the boundaries of his capabilities, this is a huge world of emotions generated by successes and failures, the most popular spectacle, an effective means of educating and self-educating a person, it contains the most complex process of interpersonal relations. Sport is actually a competitive activity and special preparation for it. He lives by certain rules and norms of behavior. It clearly manifests the desire for victory, the achievement of high results, requiring the mobilization of the physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. Therefore, people often talk about the athletic nature of people who successfully manifest themselves in competitions. Satisfying many human needs, sports become a physical and spiritual necessity.
Owning and actively using a variety of physical exercises, a person improves his physical condition and fitness, improves physically. Physical perfection reflects such a degree of physical possible gay personality, its plastic freedom, which allow it to most fully realize its essential forces, successfully participate in the types of social and labor activity necessary for society and desirable for it, enhance its adaptive capabilities and growth on this basis of social activity. returns. The degree of physical perfection is determined by how solid a foundation it represents for further development, to what extent it is "open" to new qualitative changes and creates conditions for the transfer of a person to a different, more perfect quality.
It is right to consider physical perfection as a dynamic state that characterizes the desire of an individual for integral development through the chosen sport or physical culture and sports activity. This ensures the choice of means that most fully corresponds to its multifunctional and socio-psychological characteristics, the disclosure and development of its individuality. That is why physical perfection is not just a desirable quality of a future specialist, but a necessary element of his personal structure.
Physical culture and sports activities, in which students are involved, are one of the effective mechanisms for merging public and personal interests, forming socially necessary individual needs. Its specific core is relations that develop the physical and spiritual sphere of the individual, enriching it with norms, ideals, and value orientations. At the same time, the transformation of social experience into personality traits and the transformation of its essential forces into an external result take place. The holistic nature of such activity makes it a powerful means of increasing the social activity of the individual.
1 Classification of modern physical culture and sports activities
The development of the field of physical culture and sports is associated with a constant increase in its species diversity, the emergence of new types of physical culture and sports activities, the growing popularity of traditional sports, updating the list of sports and disciplines. physical improvement personality sport
Study of the process of formation of modern sports
Brief description of new, modern sports
One of the trends that characterize the modern domestic physical culture and sports movement is the emergence of new modern sports. A special factor in this is the inclusion of a number of them (curling, baseball, beach volleyball and other sports) in the program of the Winter and Summer Olympic Games.
The development of modern sports involves the development of special knowledge necessary for use in personal and professional development, self-improvement, and the organization of a healthy lifestyle. In the classroom, sports and professionally applied physical training are used to gain individual experience in physical culture and sports activities, to increase the level of functional and motor abilities.
Modern sports include:
Oriental martial arts;
Athletic gymnastics;
Hydroaerobics;
Stretching;
Shaping;
Cycling BMX - cross cycling;
cynological sports;
Naturban;
Beach volleyball;
Paintball;
Rollersport and skateboarding;
Snowboard;
dance sport;
Floorball.
Powerlifting;
Streetball;
Bowling;
These are just some of the modern sports. Let's briefly analyze each.
1.1 Martial arts
Oriental martial arts- the oldest direction in non-traditional sports, which has several styles, ranging from a complex of recreational gymnastics to martial arts. Some styles of martial arts are included in the education system in schools and some universities in China and Japan. Martial arts combine various types of exercises that can be performed with or without weapons, with or without a partner. In all martial arts there are solid and power movements, speed of reaction, flexibility, jet movements. The list of sports currently included in the Russian state programs of physical education includes the following types of martial arts: aikido; judo; different versions of karate.
1.2 Athletic gymnastics
Athletic gymnastics- a brilliant invention of mankind, as the construction of the human body, through physical exercises with weights. A new round of popularity for this sport came in the twentieth century.
Hydroaerobics- performing physical exercises in water is an effective means of increasing the level of physical fitness for people with different physical development and almost any age. "The structure of classes, dosages of physical activity, musical accompaniment can be the same as in rhythmic gymnastics. However, water resistance complicates movements, and overcoming it leads to a faster development of strength than on land, various muscle groups" . Systematic exercise in water normalizes the activity of the nervous system, relieves excessive excitability, improves sleep.
