In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke errors. However, you should not be afraid of them, because there are clearly defined rules.
Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:
1. Derived from nouns spelled together. For example:
- Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (love of freedom).
2. Derived from phrases, the types of connections between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:
- railway (railroad), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Krasnoarmeisky (red army), woodworking (wood processing), meat procurement (preparing meat), rail rolling (rolling rails), national (common for the people), etc.
This group also includes adjectives that denote a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like “adverb + adjective”. For example:
- wild, evergreen, highly respected, rarely used, etc.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper names are written with a small letter .
Note 2. Complex adjectives, formed by combining an adverb with a simple adjective, are often confused with phrases like “adverb + adjective (or participle),” which, naturally, are written separately. For example:
- childishly trusting, poorly hidden, wildly annoying, forever young .
Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable in nature.
3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:
- hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (tongue), deaf-mute, etc.
Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:
1. Derived from nouns that were originally written with a hyphen. This group also includes complex adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements), formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first and last names. For example:
- diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, north-eastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
- Lev-Tolstvosky, Alexander-Pushkinsky, Stephen-King, Chuck-Polanovsky, etc.
- Erofey-Pavlovichsky
Note 1. The exception is the adjective “Zamoskvoretsky”, which is written together.
Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if the prefix appears in them:
- podalmaatsky, zaorehovozuevsky.
2. Derived from two or more equal words:
- interest-free, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.
2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and undertones. For example:
- rollingly loud, iridescently melodious, provocatively ringing;
- pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.
3. They are part of geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:
- North Caucasus, South Korean, East China, West Ukrainian, etc.
Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:
- Literary and artistic (club), mass political (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.
Note 2. Words whose first part is the stem “sam-”, “sama-” are also written with a hyphen. For example:
- Self-third, self-heel, etc.
Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.
Ways of education
In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:
- Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
- general historical method (general history);
- comprehensive school (general education);
- seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
- one-way traffic (one side).
Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:
- metalworking machine (metal processing);
- forest protection sign (forest protection);
- house-building company (house construction);
- car rental company (car rental);
- petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).
Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:
- easily wounded person (easily wounded);
- sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
- Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
- North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
- Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).
Integrated spelling of terms
The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:
- potent sleeping pills;
- highly developed country;
- large-scale actions;
- highly specialized production;
- densely populated area.
Separate writing of terms
The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:
- densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
- little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).
When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:
- quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
- pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperatures);
- an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
- perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).
It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.
Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.
Hyphen in adjectives and nouns
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.
You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:
- social democratic party (social democracy);
- south-eastern district (southeast);
- Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
- New York Park (New York);
- prime ministerial corps (prime minister).
But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:
- anti-social democratic views;
- Syrdarya city.
Personality
Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:
- Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
- Main-Read novel;
- Robin Hood's exploits;
- Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
- Ivan-Groznovsky time.
Adjectives containing two equal concepts
The writing of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cultural and entertainment center;
- reporting and examination concert;
- cardiovascular disease;
- propaganda event;
- English-German dictionary;
- workers' and peasants' movement;
- Russian-Turkish war;
- artistic and journalistic genre;
- Distillery;
- electronic-automatic method.
Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous parts of speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:
- Research Institute;
- folk arts and crafts;
- Navy;
- Training and Consulting Center.
Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality
If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some connotation, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:
- sweet and sour sauce;
- masculine and stern appearance;
- anxious and obsessive thoughts;
- a good-natured, friendly smile;
- pale pink lips;
- bright red dress.
Spelling terms with a hyphen
Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cereals and legumes;
- gastrohepatic collection;
- magnetically soft materials;
- stone-concrete foundation;
- filling and drain valve.
Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from a foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:
- historical and ethnographic;
- critical-journalistic;
- medical and health;
- political and legal;
- chemical-technological.
Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:
- courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
- courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).
Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:
- naive and childish reasoning;
- solemnly sublime vocabulary;
- arrogant and contemptuous attitude.
Which compound adjectives are written together and which are written with a hyphen?
-
Example: blond,
omnivorous. - How do you spell red and yellow?
- Written together: adjectives formed from compound nouns written together.
Example: gutter (lt; drain),
reinforced concrete (lt; reinforced concrete),
adjectives in which one of the constituent parts is not used separately.
Example: blond,
omnivorous. - How to spell coniferous? mixed forest. ??
- Neka kaapold
- Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: water supply (water supply), agricultural (farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words, in their meaning subordinate to one another, for example: railway (railroad), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex (complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling (rolling rails), national ( common for the people), field-protective (forming protection for fields), metal-cutting (cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoraco-abdominal (obstruction), Indo-European (languages), Old High German (language), bicarbonate (gas); also deaf and dumb.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names of combinations of first and last names, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel-motor, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollan, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective Moskvoretsky is written together.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is absent from the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French (dictionary), blue- white-red (flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary-artistic (almanac), political-mass (work), dictionary-technical (department), podzolic-swamp, loose -lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is sam-, sama-, for example: sam-friend, sam-third, sam-five, sama-heel.
