Phonetic ttranscription- 1) this is a system of signs and rules for their combination, designed to record pronunciation; 2) transcription is also called the writing of a word or text according to transcription rules.
The process of recording speech using transcription is called transcription.
Phonetic transcription is used to record spoken speech.
Phonetic transcription at school
1. Transcription is square brackets.
2.
In transcription, it is not customary to write capital letters and use punctuation marks when transcribing sentences. Pauses between segments of speech (usually coincide with the place of punctuation) are indicated by a double slash //
(significant pause) or single /
(shorter pause).
3. In words consisting of more than one syllable, stress is placed: [z»imá] - winter. If two words are combined with the same stress, they form one phonetic word, which is written together or using leagues: to the garden - [fsat], [f _ sat].
4. Softness of consonant sound denoted by an apostrophe: [s»el] - sat.
5. Recording consonants carried out using all the corresponding letters except sch And th.
- Special notes may be placed next to the letter. superscript or interlinear icons. They indicate certain features of the sound, for example:
- [n"] - an apostrophe denotes soft consonants: [n»o] - palate;
- the longitude of the sound is indicated by a superscript: [chash"a] - thicket, [vana] - bath, [kasa] - cash register; in some textbooks they indicate long consonants like this: [van:a] - bath.
- Letter ь corresponds to the sound conveyed by the sign [w"](or [sh":]): u[sh"]elye - gorge, [sh"]setina - stubble.
- Sounds [w"], [th],[h]always soft. Note. At the sounds [th],[h] It is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated.
- Sounds [zh], [w], [ts] are always hard. Exceptions: soft [zh"] sounds in the words: jury - [zh"]yuri, Julien - [zh"]julien, Jules - [zh"]yul.
- Letters ъ(hard sign), b(soft sign) do not indicate sounds, i.e. There are no such signs in the transcription for consonants: [raz"yom] - connector, [tr"i angular" - triangular.
6. Recordingvowel sounds
- Stressed vowels are transcribed using six symbols: [And]- [p»ir] feast, [s]- [ardor] ardor, [y]- [ray] ray, [e]- [l "es] forest, [O]- [House House, [A]- [garden] garden.
- Letters e, e, i, yu indicate double sounds [ ye],[yo], [ya], [yu]: [ya]bloko - apple, water[yo]m - pond, [yu]g - south, [ye]l - spruce. Letter and after the separating soft sign also denotes a double sound [yi]: voro [b»yi] - sparrows.
- Unstressed [y] occurs in any syllable. In its quality it is similar to the corresponding stressed vowel: musical, r[u]ka, vod[u], [u]dar.
- Unstressed vowels [i], [s], [a] are not necessarily used in place of similar letters - you should listen carefully to the pronunciation of the word: mod [a]ler - fashion designer, d [a]ska - board, [and] tourist - excursionist, [a]bysk - to search.
Phonetic transcription in textbooks for in-depth study of the Russian language
1. Some textbooks use additional signs to indicate vowel sounds: [Λ], [i e], [s e], [b], [b].
- On the spot letters o, a in the first pre-stressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word the sound is pronounced [Λ] : [vΛda] - water, [Λna] - she.
- On the spot letter e And I in unstressed syllables after soft consonants a vowel is pronounced, middle between [i] and [e], but closer to [i], it is indicated [and uh](called “and, inclined to e”): [l"i e sá] - forests, [p"i e b"ina] - rowan.
- On the spot letters e after hard hissing [zh], [sh], [ts] is pronounced [s e](“s, inclined to e”): z[y e]lat - wish, w[y e]pt - whisper, ts[y e]na - price. Exception: dance - dance.
- Sound[ъ](“er”) is pronounced after hard consonants A(steam locomotive [pravos]), O(milk [mjlako]), e(yellowness [zhalt "izn]).
- Sound [ь](“er”) is pronounced after soft consonants in non-first pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables and is indicated by the letters e(transition [p»р»ihot]), I(private [p»davoj]), A(hourly [hourly]).
2. Latin letter j denote in transcription the consonant “yot”, which sounds in the words block - apple, vodom - pond, voro[b»ji] - sparrows, zyk - tongue, sara[j] - barn, ma[j]ka - T-shirt, cha[ j]nik - teapot, etc.
IN higher school the range of phonetic designations is much wider. See in more detail: Chapter “The Concept of Phonetic Transcription” in the manual by N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. "Modern Russian language".