Yoga- The word "yoga" in translation from the ancient Indian language means "union, connection, connection, unity, harmony." "Philosophers - materialists interpret this term as unity, harmony of the physical and psychological state of a person, as a harmony of complete physical health and spiritual beauty of a person. Exercises based on an understanding of not only physical, but also spiritual, moral rules for improving a person - this is the system yoga. A great variety of its varieties, sections, exercises are known. The most important for understanding at the initial stage of mastering yoga are the basic breathing exercises and the philosophical basis of yoga. " Yoga is not just the adoption of various intricate postures and relaxation, but a real complex technique for controlling the body and focusing on it.
Stretching- stretching, includes a complex of postures that increase the elasticity of various muscle groups. For the correct performance of stretching exercises, the following requirements should be adhered to: before performing the exercise, you need to know which specific muscle group it helps to stretch; all movements must be within certain limits of the individual range of joint mobility, "light stretching" should be used first; when the joint is in the extreme extended, bent, retracted or adducted position, it is not shown to stretch the ligaments and muscles only due to static pressure, while in a stationary state; in the process of performing exercises, breathe calmly and rhythmically; when acute pain occurs, stop the exercise ". This type of gymnastics is widely used as an aid in various sports.
Shaping- an effective tool for strengthening the health and improving the physique of people of different ages. It combines aerobic exercises and athletic gymnastics. When shaping, the intensity of physical activity is dosed strictly individually. Shaping is characterized by strict medical control over the state of physical development and functional readiness with the help of modern electronic equipment. It is widely distributed among the population.
Cycling BMX- cross cycling - a kind of cyclocross carried out on bicycles of a special class (BMX cross bikes). It is held at specialized sports facilities - indoor and outdoor BMX velodromes. The BMX cycling track with a combination of obstacles and turns has a length of 270 to 400 m. For international competitions, the length of the track is 300-400 m.
Canine sport- sports united by the Russian League of Cynologists. They include complex and applied types of cynological sports. Such as: overcoming the dog track with obstacles for time and cleanliness; dog overcoming barriers for time and cleanliness; compulsory and free programs of exercises to music with service and decorative breeds of dogs; cynological applied all-around; sledding (on skis, sledges, backgammon; carts, wagons), dog racing (towing). Cynological sports competitions are held both in individual and team championships. Facilities for cynological sports include open structures (circular running tracks, sports and training grounds for cynological sports) and indoor structures (sports halls) used in combination for various types and disciplines of cynological sports.
Naturban- downhill sleigh (single - for women and men, double - for men) on a natural slope with a frozen ice track. The length of the route, slopes, the number of turns is determined locally.
Beach volleyball- a sports game similar to volleyball, carried out on an open sandy area. A specific requirement for the construction is the presence of a layer of sand with a thickness of at least 30 cm.
Paintball- an applied sport, a team game, with shooting from special pneumatic action markers that shoot gelatin balls with mineral dye. Teams of players starting from their bases aim to capture the enemy's flag and hit as many of the opposing team's players as possible. The venue of the game is an open area with a system of installed artificial shelters. With simplified rules, the game is carried out in the same way as a sports and recreational activity.
Rollersport and skateboarding- roller skating and skateboarding. Rollersport includes both mass physical culture and health-improving classes and sports disciplines: roller-skating hockey; freestyle on roller skates and skateboards; figure skating on roller skates; speed roller skating. For freestyle, special devices are used: ramps, springboards, rolling hills, etc. Complexes of facilities for roller skating and skateboarding mainly include facilities of two types: roller tracks, currently being built in Moscow, and skate parks, which have become widespread abroad. Skatepark - a complex with a developed composition of sports facilities for roller skating and skateboarding, including both indoor and outdoor facilities: platforms of various types, paths, straight inclined tracks, inclined curved tracks. The composition of the structures of various skateparks, their dimensions are determined locally and vary in a wide range.