- Easily
- Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: water supply (water supply), agricultural (farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words, in their meaning subordinate to one another, for example: railway (railroad), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex (complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling (rolling rails), national ( common for the people), field-protective (forming protection for fields), metal-cutting (cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoraco-abdominal (obstruction), Indo-European (languages), Old High German (language), bicarbonate (gas); also deaf and dumb.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names of combinations of first and last names, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel-motor, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollan, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective Moskvoretsky is written together.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is absent from the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French (dictionary), blue- white-red (flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary-artistic (almanac), political-mass (work), dictionary-technical (department), podzolic-swamp, loose -lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is sam-, sama-, for example: sam-friend, sam-third, sam-five, sama-heel.
- written together: adjectives formed from compound nouns written together.
Example: gutter (lt; drain),
reinforced concrete (lt; reinforced concrete),
adjectives in which one of the constituent parts is not used separately.
Example: blond,
omnivorous.
Summary of an open lesson on the topic:“Consolid and hyphenated writing of complex adjectives”
Goals:
Educational: formulate the concept of complex adjectives, ensure that students master the spelling of continuous and hyphenated writing of complex adjectives, practice the primary skills of continuous and hyphenated writing of adjectives;
Developmental : create conditions for the development of skills to classify adjectives by continuous and hyphenated writing, skills to establish similarities and differences, skills to draw generalized conclusions;
Educating: to develop the ability to set goals in educational activities and the desire to achieve them, to cultivate the need to independently evaluate one’s activities.
Equipment: computer, projector.
During the classes:
1 Organizational moment.
Hello guys.
Sit down.
Well, check it out, friends. Is everything in place, are your pens, books and notebooks in order? Is everyone sitting correctly? Is everyone watching carefully? Everyone just wants to get a five rating.
2. Updating knowledge.
What big topic are you currently studying?
What do you know about this part of speech?
Creating a cluster. (slide No. 1)
Adjective
Indicates-(sign of an object)
Changes by (gender, number, case)
What member of the sentence can be (predicate, definition,)
What classes of adjectives do you know? (qualitative, relative, possessive)
What spellings have you studied - (not with adjectives, N and NN in adjectives, O, E after sibilants and C, suffixes K and SK in adjectives)
Find the odd one out and explain why. (slide number 2)
Nautical
Sailor
Naval
Fishing
(fishing, because 1) the suffix K, 2) consists of two roots, i.e. is complex)
Let's open the notebooks and write down today's date and cool work, and leave 2 lines for the topic and write it down a little later.
3. Knowledge generation.
A) Working with text. (slide No. 3)
Read the text.
The southwest wind drove blue-green waves bitter - salty seas. On board the fishing boat the ship stood tall gray-bearded man with dark green waterproofcloak and looked into the distance. Looming on the horizon three-masted brig. Hanging above him white - pink clouds. One looked like a huge rhinoceros carcass.
What part of speech words are underlined?
What makes them different from other adjectives?
Why are they difficult?
Exercise: Write down in 2 columns all complex adjectives that are written together and with a hyphen. (Slide No. 4.5)
Why are they spelled differently?
What topic do you think we will study today?
Let's write it down. (Slide No. 6)
What should we learn by the end of the lesson?
I would really like that by the end of the lesson, each of you could answer the question: have you achieved your goal?
Which of these compound adjectives are formed from a noun? (slide No. 7)
Rhinoceros - rhinoceros,
South - west - south - west
Why is one adjective written together and the other with a hyphen?
What conclusion can we draw?
- Which of these complex adjectives are formed from a phrase? (slide No. 8)
Rybolovetskoye - fish catcher (what?)
Greybeard - beard (what?) gray,
Waterproof - impervious (to what?) to water,
Three-masted - three (what?) masts
How are all these compound adjectives written?
Conclusion. Complex adjectives formed from phrases should be written together.
What compound adjectives are formed from the combination of two adjectives that are independent of each other? (slide number 9)
Blue-green
Bitter salty
Dark grey
White - pink
- What do the underlined adjectives have in common?
(Color)
How are they written?
Conclusion: Compound adjectives that have color in one part are written with a hyphen.
Is it possible to insert the conjunction I between the parts of the remaining adjective. The sea is bitter and salty. (Slide No. 10)
- Such adjectives are called equal or equivalent. How are such adjectives written?
Conclusion: A compound adjective, between parts of which you can insert a conjunction And is written with a hyphen.
B) Work in groups. (slide No. 11)
Task: Formulate a rule and fill out the table.