Sample phonetic transcription for school
[bal"shayya plosh"at" // on_katoray raspalazhy´las" tse´rkaf" // was completely zan"ita/dl"i´nym"i r"idam"i t"il"e´k //]
A sample phonetic transcription for advanced students of the Russian language at school
The large area on which the church was located was completely occupied by long rows of carts.
[bl"shájj flat" // nа_którj rаsplΛzhy´ls" tse´rqf" // was completely know"i et tá /dl" i´n'm" r"i e dám"i t"i e l"e To //]
Additionally:
- Dictionary for schoolchildren by Ushakova O.D. “Phonetic analysis of a word” (samples of phonetic analysis of several dozen words are given) (direct link to download the book)
Transcription I
Transcription (from Latin transcriptio - rewriting)
written reproduction of words and texts, taking into account their pronunciation using a specific graphic system. T. can be scientific and practical. Scientific telephony is used in linguistic studies of speech and can be of two types: phonetic (accurate transmission of the sound composition of words, reflecting the place of stress and positional variation; see Position) and phonemic (transmission of the phonemic composition of words without taking into account positional changes in phonemes (see Phoneme). ). Phonetic T. is used in bilingual dictionaries; it is given in square brackets, in contrast to phonemic T. (in oblique or broken brackets). Typically, scientific T. is built on the basis of the Latin alphabet with the addition of special letters and diacritics (See Diacritics). The most widespread system of phonetics is the universal alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, created in 1886 and gradually improved. For languages with Cyrillic writing (and primarily Russian), the T system based on the Cyrillic alphabet is also used (See Cyrillic). For example, “to approach”: phonetic T. - [p'thad'it'], phonemic T. - (approach'it'). Sometimes, for special scientific purposes, so-called analytical phonetic systems are used, in which each sign corresponds not to a whole sound, but to a separate element of its articulation (rounding, stop, etc.); the most famous of such systems is T. analphabetic I. O. Espersen a. Practical T. is the recording of untranslatable foreign words using the means of a given national alphabet. The problem of practical T. arises mainly when transmitting foreign personal names and surnames, geographical names, etc. in writing. Practical T. is less accurate than scientific one and is individual for each language; it contains no special characters that are not present in the practical alphabet of a given language. For example, “Pushkin” is rendered in the French text as Pouchkine, in German as Puschkin, in Hungarian as Puskin, etc. A good practical T. always reflects the original sound of the word (an example of an incorrect T. preserved by tradition is “Hudson” instead of “Hudson” for the English Hudson). T. should be distinguished from transliteration (See Transliteration) and spelling (See Spelling). Lit.: Avanesov R.I., Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language, M., 1956; Zinder L. R., General phonetics, Leningrad, 1960; Shcherba L.V., Phonetics of the French language, 7th ed., M., 1963; Reformatsky A. A., Introduction to linguistics, 4th ed., M., 1967. V. A. Vinogradov. International Phonetic Alphabet. in music, the arrangement of a musical work (arrangement) or its free virtuoso arrangement (concert music). She played an important role in the development of instrumental music; in the 16th century A significant part of the works for keyboard instruments were vocal compositions. Many piano transcriptions by F. Liszt, F. Busoni, L. Godovsky, M. A. Balakirev, S. V. Rachmaninov, K. Tausig, as well as violin transcriptions by T. F. Kreisler, became widely known. See also Paraphrase. in biology, the biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid (See Ribonucleic acid) (RNA) carried out in living cells on a matrix - deoxyribonucleic acid (See Deoxyribonucleic acid) (DNA). T. is one of the fundamental biological processes, the first stage of the implementation of genetic information recorded in DNA in the form of a linear sequence of 4 types of monomeric units - nucleotides (See Nucleotides) (See Genetic code). T. is carried out by special enzymes - DNA-dependent RNA polymers. As a result of T., a polymer chain of RNA (also consisting of nucleotides) is formed, the sequence of monomer units of which repeats the sequence of monomer units of one of the two complementary chains of the copied DNA section. The product of T. are 4 types of RNA that perform different functions: 1) informational, or template, RNA, which acts as a template for protein synthesis by ribosomes (translation); 2) ribosomal RNAs, which are structural components of ribosomes (See Ribosomes); 3) transfer RNAs, which are the main elements that perform the recoding of information contained in messenger RNA from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids during protein synthesis; 4) RNA, which plays the role of a primer for DNA replication (See Replication). T. DNA occurs in separate sections, which include one or more genes (see, for example, Operon). The enzyme RNA polymerase “recognizes” the beginning of such a site (promoter), attaches to it, unwinds the double helix of DNA and copies, starting from this place, one of its chains, moving along the DNA and sequentially attaching monomer units - nucleotides - to the resulting RNA in in accordance with the principle of complementarity (See Complementarity). As RNA polymerase moves, the growing RNA strand moves away from the template and the DNA double helix behind the enzyme is restored ( rice.