Snowboard- sliding on a natural snow-covered slope on a special board (winter Olympic sport). Snowboard tracks are equipped on natural and artificial slopes. The parameters of the tracks are determined based on the requirements of the competition rules, taking into account local conditions.
dance sport- a sport based on the performance of certain European and Latin American dances. Possession of the school of choreography is assessed when dance couples perform figures, the list of which is determined for each dance and class of athletes. Competitions of various levels are held between sports dance couples of various classes according to the European, Latin American dance programs or the 10 dance program. Trainings and competitions are carried out in the dance hall. Competitions of the highest levels are carried out in a demonstration hall with stationary spectator seats.
floorball- a sports game similar to hockey, where a special ball is used instead of a puck. The main venue is the gym. A team consists of 5 field players and a goalkeeper. The recommended size of the playing field is 40×20 m. It is allowed to play in halls of smaller dimensions with a decrease in the number of field players. It is possible to play on open planar structures.
Powerlifting- a power sport, the essence of which is to overcome the weight of the heaviest weights. This sport is also called powerlifting. This is due to the fact that it includes three exercises as competitive disciplines: squats with a barbell on the shoulders, bench press, lying on a horizontal bench, and barbell pull - which in total determine the qualification of an athlete. In powerlifting, unlike bodybuilding, strength indicators are important, and not the beauty of the body.
Streetball- street basketball. Appeared in the 50s. XX century in the poor neighborhoods of the United States. Two teams of three play on a half-basketball court, hitting the ball into the same hoop. The team has 4 players (3 main and 1 substitute).
Bowling- a sports game of bowls, which originated from the game of skittles. The goal of the game is to knock down, with the help of as few balls as possible, skittles set up in a special way at the end of a beadless lane. There are many varieties of bowling in the world: 5-pin bowling differs from 10-pin bowling not only in the number of pins, but also, for example, in the number of throws in each frame, as well as in the different playing value of the pins, candlepin bowling differs, first of all, in the shape of the pins, that look like candles. The most common variant in the world is 10-pin bowling, in which the pins are set in a triangle.
parkour- the art of moving and overcoming obstacles. Both existing architectural structures (railings, parapets, walls, etc.) and specially made structures (used during various events and competitions) can be considered as such. Many practitioners perceive it as a lifestyle. It is currently actively practiced and developed by many associations and individuals in many countries.
There are well-known traditional, emerging sports included in the recommended general nomenclature of new, modern and emerging sports:
- billiards- the collective name of several board games with different rules, as well as a special table on which the game takes place. A characteristic feature of all billiards games is the movement of balls with the help of a cue;
- water polo- a team sport with a ball in which two teams try to score a goal into the opponent's goal. The game takes place in a pool of water;
- golf- a sports game in which individual participants or teams compete by driving a small ball into special holes with clubs, trying to cover the allotted distance in the minimum number of strokes.
2. Reasons for the formation of modern sports
In the study of the process of formation of new sports, in our opinion, it is advisable to single out two aspects:
1. Identification of factors influencing the process of formation of a modern sport.
2. Definition and characteristics of the stages of formation of a new sport.
The conducted studies suggest that the effectiveness of the process of formation of a new (modern) sport is determined by a complex of the following interrelated factors:
1. State support.
2. Olympic perspective.
3. Public administration.
4. Natural availability.
5. Social accessibility.
6. Public opinion.
7. Sponsorship attractiveness.
8. Competition.
9. Methodological and staffing.
10. International cooperation.
11. Human factor.
The importance of the factor of state support for the development of new sports is largely decisive, since it determines many aspects of the financial, legal, regulatory and staffing of this process. There is no doubt that the state policy in the field of physical culture and sports, the content of which is currently being widely discussed, should provide an opportunity to meet the needs of the population in various types of physical culture and sports activities.
The social significance of any new sport is largely determined by its "Olympic perspective", which is realized in two aspects:
The inclusion (or the prospect of inclusion) of a sport in the program of the Olympic Games;
The prospect of winning prizes at official international competitions, and above all at the Olympiads.
An important component of the process of formation of a modern sport is the formation of the structure and mechanisms of public administration, i.e. functioning systems of public organizations that manage the development of a sport both centrally (national federation) and locally (regional branches and federations).
Undoubtedly, the success of the development of a number of sports is due to the factor of natural accessibility, that is, the presence of natural and climatic conditions. The current base of sports facilities can be attributed to the same factor.