Together | Hyphenated | ||
Check.(slide No. 12)
4. Formation of skills and abilities.
Group assignment. Work together, then one of you presents your work.
1st group: He colors the boat not with pencils and felt-tip pens, but with words, using only complex adjectives. (Slide No. 13)
2nd group : Make up a complex adjective from phrases. (slide No. 14)
Language of Ancient Russia -
Shipbuilding equipment -
Rituals of Old Russia
Group 3: Form complex adjectives. (Slide No. 15)
Paper and cardboard mill-
Take-off and landing strip
Russian and Tatar dictionary-
Group 4: Form compound adjectives from compound nouns. (slide No. 16)
Northeast-
North-west
Southeast-
South-west
Group 5: Form compound adjectives from compound nouns. (Slide No. 17)
Water pipes-
Forest park-
Pipeline -
Examination.
5. Lesson summary.
Guys, what topic did we meet today?
What was our goal?
Let’s remember what we’ve covered again. (Slide No. 18)
How to write compound adjectives, one part of which denotes color?
How are adjectives formed from phrases written?
How are adjectives formed from compound nouns that are also written with a hyphen written?
How are adjectives written that are formed from compound nouns that are written together?
How are adjectives formed from equal adjectives written, between which the conjunction I can be inserted?
In order to consolidate the material covered, you must do the following:homeworkpar.56 (learn the rule), ex. 331(open brackets)
And now we have to check whether we have achieved our goal and give a self-assessment of our work. To do this, let's conduct a test.
Exchange notebooks and check with each other.
Answers (slide No. 19)
Criteria.
Some people worked very well today and everything worked out for them, while others were not in the mood today and did not work to their full potential.
I'll send boats down the rows with assessments.
Depending on how much you worked today, put yourself in a boat with the appropriate rating and write your last name and first name on the back of the piece of paper.
Guys, I’m glad that you and I successfully studied the topic. I wish you success. Thank you for the lesson!
In the Russian language there are complex adjectives that can be written either together or with a hyphen. You can learn more about the spelling rules for compound adjectives in this article.
Features of spelling complex adjectives
In Russian, compound adjectives are written together and with a hyphen. The method of spelling complex adjectives depends on the lexical and grammatical features of the words and phrases from which they are formed.
Examples of compound adjectives: two hundred grams, reinforced concrete, wild growing, light green, Western European, physical and chemical.
At school, the rules for writing complex adjectives are studied in the 6th grade.
Rules for writing complex adjectives together
Compound adjectives are written together in the following cases:
- If a complex adjective is formed from a phrase based on a subordinating connection, coordination connection, control or adjacency (car repair (wagon repair), precocious (to sing soon), snow-white (white snow)). Exception – world historical.
- If one of the parts of a complex adjective is not used independently (blonde, transient, omnivore).
- If a compound adjective is formed from a compound noun with a continuous spelling (forest-steppe (forest-steppe), drainage (drainage), radiotechnical (radiotechnician)).
- Compound adjectives whose first part is a numeral (two-year, five-meter, nine-story). Exceptions – 5 points, 30 years old.
- Compound adjectives whose first part is an adverb -O or -e (undersigned, potent, highly moral).
- Compound adjectives in which the first part is represented by the elements - upper-, lower-, ancient-, middle-, early-, late-, general-,deep, small, light, heavy, wide, narrow, many, small, strong, weak, thick, thin, thick, large, sharp and etc. (ancient Greek, early flowering, Central European).
- Most scientific, technical and book definitions (energy power, baking, highly respected).
Rules for writing compound adjectives with a hyphen
Compound adjectives of the following categories are written with a hyphen:
TOP 2 articleswho are reading along with this
- Complex adjectives formed from two equal words - phrases based on a coordinating connection, between which a conjunction can be placed "and", "but" (commercial and industrial union (commercial and industrial), apple-orange juice (apple and orange), Russian-French dictionary (Russian and French)).
- Compound adjectives formed from hyphenated compound nouns, including geographical names (New York (New York), rear admiral (rear admiral), northeastern (northeast)).
- Denoting shades of color, taste, and other characteristics with additional quality (pale pink, sweet and sour, dark red).
- Formed from first and last names, first and patronymic, two last names (Jack London (Jack London), Ilfo-Petrovsky (Ilf and Petrov), Lev Tolstoy (Leo Tolstoy)).
- Compound adjectives with the first part ending in -iko (historical-philosophical, chemical-biological, lexical-grammatical).
- Complex adjectives, the parts of which are represented by heterogeneous features (often have initial elements - military, mass, popular, scientific, educational) (educational, military medical, folk poetry). Exceptions – prisoner of war, military man, conscript.
- Formed by repeating the same adjective (clean-clean, warm-warm, gray-gray).