). When RNA polymerase reaches the end of the region being copied (terminator), the RNA is separated from the template. The number of copies of different sections of DNA depends on the need of cells for the corresponding proteins and can change depending on environmental conditions or during the development of the organism. The mechanism of T. regulation has been well studied in bacteria; the study of the regulation of T. in higher organisms is one of the most important tasks of molecular biology (See Molecular biology). Transfer of information is possible not only from DNA to RNA, but also in the opposite direction - from RNA to DNA. A similar reverse T. occurs in RNA-containing tumor viruses (See Tumor viruses). They contain an enzyme that, after infecting cells, uses viral RNA as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA. As a result, a double-stranded RNA-DNA hybrid is formed, which is used to synthesize a second DNA strand, complementary to the first. The resulting double-stranded DNA, which carries all the information from the original RNA, can integrate into the chromosomes of a cell affected by the virus and cause its malignant degeneration. The discovery of reverse cancer served as strong confirmation of the viral genetic theory of cancer put forward by the Soviet scientist L. A. Zilber. Reverse T. may play an important role in systems for the implementation and accumulation of information in normal cells, for example, during embryonic development. The enzyme that carries out reverse T. - RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase, revertase) is similar in properties to DNA-dependent DNA polymerases and differs significantly from DNA-dependent RNA polymerases leading T. Lit.: Temin G., RNA directs DNA synthesis, “Priroda”, 1972, No. 9; Gershenzon S.M., Reverse transcription and its significance for general genetics and oncology, “Advances of modern biology”, 1973, v. 75, no. 3; Stent G., Molecular Genetics, trans. from English, M., 1974, ch. 16. B. G. Nikiforov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what “Transcription” is in other dictionaries:
TRANSCRIPTION, transcriptions, female. (lat. transcriptio rewriting) (special). 1. units only Depiction (of letters) by other written signs or depiction (of speech sounds, musical sounds) by means of writing. Transcription of Greek letters into Latin... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (French transcription). 1) in music: alteration, arrangement of a musical piece, for example. for another instrument. 2) moving a name: writing one name instead of another; the application of the alphabet of one language to writing in another language. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
transcription- and, f. transcription f., German Transcription lat. transcriptio rewriting.1. linguistic Accurate reproduction of sounds. language or musical sounds using conventional letters or special signs, in contrast to the historically established writing system... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (musical), arrangement of a piece of music for any instrument. For example, transcription for piano of songs by F. Schubert, fragments from operas by G. Verdi, V.A. Mozart, owned by F. Liszt (about 500) ... Modern encyclopedia
In biology, the biosynthesis of RNA molecules on the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of implementation of genetic information in a cell, during which the sequence of DNA nucleotides is rewritten into the nucleotide sequence of RNA. It is also possible... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from Latin transcriptio, lit. rewriting), biosynthesis of RNA molecules, resp. DNA sections; the first stage of genetic implementation. information in living cells. It is carried out by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, to the paradise of most studied... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Recording, transmission, biosynthesis, arrangement Dictionary of Russian synonyms. transcription noun, number of synonyms: 4 biosynthesis (3) ... Synonym dictionary
Transcription- TRANSCRIPTION, or practical transcription, the transmission in letters of the target language (language of publication) of how an untranslatable word is pronounced in the original language; for example, rendering in letters of the Russian alphabet, as pronounced in English. language untranslatable from it... Publishing dictionary-reference book
- (biological), biosynthesis of RNA molecules in the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of the implementation of genetic information, during which the sequence of DNA nucleotides is rewritten into the nucleotide sequence of RNA... Modern encyclopedia
English is one of the main languages in the world; more than 500 million people consider it their native language, and the same number speak it to a greater or lesser extent. When starting to learn English, first of all we are faced with mastering the vocabulary of the language, its grammar and, of course, pronunciation. How to read a word correctly, especially if its spelling is clearly different from its sound designation? Transcription will help you with this. You will learn what transcription is, its designation and how to read it from our article. After carefully studying it, you will be able to easily pronounce even the most difficult words and also use the dictionary and educational materials where it is widely used.