It seems that "this factor is of the greatest importance for ensuring the mass participation in sports" . At the same time, winning high awards in the international arena in a certain period of time can be ensured by targeted training of a rather limited contingent of highly qualified athletes.
The factor of public opinion largely determines the influence of factors of social accessibility, competition and sponsorship attractiveness. This factor is provided by the activities of the media in two aspects:
Formation of the image of the sport;
Disclosure of the zest of competitive wrestling.
The formation of a new sport is largely determined by the influence of the factor of sponsorship attractiveness, which can be understood as the degree of interest of potential sponsors, investors in investing in its development.
The competitive factor implies an indirect impact of traditionally popular sports on the process of becoming non-traditional.
The emergence and development of a new sport, as a rule, is closely connected with international sports cooperation. In this regard, the manifestation of the factor of international cooperation is largely determined by the presence of constructive support from international sports federations, as well as foreign sports associations, clubs and other organizations.
The human factor in modern management theory is considered as one of the most important for the effective functioning of any system. Undoubtedly, the success of the process of establishing a new sport is largely determined by the professional knowledge and skills of the people included in it, as well as their personal qualities.
The problem of determining the stages of formation of new modern sports undoubtedly requires a comprehensive socio-economic study. An important component of the latter, apparently, is a generalization of the experience of practical activity in this area.
On the one hand, effective methodological and staffing support for practicing a new sport satisfies the requirement to preserve the health of those involved, on the other hand, it is the basis for the training of highly qualified athletes.
The formation of a new sport is a multi-aspect process of interrelated activities of state and public bodies of physical culture and sports management. At the same time, the national federation should play a leading role in determining the strategy of the sport.
In different sports, the process of their formation has undeniable specifics. At the same time, the identification of the general patterns of this process will make it possible to mutually enrich the strategies for the development of new modern sports.
3. Direction of modern types of physical culture and sports activities
Every person who cares about their physical and spiritual condition, and especially a future specialist in the field of physical education, should know the whole variety of systems of physical exercises for the formation of a culture of movements and physique correction, be able to navigate when choosing a certain type of gymnastics or strength sport, taking into account individual features, age, gender, physical fitness and functional state of the body of schoolchildren, be able to properly organize and conduct such classes in a secondary school or children's holiday camps.
In order to correctly compose a gymnastics complex, to determine the magnitude of the load and impact on the body of children, knowledge of such subjects as anatomy, physiology, hygiene of physical education, theories and methods of physical education and sports, as well as theoretical knowledge and technical skills of special disciplines is necessary. (sports and outdoor games, gymnastics, athletics).
In the process of organizing and conducting practical classes, such traditional teaching methods are used as: in-line, serial-in-line, interval and "circular" training methods. The use of these methods makes it possible to provide a complex effect on the body of those involved. To maintain interest in classes, the teacher must follow a certain strategy for teaching and mastering dance and complex programs in accordance with the motor experience, preparedness and age of the students. For this, specific methods are used: the method of complication, the method of musical interpretation, the method of similarity, the method of blocks, and others.
In order to control the quality of the exercises performed by the trainees, various methods of obtaining information about the result of the actions performed are used. This is corrective information about the biomechanical characteristics of movement and evaluation information, which is always positive, activating students.
General and individual comments should be given in a friendly manner.
The orientation of modern types of physical culture is the basis that unites all its other components.
The criteria by which one can judge the formation of a person's physical culture are objective and subjective indicators. Based on them, it is possible to identify the essential properties and measure of the manifestation of physical culture in activity. These include:
The degree of formation of the need for physical culture and ways to meet it;
Intensity of participation in physical culture and sports activities (time spent, regularity);
The nature of the complexity and creative level of this activity;
Expression of emotional-volitional and moral manifestations of a person in physical culture and sports activities (independence, perseverance, purposefulness, self-control, collectivism, patriotism, diligence, responsibility, discipline);
The degree of satisfaction and attitude to the activities performed;
The manifestation of amateur performance, self-organization, self-education, self-education and self-improvement in physical culture;
The level of physical perfection and attitude to it;
Possession of means, methods, skills and abilities necessary for physical improvement;
Consistency, depth and flexibility of assimilation of scientific and practical knowledge on physical culture for creative use in the practice of physical culture and sports activities;
The breadth of the range and regularity of the use of knowledge, skills and experience of physical culture and sports activities in the organization of a healthy lifestyle, in educational and professional activities.