So what is transcription?
If we take a scientific definition, then this is a system for recording signs and rules for their combination, which are intended to record the correct pronunciation of a word. That is, in reality we write one thing, but in sound we get something completely different. Having learned the signs of English transcription, as well as the basic letter combinations, you can easily master any text written in English. Indeed, in this language, as in Russian, words are often written completely differently from how they are pronounced, and sometimes it is simply necessary to memorize their correct reading in order to avoid mistakes in the future.
Basic signs and rules for reading English transcription
To convey English words, a phonetic alphabet was invented, in which sounds are designated by special phonetic signs. Keep in mind that despite the fact that there are 26 letters in the English language, there are as many as 44 sounds in it. Therefore, for the best assimilation of the language, you should pay close attention to them. In general, the transfer of pronunciation exists in any language, so various signs are used not only for the English language, but, for example, also for the transcription of Russian words. This is very convenient, considering that the rules are quite standard, and by carefully remembering them, you will be able to convey the sounds of absolutely any. Knowing what transcription is in general, let's start studying it. The following are the rules for reading vowels, two-vowels and consonants.
Reading vowel sounds correctly
i ː is a long, stressed “and”, for example: tea, sea;
ɪ
- a short and unstressed (but sometimes can be stressed) sound between Russian “and” and “s”, examples - bit, business;
æ - pronounced as a clear and stressed sound, similar to something between “a” and “e”, for example: cat, rat;
ɑ
ː - long and deep sound “a”, examples - car, heart;
ɔ
ː -
also a long and open sound “o”, read the words sort, board;
ʊ
- a very short “y” sound, for example: put, could;
u ː - on the contrary, a long, slightly softened “u” sound, for example - fool, shoes;
ʌ
- sounds closer to the stressed sound “a”, for example: up, couple;
ɜ
ː - a slightly long sound between “е” and “о”, read - her, turn;
ə - a short, not entirely intelligible sound “a”, in the words until, alias;
e- slightly softened “e” sound, for example: bed, head;
ɒ -
a sound similar to something between "o" and "a" in the words rock, body.
Rules for reading two-vowel sounds (diphthongs)
aɪ - read as simply “ay”, in the words sky, buy and so on;
ɔɪ - pronounced like “oh”, for example: joy, boy;
ɪ ə - something between “ie” and “ee”, for example: fear, here;
eə - the sound “ea”, where the last “a” is unstressed, in the words hair, there and so on;
ʊ ə - a long sound “u”, at the end of which an indistinct “a” is heard, for example: tour, poor;
a ʊ - a slightly softened “ay” sound in the words trousers, hour;
əʊ - also a slightly soft “oh”, for example joke, go.
Reading consonants
p - clear, energetic sound "p", examples - parking, open;
b - also a clear “b”, in the layers board, abandon;
t - the sound “t”, but when pronouncing it we put the language a little higher than when pronouncing a similar Russian sound, for example: trunk, receipt;
d - clear “d”, in the words add, advertising;
k - the sound "k", in words such as cord, school;
g - pronounced similarly to the Russian “g”, for example: grace, agree;
tʃ - again a slightly softened “ch” sound, in the words chance, catch;
dʒ - a strong, stressed sound between “ch” and “zh”, usually in Russian it is rendered as JOHN, JACKSON, for example: jungle, logic;
f - the same as the Russian "f", for example: fool, enough;
v - read as simply “v”, for example: vocal, voice;
θ is a rather difficult sound to pronounce, try to lightly hold your tongue between your teeth and pronounce “s” or “f”, for example: thanks, ethnic;
ð - the pronunciation rule is the same as for the previous sound, try pronouncing it with a “z” or “v” voice, for example: there, this;
s - a sound almost identical to the Russian “s”, in the words sunday, east;
z - pronunciation is close to Russian “z”, for example: zebra, resign;
ʃ
- also close to the Russian “sh”, only a little softer, in the words shine, action;
ʒ - just a soft “w” sound, for example: visual, usual;
h - the sound “x”, barely audible when exhaling, for example: head, hill;
m - just the sound "m", for example: mother, mouse;
n - pronounced almost the same as the Russian “n”, only we raise the tongue a little higher to the sky, in the words note, knowledge;
ŋ - sound “n”, clearly pronounced “in the nose”, for example sing, reading
l - similar to the Russian “l”, but not soft or hard, but rather something in between, for example: laughter, legal;
r - the sound between “r” and “l”, moreover, softened, in the words random, order;
j - a sound very close to the Russian “th”, for example: yet, you;
w is a short sound pronounced between “u” and “v” in the words what, where, one.