Thus, the formation of a person's physical culture can be judged by how and in what specific form personal attitudes to physical culture and its values are manifested. The complex system of the needs of the individual, his abilities appears here as a measure of the development of the physical culture of society and a measure of creative self-expression in it.
In accordance with the criteria, a number of levels of manifestation of the physical culture of the individual can be distinguished .
The pre-nominal level is formed spontaneously. The reasons for it lie in the sphere of consciousness in relation to students and are associated with dissatisfaction with the program offered by teachers, the content of classes and extracurricular activities, its semantic and general cultural potential; complicated interpersonal relationships with the teacher. Students have no need for cognitive activity, and knowledge is manifested at the level of familiarity with the educational material. The connection of physical culture with the formation of the personality of the future specialist and the process of his professional training is denied. The motivational sphere is dominated by a negative or indifferent attitude. In the classroom, such students are passive, the scope of extracurricular activities is rejected. The level of their physical abilities may be different.
The nominal level is characterized by the indifferent attitude of students to physical culture and spontaneous use of its individual means and methods under the influence of classmates, leisure, emotional impressions of a sports spectacle, television or film information. Knowledge is limited, unsystematic; the meaning of classes is seen only in strengthening health, partly in physical development. Practical skills are limited to the simplest elements - morning exercises (occasionally), certain types of hardening, outdoor activities; direction is personal. Sometimes students of this level can take part in some types of physical culture and sports activities of a reproductive nature at the request of the teacher. The level of health and physical fitness of such students has a wide range. In the postgraduate period, they do not show initiative in taking care of their health, physical condition.
The potential level is based on a positively conscious attitude of students to physical culture for the purpose of self-improvement and professional activity. They have the necessary knowledge, beliefs, practical skills and abilities that allow them to competently perform a variety of physical culture and sports activities under the supervision and with the advice of teachers and experienced comrades. Cognitive activity is manifested both in the field of sports spectacles and in the development of popular science literature.
Orientation towards self. Great importance is attached to emotional communication and self-expression in the process of classes. They use partial physical self-education, guided by personal motives. They are active in public physical activity only when prompted from outside (teachers, the public, the dean's office). After graduation, they show physical culture and sports activity only when they find themselves in a favorable environment.
The creative level is typical for students who are convinced of the value and the need to use physical culture for the development and realization of personal capabilities. These students are characterized by solid knowledge of physical culture, they possess the skills and abilities of physical self-improvement, organization of a healthy lifestyle, use of physical culture means for rehabilitation at high neuro-emotional stress and after diseases; they creatively introduce physical culture into professional activities, into family life. After graduating from the university, they show initiative in amateur activities in many areas of life.
The boundaries of the selected levels are movable. They indicate the presence of contradictions, the main of which is the discrepancy between modern requirements for the professional and personal development of a future specialist and his real level. And this is the driving force behind the development of his physical culture.
4. Professional qualities of a coach - a teacher in modern sports
For the effective organization of the training process, it is necessary to have practical experience :
Analysis of plans and the process of conducting physical culture and recreation and sports classes with various age groups, developing proposals for their improvement;
Defining goals and objectives, planning, conducting, analyzing and evaluating physical culture and sports activities with different age groups of the population; - observation, analysis and self-analysis of physical culture and sports events and classes with different age groups of the population, discussion of individual classes in dialogue with fellow students, head of pedagogical practice, teachers, coaches, development of proposals for their improvement and correction;
Maintaining documentation that ensures the organization and holding of physical culture and sports events and classes and the effective operation of places of employment and sports facilities;
Depending on the age, gender, preparedness of those involved, to form the goals and objectives of physical culture and sports activities;
Plan lessons, training sessions, other forms of classes, taking into account the biomedical, sanitary and hygienic, psychological and pedagogical foundations of physical culture, sports, health, recreational activities, as well as age, gender and other characteristics of those involved;
Organize and conduct physical culture and sports classes with various contingents of those involved, use a variety of forms of classes, taking into account the age, morpho-functional and individual mental characteristics of those involved, their level of physical and sports fitness, health status;
Apply in the classroom means and methods adequate to the tasks set, evaluate the effectiveness of the means and methods of training used;
With the help of a set of tests, assess the level of general and special working capacity of those involved and, on the basis of this, make adjustments to the training process;
Use technical means and equipment to improve the efficiency of physical culture and sports activities;
Determine the causes of typical mistakes among people involved in physical culture and sports activities, determine methods and means for their elimination, create conditions for introspection and self-improvement;
To be able to apply a set of methods and means to form students' ideas and needs for a healthy lifestyle, personal hygiene skills, prevention and control over the state of their body;
The material of the discipline is based on the knowledge previously acquired by students in such training courses as "Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports Training", "Anatomy", "Physiology", "Psychology", "Hygiene", "Sports Medicine", etc.