These were the main transmission signs. Having carefully studied them and already knowing what transcription is, now you can read any English word without much difficulty.
TRANSCRIPTION
AND, and.
1. Linguistic
Accurate reproduction of sounds. language or dialect with letters, conventional signs in contrast to the writing system existing in this language, as well as a certain system of such signs.
Phonetic transcription. The use of transcription in dialectological recordings.
2. Linguistic
Transcription of Greek words in Latin letters.
3. Music
Arrangement of a piece of music for performance by another instrument or voice, or its free virtuoso arrangement.
Same as paraphrase (in 2 meanings).
Liszt Transcriptions. Piano transcription of Tchaikovsky's symphonies.
(From Latin transcriptio - rewriting)
Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language
Meaning
T.F. Efremova New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative
transcription
transcr And option
1. and.Accurate representation by conventional signs of all the subtleties of pronunciation. language (in linguistics).
2. and.1) Arrangement of a piece of music for other instruments or voices.
2) Free reworking of a musical work in a virtuoso spirit; paraphrase.
Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"
TRANSCRIPTION
in biology - biosynthesis of RNA molecules in the corresponding sections of DNA; the first stage of the implementation of genetic information in a cell, during which the sequence of DNA nucleotides is “rewritten” into the nucleotide sequence of RNA. Reverse transcription is also possible (see Revertase).---in music - an arrangement of a work for another instrument or a free, often virtuosic reworking of it for the same instrument.---phonetic (from the Latin transcriptio - rewriting),..1) a method of recording oral speech in writing using special signs in order to convey the sound as accurately as possible...2) A system of signs for transcription in the 1st meaning.
S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
transcription
TRANSCRIPTION, -i, g. In linguistics: a set of special signs, with the help of which pronunciation is conveyed, as well as the corresponding notation. International Phonetic Vol.
| adj. transcriptional, oh, oh.
Dictionary of foreign words
TRANSCRIPTION
1. linguistic Accurate reproduction of pronunciation features in writing. Transcriptional - relating to transcription.
2. linguistic Transfer of foreign language proper names, geographical names and terms in accordance with their pronunciation in the source language. | Transcription example: the surname Shakespeare of the great English playwright is rendered in Russian as Shakespeare, in close accordance with the pronunciation of this surname in English.||Cf.
", transcription is used by everyone, sometimes even unconsciously. First, let's refresh our memory, what does the phrase “English transcription” mean?
English Transcription is a sequence of phonetic symbols that helps us understand how to read a particular sound or word. Often, students encounter transcription at the beginning of learning a language, when it is still quite difficult to read even fairly simple words, and then they simply do not pay attention to it. However, this will not be the case forever.
As soon as a student begins to skillfully use complex grammatical structures and develops a good vocabulary for free communication, then the desire immediately appears to speak beautifully, like a native speaker, that is, to improve his pronunciation of English words. This is where we remember the good old transcription.
In order not to have to remember the well-forgotten old things, we suggest returning to the repetition from time to time. Of course, ideally, the transcription should be completed together with the teacher, because writing cannot convey all the subtleties of pronunciation, but if you are reading this article now, the foundation for beautiful pronunciation and correct reading has already been laid, and you will definitely achieve your desired goal.
Transcription of vowel sounds
There are two types of vowel sounds - single sounds and diphthongs.
[ ʌ ] - [a] - short;
[a:]- [a] - deep;
[i]- [and] - short;
[i:]- [and] - long;
[o]- [o] - short;
[o:]- [o] - deep;
[u]- [y] - short;
[u:]- [y] - long;
[e]- as in the word “plaid”;
[ ɜ: ] - as in the word “honey”.