Fundamentals of the theory and methods of teaching classes;
History of origin and development;
Principles of operation and arrangement of the main equipment for classes and operating rules;
Safety in the classroom; - medical, biological and mental factors that determine the level of skill;
Conclusion
Today, many qualitative changes are taking place in the sports and recreation industry, which, undoubtedly, can affect the future development of this area. These changes, in our opinion, include the following:
A healthy lifestyle is becoming an essential feature for many;
Managers and specialists of the sports and recreation sector believe that the key success factor in their activities is the quality of the services provided;
The technological revolution and scientific and technical information are leading to changes in the sport itself, in the training of athletes and in the conduct of physical training classes. These are computers, and the latest simulators, up to a robot partner in certain sports;
Group classes are increasingly being replaced by individual programs.
Undoubtedly, the trends that emerged in the sport of the 1980s and 1990s will continue to emerge in subsequent years, especially in the early years of the 21st century. The aging or growth of the elderly population in most countries, including Russia, will seriously affect the popularity of sports, the attendance of sports competitions and their perception by television viewers already at the beginning of a new one. Most likely, people will be more drawn to recreational sports, to outdoor games. The emergence of beach volleyball and the stunning growth of its popularity is a vivid confirmation of this. And if for the 90s of the XX century. characteristic is the desire to leave for one's own home, then this will inevitably affect at the beginning of the 21st century. on the organizational structure of sports and health clubs: from large and complex to small, specialized clubs with high technological equipment and high quality of services provided.
Almost 10 years ago, our famous philosopher N.N. Visitee asked the question: is there a high level of understanding of sports in our society today? Answering this question, he emphasized that "if one evaluates the level of understanding of sport as a social phenomenon that has been achieved to date in the field of philosophical and sociological research, then it is no longer possible to express satisfaction."
In our opinion, in the near future we should focus on an objective understanding by the population, government and political parties of the role of sport in our society and its legalization in the relevant legislative acts.
Bibliography
1. Bryankin S.V. Structure and functions of modern sport. 1982. - 71 p.
2. Volkov N.I. Endurance records: past, present, future / / Teor. and pract. physical cult. 1994, no. 10.
3. Isaev A.A. Olympic Pedagogy: Experience in Modeling Psychological and Pedagogical Technologies of Children and Youth Sports. - M.: FiS, 1998. - 240 p.
4. Kuzin V.V. The current state and prospects for the development of physical culture and sports in Russia //Theor. and pract. physical cult. 1996, no. 9, p. 55-57.
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In higher educational institutions, physical education aims to promote the learning and moral education of students; maintain their high mental and physical performance both during the period of study and in their future professional and labor activity; contribute to the creation of conditions and the development of student sports, necessary to improve the sports skills of students; ensure the preparation of students for highly productive work and the defense of the Motherland.
Mass physical culture in the life of the university staff performs health-improving, educational, educational and socio-cultural tasks.
Wellness tasks. Physical culture and sports activities in the university should be aimed at strengthening and improving the level of health, hardening of the body, the comprehensive development of physical abilities, the achievement of physical perfection on the basis of systematic sports.
The physical condition of student youth depends on many factors, both natural and socially determined. With the help of organized mass events using physical exercises, sports, a reasonable work and rest regime, etc. it is possible to significantly improve the indicators of health, physical development and functional readiness of students.
When conducting mass recreational, physical culture and sports events, a healing effect must be achieved, therefore, medical supervision is mandatory when carrying out these events.
Educational tasks. When organizing mass physical culture and sports events, it is necessary to educate the participants in the manifestation of an active life position, high morality, citizenship and patriotism, as well as the need to use physical exercises and sports as factors of a healthy lifestyle, in the process of all life activity.
Educational tasks. Scientific and technological progress and the sedentary lifestyle associated with it increases the role of physical culture in human life. Therefore, physical culture specialists and public sports activists should conduct purposeful, systematic activities to improve the physical culture literacy of students. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to include and expand the lecture course in the curriculum for students, which includes knowledge from the field of medicine, biology, pedagogy, theory and methodology of physical education, as well as knowledge and practical skills in organizing and conducting mass, health, physical culture and sports events, sports competitions.
9.2 Demand generation
students in physical culture and sports activities
Traditionally, in physical education, the main attention is paid to the development of physical and sports and technical readiness of students, and the education of the need for physical culture and sports activities (PSA) is carried out spontaneously. The positive moment of the formation of the need for physical culture among students is associated with the presence of positive emotions. Significant results can be obtained only if the influences correspond to the internal mood of the trainees, and the goals are close, understandable and easily accessible.
The formation of students' need for FSD is inextricably linked with physical self-education and improvement. Physical self-education is a process of conscious and systematic work on oneself and focused on the formation of a person's physical culture. It is self-education that intensifies the process of physical education, consolidates, expands and improves practical skills acquired in the system of physical education.
Self-education requires the mobilization of the will in overcoming various difficulties on the way to the goal; it can also be associated with other types of self-education - moral, intellectual, labor, etc.
The student's ability to notice even minor changes in himself is important, because it reinforces his self-confidence, activates, and contributes to the further improvement of the self-education program.
The criterion of the formed need for FSD should be considered such a level of development of self-education (motives, interests, values, orientations, attitudes), which actively directs practical activities to achieve physical perfection, a healthy lifestyle, an active FSD, the formation of physical culture of the student's personality.
The formation of the interest and needs of students in the FSD is ensured by the following pedagogical conditions:
1. Directed formation of social and individual motives that combine personal interest with the public goals of activity. A person cannot be considered socially mature if his FSD is directed only for his own pleasure, out of connection with labor and social activities.
2. Consider the participation of students in the FSD as part of the educational process at the university, aimed at training a specialist.
3. Identification and development of physical culture and sports interests as ways and means of self-realization and self-improvement.
4. Students' awareness of their motor abilities, which ensure the transition from external results of behavior to internal ones. The element of competition “with oneself” is an important indicator of the quality of physical culture and sports events, which manifests self-knowledge and self-expression of students in their motor abilities.
An analysis of the students' survey gives grounds for asserting that, in general, from course to course, the assessment of the reasons that limit students' participation in the FSS becomes more pronounced. Of the significant reasons, the personal organization of students and the conditions in which physical culture and sports activities take place are highlighted.
Characteristically, the male contingent is more inclined to look for the causes of restrictions in the absence of desire and interest, while the female contingent is more inclined to look for the reasons for their free time. Common to all students are the reasons associated with the lack of need for classes and their weak role in the development of spiritual and intellectual abilities. Many students do not see the connection between activity in the field of physical culture and future professional activities.
In the process of educational work, three levels of formation of physical culture and sports activity among students can be distinguished.
Low level- characterized by pragmatic motives for the participation of students in the FSD and satisfies the minimum needs of the individual. Interest not formed. Upon graduation, specialists with this level of activity do not engage in physical culture and sports, or occasionally under the influence of external circumstances. Physical culture does not find application in the organization of professional labor.
To the middle level we can include those who are still passive, but are predisposed to activity and remain in a neutral attitude towards the FSD. Students in this group are most exposed to outside influences. The process of forming interests and needs in the FSD is the more successful, the more understanding of the need to apply the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in their professional activities. They include physical culture in their way of life most successfully in those production teams where there are rich sports traditions.