English diphthongs
A diphthong is a sound that consists of two sounds. Most often, a diphthong can be divided into two sounds, however, this cannot be conveyed in writing. Often diphthongs are indicated not by a combination of several characters, but by their own sign.
[əu]- [ OU ];
[au]- [au];
[ei]- [ Hey ];
[oi]- [ Ouch ];
[ai]- [ouch].
Rules for pronunciation of vowels in English
- Sound " a"has four varieties:
[ ʌ ] - short sound, as in the words “duck”, “cut”;
[ æ ] - soft sound. There is no analogue to it in the Russian language. It is read as in the word “cat”;
[a:]- a long sound that is read as in the word “car”;
[ ɔ ] - a short sound that sounds similar to both “o” and “a”. In British pronunciation, it is more of an "o", as in "hot" or "not".
- Sound " e" can be read in three ways:
[e]- for example, as in the word “let”;
[ ə: ] - this sound is a little reminiscent of the Russian letter “ё”, only it is read a little softer. For example, "bird", "fur";
[ ə ] - one of the most common sounds in English transcription. In sound, this sound is similar to the Russian sound “e”. It occurs only in unstressed syllables and can be practically inaudible or indistinguishable, for example, ["letə", "letter" - letter.
- Sound " i"can be long or short:
[I]- a short sound, for example, as in the word “film”;
[i:]- a long sound, for example, as in “sheep”.
- Sound " O"also has 2 options - long and short:
[ ɔ ] - short sound, as in the word “bond”;
[ ɔ: ] - a long sound, as in the word “more”.
- Sound " u" can also be pronounced in two ways. It can be long or short:
[u]- short sound, as in the word “put”;
[u:]- long sound, as in the word “blue”.
Transcription of consonants
In the transcription of consonant sounds, everything is quite simple. Basically they sound similar to Russian. It is enough to take a thoughtful look at the above-mentioned letter combinations a couple of times, and they will remain in your memory.
Consonants
[b]- [b];
[d]- [d];
[f]- [f];
[ 3 ] - [ and ];
[dʒ]- [j];
[g]- [ G ];
[h]- [ X ];
[k]- [ To ];
[l]- [l];
[m]- [m];
[n]- [n];
[p]- [ P ];
[s]- [ With ];
[t]- [ T ];
[v]- [ V ];
[z]- [z];
[t∫]- [h];
[ ∫ ] - [w];
[r]- soft [r], as in the word Russian;
[ O ]- a sign of softness as in the Russian letter “ё” (Christmas tree).
English consonants that are not in Russian and their pronunciation:
[ θ ] - soft letter “c”, the tongue is located between the front teeth of the upper and lower jaws;
[ æ ] - like “e”, only more sharply;
[ ð ] - like “θ”, only with the addition of a voice, like a soft letter “z”;
[ ŋ ] - nasal, in the French manner, sound [n];
[ ə ] - neutral sound;
[w]-like “v” and “u” together, soft pronunciation.
Features of English transcription
In order to make it easier to navigate reading words, it is important to know the main features of transcription:
- Feature 1. Transcription is always formatted in square brackets
- Feature 2. In order not to get confused about where to place the stress in a word, it is worth considering that it is always placed before the stressed syllable. ["neim] - transcription of the word name.
- Feature 3. It is important to understand that transcription is not the English letters and sounds that make up a word. Transcription is the sound of words.
- Feature 4. In English, transcription consists of vowel sounds, diphthongs and consonants.
- Feature 5. In order to show that the sound is long, a colon is used in transcription.
Of course, knowing only character sets, it is quite difficult to read everything correctly, because there are many exceptions. In order to read correctly, you need to understand that there are closed and open syllables. Open syllable ends with a vowel (game, sunshine), closed- on a consonant (ball, dog). Some sounds in English can be pronounced differently depending on the type of syllable.
Conclusion
It is worth remembering that in any business the main thing is practice (by the way, you can start practicing English remotely right now). Transcribing sounds in English will be easy for you if you work hard at it. Reading the rules once is not enough. It is important to return to them, work through them and repeat them regularly until they are practiced to the point of automaticity. In the end, the transcription will allow you to correctly pronounce sounds in English.
Dictionaries will help you memorize English with transcription and correct pronunciation of English letters and words. You can use both English online dictionaries and good old printed publications. The main thing is not to give up!
Inspiration to you and success in your studies. May the knowledge be with you!
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