High level characterized by the conviction of the need for physical culture for oneself personally. These students actively influence the environment closest to them. This is manifested in organizational, instructor-pedagogical, judicial and other types of activity in the field of physical culture and sports. After graduation, such specialists are active at the place of work, they are characterized by high social activity.
The emergence of physical exercises is historically determined by the desire of a person to satisfy the need for movement and, of course, for the development of physical qualities.
Borrowing at the first stages of its development motor actions from the field of labor and military activity (running, wrestling, throwing, archery, horseback riding, etc.), sport deprived these actions of their labor or military-applied significance. Becoming athletic, they began to be performed not to achieve any external goals (manufacturing a certain product of labor, defeating the enemy, hunting game), but for the sake of the feeling of satisfaction that was experienced during their implementation and was accompanied by an emotionally colored awareness of the perfection of their performance itself. yourself.
The main types of sports activities are always associated with certain motor actions - physical exercises. Their distinctive feature is a special focus on solving the problems of physical education (development and improvement of the physical qualities of a person). At the same time, physical exercises contribute to the improvement of the moral and volitional qualities of the individual. In this regard, physical exercises have become a special subject of psychological research and study: without an accurate analysis of the psychological foundations - physical exercises - it is impossible to develop rational methods of training and sports training.
sports activities is always a special activity in a particular sport. Sports qualities that are developed in its process depend on the characteristics of this sport. An athlete in the process of his training tries, first of all, to develop those qualities that are necessary for a given sport, and develops others only insofar as they are the basis for his successful work in his sport.
Thus, a certain sports activity leads, on the one hand, to the formation of specific qualities and personality structures, and on the other hand, to the achievement of high sports results in a given sport or sports discipline.
The competitive activity of athletes is the main object of research in the psychology of sports and the practical application of psychological recommendations. In order for an athlete to achieve high sports results, it is necessary to know the features of a particular sport and sports role and, accordingly, the requirements that apply to the personality of an athlete, his mental qualities and their level of perfection.
Different authors include various components in the personality structure. In sports psychology, character in all its variety of manifestations, temperament and abilities are most often singled out with the leading role of such a component as orientation.
The main preparatory and training activity of an athlete is carried out in the conditions of sports training. It is the main form of athlete training, which is a specialized pedagogical process built on a system of exercises and aimed at managing the athlete’s sports improvement, which determines his readiness to achieve the highest results.
The most important component in the athlete's training system is the competition, which acts as the goal, means and method of training an athlete. Competitions are defined as a special area in which the activity of an athlete is carried out, which makes it possible to objectively compare certain of his abilities and ensure their maximum manifestations.
In the practice of sports, the concepts of "sports activity" and "competitive activity" are widespread. Often they are used as synonyms, but the content and semantic meaning of each of them differ significantly from each other. Sports activity is characteristic of sports as a multifaceted social phenomenon, as it affects various areas of human activity. Achieving the maximum result is impossible without the inclusion of a large number of people of various professions in the field of sports. Sociologists, doctors, teachers, physiologists, engineers, specialists from the administrative apparatus, the arts, logistics and many others ensure the functioning of sports in the country. Moreover, the activity of these people is determined by the social and economic conditions of society.
Sports activity is an ordered organization of activities to ensure maximum recovery and improvement of a person in the field of sports. Its basic principles and forms are determined by the social conditions for the functioning of sports in society.
Competitive activity in relation to official competitions acts in its absolute meaning as a proper competitive activity. And in this regard, this is a specific motor activity of a person, carried out, as a rule, in the conditions of official competitions at the limit of a person’s mental and physical strength, the ultimate goal of which is to establish socially significant and personal results. The actual competitive activity of athletes is carried out in competitions. Competition is an important factor in the knowledge of human capabilities and the formation of ethical relationships, as well as a form of communication between people or groups of people. The end result of competitive activity is a sporting achievement, which is characterized by a quantitative or qualitative level of performance in sports.
Sportsachievement is an indicator of sportsmanship and abilities of an athlete, expressed in specific results.
Sports and competitive activities, the organization and holding of various kinds of competitions organically merge into the sports movement, since in all directions of the latter (mass public sports and sports of the highest achievements) they play a significant role. Hence, the sports movement is a social trend, sports practice in the field of mass sports and sports of the highest achievements.
